Šiame darbe nagrinėjami asmenybės bruožų, pasitenkinimo gyvenimu ir sveikatos rodiklių sąsajos Airijoje gyvenančių lietuvių imtyje. Atliktu tyrimu siekiama nustatyti, ar Airijoje gyvenantys lietuviai skiriasi asmenybės bruožais, pasitenkinimo gyvenimo lygiu, rūkymo ir gėrimo paplitimu, nusiskundimų sveikata dažnumu, patiriamo psichosocialinio streso lygiu nuo Lietuvoje gyvenančių lietuvių. Tyrimas padės atskleisti, ar egzistuoja sąsajos tarp asmenybės bruožų, pasitenkinimo gyvenimu ir sveikatos rodiklių. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad Airijoje gyvenantiems lietuviams yra būdinga labiau išreikšta ekstraversija ir atvirumas patyrimui. Taip pat Airijoje gyvenantys lietuviai pasižymi žemesniu neurotškumo lygiu. Nustatyta, kad Airijoje gyvenantys lietviai yra labiau patenkinti gyvenimu ir jų patiriamo psichosocialinio streso lygis žemesnis, jie turi mažiau nusiskundimų psichine ir fizine sveikata nei Lietuvoje gyvenantys lietuviai. Rūkymo ir gėrimo paplitimas didesnis Airijoje gyvenančių lietuvių tarpe. Tyrimo rezultatai leido atskleisti ir patvirtino užsienio autorių tyrimo rezultatus, kad pasitenkinimas gyvenimu susijęs su asmenybės bruožais. Patikimiausiai su pasitenkinimu gyvenimu susiję šie bruožai: ekstraversija ir sutariamumas. Neurotizmas susijęs su patiriamo psichosocialinio streso lygiu, ir bendru sveikatos vertinimu. / The purpose of this stydy is to investigate correlates of personality traits, satisfaction with life and health in the sample of Lithuanians living in Ireland. This research will allow to determine whether Lithuanians living in Ireland differ in personality traits, satisfaction with life level, smoking and drinking habbits, psychosocial stress level, satisfaction with health and health complaints from lithuanians living in Lithuania. Although it will be examined if there is correlates between personality traits, satisfaction with life and health. The results show that Lithuanians living in Ireland have higher levels of extraversion and openness to experience. Lithuanians living in Ireland have lower level of neuroticizm. Although Lithuanians living in Ireland are more satisfied with life, have lower levels of psychosocial stress, are more satisfied with their health and have less complaints about physical and mental health then Lithuanians living in Ireland. Lithuanians in Ireland drink and smoke more then lithuanians in Lithuania. Research results confirmed that satisfaction with life correlates with personality traits: extraversion and agreebleness. Neuroticizm correlates with psychosocial stress and health satisfaction.

Tikslas - įvertinti subjektyvių ir objektyvių kognityvinių funkcijų sąsajas su pasitenkinimu gyvenimu ir kompensacinių technikų naudojimu senyvame amžiuje. Tyrime dalyvavo 97 tiriamieji vyresni nei 63 metai. Tyrime dalyvavusių respondentų amžiaus vidurkis buvo 74,54 (stnd. n. 8,9). Dauguma tiriamųjų buvo moterys 65% (N=63), likusieji 35% (N=34) buvo vyrai. Tiriamojo buvo prašoma atsakyti į klausimus, susijusius su jo atmintimi, dėmesio koncentracija, apskritai pažintinėmis funkcijomis, naudojant CFQ metodiką. Pastaroji vertinimo metodika yra skirta įvertinti subjektyviai suvokiamas savo pažintines funkcijas. Naudojant Diener E. (1985) skalę, tiriamiesiems buvo užduodami penki klausimai, apie jų jaučiamą pasitenkinimą gyvenimu. Naudojant penkių žodžių testą ir Krepelino metodiką, buvo įvertinama tiriamųjų ilgalaikė ir trumpalaikė atmintis ir dėmesio išsekimas. Siekiant objektyviomis metodikomis įvertinti tiriamųjų bendrą pažintinių funkcijų lygį buvo naudojamas 6CIT klausimynas. Taip pat tiriamieji atsakė į papildomus klausimus apie išsilavinimą, šeimyninę padėti, sveikatą, kompensacinių technikų naudojimą. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad tiriamųjų pažintinės funkcijos silpnėja su amžiumi. Seno amžiaus tiriamieji pasižymi silpnesnėmis pažintinėmis funkcijomis, nei senyvo amžiaus tiriamieji. Aukštesnio išsilavinimo tiriamųjų pažintinių funkcijų rodikliai buvo aukštesni, nei kito išsilavinimo tiriamųjų. Kita vertus, tiriamųjų pasitenkinimas gyvenimu nėra susijęs su jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this study was to assess relationship between subjective and objective cognitive functions and satisfaction with life and using compensatory techniques in elderly. The subjects of the study were 97 men and women, elderly than 63 years old. Mean of the age was 74,54 ± 8,9. Mostly of the subjects were women (65%, N=63) and 35% (N=34) were men. There were individual talk with everyone subject of the study. The subjects had asked to answer in questions about their memory, attention, generally cognitive functions. CFQ was used for to assess subjective cognitive failures. Using Diener E. (1985) scale, subjetcs had to answer five questions about their satisfaction with life. Five – word test and Kreapaeaelin methodic were used to assess subject’s short – term memory, long – term memory and attention. 6CIT methodic was used to assess subject’s generally cognitive functions. Also there were questions about education, marital status, health and using compansatory techniques. The results of this study show that there are statistically significant differences between age cognitive functions. Cognitive functions are better in Young-Old age then in Old-old age. Also there are differences between education. But there are no statistically significant differences between cognitive functions, education, age, using compensatory techniques and satisfaction with life. But results show that satisfaction with life is relates with relations with family, also with long term memory and... [to full text]

This study uses a causal modeling approach based on structural equation modeling to examine specific hypotheses regarding the relation among ethnic identity, its components, and various mental health outcomes in African American emerging adults. Data was provided by college students at the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. Results did not support a relation between ethnic identity components and adverse mental health. Ethnic identity components were related to positive mental health outcomes; however, this relation differed between gender groups. Among females, the ethnic identity component traditionally labeled ethnic commitment significantly predicted both positive mental health outcomes included in this study. Among males, only life satisfaction was predicted by ethnic identity, and this relation appeared to depend on the component of ethnic identity traditionally labeled ethnic exploration. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the current understanding of ethnic identity and its development among African American emerging adults.

