The September 11, 2001 Jihadists attack on the West and the subsequent wars on terrorism indicate that war may be a permanent condition of life in the contemporary world. This implies that to understand contemporary society, culture and communication requires an understanding of war because war could perhaps provide a perspective through which to understand the world. The aim of this study is to provide such a perspective and to critically explore the link between war and communication. However, in approaching a study of war one is confronted with a pervasive pacifist anti-war ideological bias. To overcome the bias the study adopts a critical strategy: firstly it deconstructs the taken for granted assumptions about the positive value of peace and then it reconstructs and traces the contours of a Western tradition of philosophical thought that considers war as being an integral and formative aspect of human identity and communication. Chapter 2 uncovers the limitations of the pacifists' discourse on war. Chapter 3 traces the Western tradition originating in Heraclitus that considers war as formative experience of being human. Chapter 4 traces war and killing as formative of language and communication. Using these insights a careful reading and interpretation of how war informs the thought and functions in the texts of selected social theorists of the twentieth century. Chapter 5 traces war as an agonistic structure in the works of Johan Huizinga on the role of play and in the political theory of Carl Schmitt. Chapter 6 explores the idea of war as a model of society in the works of Foucault. Chapter 7 investigates the central influence of real and imagined war on Marshall McLuhan’s theory of the media. Chapter 8 explores the way war structures the thought of Lyotard on the postmodern condition. Chapter 9 concludes by drawing implications on how a perspective on war contributes to development of communication theory and understanding life in the postmodern condition. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. Communication )

Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser, chez des étudiants colombiens, la compétence qu’ils ont à argumenter lorsqu’ils doivent prendre des décisions sur des projets agro-miniers, et l'impact qu'auraient leur origine ethnique et leur niveau éducatif dans leur manière de réfléchir sur ces sujets. On analyse en particulier l'argumentation sur les problématiques socio-scientifiques que soutiennent les étudiants colombiens de lycée et d'université, issus de deux contextes sociaux et culturels différents. Poser des problèmes en rapport avec la science et la société à des étudiants colombiens, c'est reconnaître à l'avance le discours argumentatif comme une composante primordiale du programme d'études national colombien pour la construction de l'identité du futur citoyen. L’argumentation devient un outil fondamental pour prendre part aux discussions qui, dans le cadre social, ont des implications sur la science et la technologie dans la société actuelle.La première partie a eu pour but de faire un panorama général des avancées théoriques et empiriques autour de l'argumentation et d'expliciter nos choix théoriques. En parcourant diverses recherches, les antécédents théoriques du travail empirique effectué autour de la psychologie, de l'éducation et l'argumentation socio-scientifique ont été examinés. Enfin, dans cette partie les modèles psychologiques et linguistiques qui permettent d'expliquer l'analyse argumentative de l'émotion ont été examinés.Dans la deuxième partie la population indigène colombienne a été caractérisée, et en particulier la population Nasa-Kiwe (Páez) caractéristiques prédominantes, sa localisation géographique ainsi que la langue Páez, le Nasaywe. L'histoire de la Colombie a été parcourue pour offrir des éléments suffisants à la compréhension des questions socio-scientifiques utilisées dans cette recherche. Les sujets qui ont participé à l’expérimentation ont été introduits ainsi que toutes les caractéristiques qui s'avèrent pertinentes, pour rendre compte de leur origine et de leur nature. La tâche qui leur a été présentée et qui a permis d'obtenir le corpus soumis à l’analyse a aussi été introduite. Finalement dans la deuxième partie, on a détaillé le corpus de cette recherche et on a fourni des statistiques et des graphiques pour le présenter globalement. La troisième partie, regroupe les chapitres analytiques. L’analyse interactionnelle du discours de la communauté indigène a mis en évidence des traces d’un discours collaboratif où le raisonnement logique, l’agentivité, l’analyse morale et les références à des espaces cosmiques ont été évoqués pour justifier des arguments. On a retrouvé aussi une demande revendicative sur les droits des indigènes, défendue par des arguments émotionnels qui rappellent la situation de l’agression vécue historiquement par les communautés indigènes en Amérique latine. Une agression que reconnaît la communauté non ethnique indépendamment du niveau scolaire. Au sein du corpus de la population urbaine, aucune cosmogonie spécifique ni religieuse n’ont été retrouvées. L’analyse a été menée essentiellement par le biais de l’argumentation par conséquences employée pour rendre compte des risques de l’exploitation et de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles du pays pour l’environnement et pour la culture indigène. Le tout, en situant la population indigène comme démunie face aux menaces et aux agressions de l’environnement. En tant que but ultime d’une grande partie des arguments, on retrouve l’intérêt de sauvegarde de la Terre Mère (depuis la perspective indigène), ou celui de la préservation de l’environnement (depuis le point de vue urbain), puisque celui-ci est mis en péril sous la pression d’acteurs motivés par des modèles économiques d’exploitation qui diffèrent considérablement de ceux des communautés autochtones. / This thesis has the objective of analyzing the argumentative competence in Colombian students, when they must make decisions pertaining to agricultural mining projects and the impact that their ethnic origin and educational level have on their way of thinking about these topics. In particular special analysis is made in the argumentation of social scientific problematics that Colombian high school and university students sustain, who pertain to two different social contexts and cultures. The first part of this thesis had the aim of giving a panoramic view of the theoretical and empirical advances in relation to the study of argumentation and to express our theoretical opinions. The theoretical background of the empirical work was examined by way of diverse investigations. Lastly, psychological and linguistic models were considered to explain the analytical argumentation of the emotions.In the second part a detailed characterization of the Colombian Indian population was made, in particular of the Nasa-Kiwe (Páez) population. Their predominant characteristics were presented, their geographic location and a presentation of the Páez language, Nasaywe. The history of Colombia was described to offer an understanding of the social-scientific problematics utilized in this investigation. The individuals implicated in the experiment and all of the characteristics that resulted relevant in describing their origin and character, as well as the task that was presented to them and has allowed the presentation of the body of this