The world of work has changed dramatically in the last decade and constant change has become the new normality. Employees are affected by possible re-organisation, retrenchments and downsizing which affects their behaviours and attitudes at work. Leaders have the responsibility of leading their followers through these difficult times to the best of their ability. A positive leader is seen as someone who recognises and focuses on the strengths and accomplishments of his or her employees. When a leader is positive and has a positive leadership approach, it may influence their followers’ feelings of psychological empowerment, work engagement and satisfaction with life. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between positive leadership, psychological empowerment, work engagement and satisfaction with life of employees in a chemical industry. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a convenience sample (n = 322). The measuring instruments used were the Positive Leadership Measure, the Measuring Empowerment Questionnaire, the Work Engagement Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test whether the measures of the constructs were consistent with the understanding of the nature of the constructs and to test whether the data fitted the hypothesised measurement model. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to examine the structural relationships between the constructs. The results show that there are statistically significant relationships between positive leadership, psychological empowerment, work engagement and satisfaction with life. Positive leadership has an indirect effect on work engagement and satisfaction with life via psychological empowerment. The implication of the results is that the work related aspects of positive leadership, psychological empowerment and work engagement has a positive effect on the non-work related aspect of satisfaction with life. Practical implications and directions for future research are offered. / MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The aim of the research was to design and assess the effectiveness of a hope enhancement programme for a group of adults and the resulting influence on their general psychological well-being. The purpose of the programme was to increase hope, as conceptualised by Snyder et al. (1991), by enhancing participants' abilities to set feasible goals, planning ways to reach those goals (pathways) and increasing determination and motivation (agency) towards goal achievement. The workshop-format programme, presented by the researcher, consisted of six two-hour sessions spread over five days. The programme was developed through incorporating suggestions from existing Hope literature together with health psychological and positive psychology principles. In order to determine the impact of the programme, four measurement instruments were used, namely the Hope Scale, the Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations Scale (HOPES), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC-29). A pre and post-test design included an experimental group (n = 8), control group (n = 8) and 'chat' group (n = 8). Prior to group compilation, screening interviews were conducted with interested participants to exclude those who had recently experienced trauma or displayed overt signs of psychological pathology. The control group received no intervention, while the 'chat' group, of which the researcher was also a member, was allowed to discuss topics of their choosing. The study groups comprised both men and women of different ages and socio-economic status. All participants were White and Afrikaans speaking. Descriptive statistics, psychometric analysis of the measuring instruments and significant differences between groups were calculated with the assistance of the STATISTICA (version 6) computer programme (Statsoft Inc., 2003). Reliability indices compared well with those recorded in the literature for the various scales. For the experimental group, the findings indicated an increase in the hope levels as reflected by significant improvement on the Hope Scale and the Hopefulness subscale of the HOPES. Subjective feedback from the group confirmed these findings. Psychological well-being improved, as shown by a significant increase in Sense of Coherence (SOC-29) along with a positive change in Satisfaction with Life (SWLS). Neither the control nor experimental groups revealed any significant changes. It was established that the hope enhancement programme is effective in increasing the levels of hope and general psychological well-being of a group of adults relatively free of psychological pathology. Considering the findings, it is recommended that future wellness intervention should not focus solely on individuals with established psychological pathology, but also consider a preventative approach within the average population. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether social support moderates the relationship between stress and psychological well–being. The inverse relationship between the experience of stress and psychological well–being is supported on the one hand (Chang, 1998; Skok, Harvey, & Reddihough, 2006), while social support’s reducing effect on psychological distress has also been reported (Cohen & McKay, 1984; Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991). It is possible that social support may interact with the influence of stress on well–being in such a way as to moderate the relationship. Social support was conceptualised in terms of Pretorius’ (1998) model, which describes social support as a resource of fortitude, and originates from various sources, namely, positive appraisal of self, support from family, and support from friends and others. Although social support is considered to be a well–researched phenomenon, an empirical study exploring its effect on the influence of stress on well–being in an African context is yet to be conducted. A sample of 459 participants completed the Setswana versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) to measure the experience of stress, the Affectometer 2 (AFM; Kammann & Flett, 1983) to measure the affective component of wellbeing, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) to measure the cognitive component of well–being, and the Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ; Pretorius, 1998) to measure social support. Data were collected in a quantitative, crosssectional survey, with random sample selection. After data exploration by using descriptive statistics and inter–scale correlations, stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships and to explore moderation effect of social support. Results showed inverse relationships between the experience of stress, as operationalised by the GHQ subscales, and psychological well–being, operationalised by positive and negative affect (AFM–PA and AFM–NA) and satisfaction with life (SWL). Receiving social support from various sources, namely positive appraisal of self, support from family, and support from friends and others, was found to moderate relationships between the experience of stress and the affective components of psychological well–being. Social support from family moderated most effectively of the three sources of support. It was found that social support, particularly familial support, had a protective effect on the maintenance of psychological well–being when experiencing psychological distress. It is thus a possible protective factor to be developed and encouraged in psychological interventions with individuals from this population in particular. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether social support moderates the relationship between stress and psychological well–being. The inverse relationship between the experience of stress and psychological well–being is supported on the one hand (Chang, 1998; Skok, Harvey, & Reddihough, 2006), while social support’s reducing effect on psychological distress has also been reported (Cohen & McKay, 1984; Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991). It is possible that social support may interact with the influence of stress on well–being in such a way as to moderate the relationship. Social support was conceptualised in terms of Pretorius’ (1998) model, which describes social support as a resource of fortitude, and originates from various sources, namely, positive appraisal of self, support from family, and support from friends and others. Although social support is considered to be a well–researched phenomenon, an empirical study exploring its effect on the influence of stress on well–being in an African context is yet to be conducted. A sample of 459 participants completed the Setswana versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ; Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) to measure the experience of stress, the Affectometer 2 (AFM; Kammann & Flett, 1983) to measure the affective component of wellbeing, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) to measure the cognitive component of well–being, and the Fortitude Questionnaire (FORQ; Pretorius, 1998) to measure social support. Data were collected in a quantitative, crosssectional survey, with random sample selection. After data exploration by using descriptive statistics and inter–scale correlations, stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships and to explore moderation effect of social support. Results showed inverse relationships between the experience of stress, as operationalised by the GHQ subscales, and psychological well–being, operationalised by positive and negative affect (AFM–PA and AFM–NA) and satisfaction with life (SWL). Receiving social support from various sources, namely positive appraisal of self, support from family, and support from friends and others, was found to moderate relationships between the experience of stress and the affective components of psychological well–being. Social support from family moderated most effectively of the three sources of support. It was found that social support, particularly familial support, had a protective effect on the maintenance of psychological well–being when experiencing psychological distress. It is thus a possible protective factor to be developed and encouraged in psychological interventions with individuals from this population in particular. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS: In Australia, there has been little research into the quality of young immigrants' mental health in relation to their ethnic identity and acculturation. This study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between strength of ethnic identity and the mental health of young Chinese immigrants in Australia; and if so, whether the relationship between mental health and ethnic identity is mediated by the degree of acculturation to mainstream Australian society. Four theoretical models were proposed, according to the study hypothesis that young Chinese immigrants with high ethnic identity achievement, retained more ethnic cultural behaviour and a high level of acculturation to mainstream Australian society would be associated with greater satisfaction with life and less psychopathology. Furthermore, the study explored the roles played by other factors, such as self-esteem, ego defence styles, parental bonding and family relationships, in the theoretical models. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Brisbane, Queensland. Participants were recruited through secondary schools, a religious organisation and a social organisation. A sample of 456 young immigrants (aged 15 - 21), both males and females, who identified themselves as Chinese and had been living in Australia for at least 18 months at the time the study commenced, participated voluntarily in the study. Participants completed several questionnaires assessing their ethnic identity achievement, ethnocultural identity behaviour, acculturation, self-esteem, defence style, satisfaction with life, social functioning performance, psychiatric symptomatology and family issues. There were English and Chinese language versions of the questionnaires for participants to choose from. Of 456 sets of questionnaires, 351 were returned and of these 313 contained valid data. Group interviews were conducted with 30 participants discussing matters such as their identification with their Chinese background, their personal feelings and experiences of living in Australia, and their attitudes toward Australian culture. An Acculturation Scale was specifically developed to measure the degree of young Chinese immigrants' acculturation in aspects of Social Role and Language and Allegiance. The higher scores correspond to a higher degree of acculturation. The reliability of this scale is satisfactory and its validity acceptable. The total scores for the Acculturation Scale were used in the main statistical analyses. The Ethnocultural Identity Behavior Index (EIBI) was amended before being used in the study. The revised EIBI measures young Chinese immigrants' ethnic identity behaviour in mainstream Australian society in terms of their Cultural Activities and Social Interaction. The higher scores correspond to the more retained ethnocultural identity behaviour. Once again, the reliability of this instrument is satisfactory and its validity acceptable. The total scores for the revised EIBI were used in the main statistical analyses. RESULTS: There is a correlation between ethnic identity and acculturation, but there seem to be two dimensions of ethnic identity. Young immigrants' acculturation is positively associated with their ethnic identity achievement but negatively associated with their ethnocultural identity behaviour. This study proposes a multidimensional model of ethnic identity, acculturation and psychological well-being. The new model indicates that young immigrants display more satisfaction with life, better social performance and less psychopathology if they have achieved a strong sense of ethnic identity and a high degree of acculturation and exhibit less retained ethnocultural identity behaviour. Although ethnic identity achievement, ethnocultural identity behaviour and acculturation are all predictive of young immigrants' psychological well-being, ethnocultural identity behaviour correlates with psychological well-being in the opposite direction from ethnic identity achievement and acculturation. There are also differences in immigrants' ethnic identity, acculturation and psychological well-being associated with gender, language spoken at home, place of origin and length of residence in Australia. Further investigations suggest that a harmonious family environment with caring, less controlling parents not only provides an environment that protects against psychopathology, but also encourages young immigrants to achieve a strong ethnic identity, to acculturate, to develop high self-esteem and to feel satisfied with life. It was found that young immigrants' defence style plays a role in their ethnic identity achievement and acculturation, and thus in turn affect their psychological well-being. However, the mechanism of these effects remains unclear. It is assumed to be related to the level of young immigrants' maturity. CONCLUSION: A multidimensional model of ethnic identity, acculturation and psychological well-being is proposed from this study. High ethnic identity achievement, a high level of acculturation and less ethnocultural identity behaviour are associated with more satisfaction with life, better social functioning performance and less psychiatric symptomatology. However, this correlation is very complex and affected by multiple factors. Some factors are known - self-esteem, defence style, parental bonding and family relationships; some are unknown, and may be related to immigrants' individual characteristics and to social and environment factors. There is a great need for future research into this field.

Orientation: The financial sector comprises of the biggest part of South African economy. Organisations are growing fast and changes also happen rapidly which leave employees uncertain. Without the necessary perceived organisational support employees can suffer from several psychological illnesses such as burnout, over-/under committed or feeling unsatisfied with their lives. Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether different compensation structures, namely (i) fixed salary; (ii) fixed salary and commission; and (iii) commission only, will influence employees' perceived organisational support, organisational commitment, burnout and satisfaction with life of financial advisors within South Africa. Research design, approach and method: The present study used a quantitative research approach, with a non-experimental, explanatory and cross-sectional survey design, with a population in the financial industry (n=105). The statistical analyses that were conducted include descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and multivariate analysis of co-variance (MANCOVA). Main findings: This study brought new insights in how the different outcomes of wellness may be related to perceived organisational support, and how they differ for different types of compensation structures. Specifically, it was found persons receiving fixed salaries experienced higher levels of affective commitment, but they may also be more prone to burnout. Practical/managerial implications: The present study sheds light on the effect of different compensation structures on employees' wellness in terms of Perceived organisational support, organisational commitment, burnout and satisfaction with life. The results can be used by organisations to introduce more suitable compensation structures for a healthier workforce, which could result in higher levels of commitment, and would reduce burnout. In this study it was found that financial advisors who receive a fixed salary are more prone to burnout. Perceived organisational support was significant with all the constructs except for continuous commitment. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

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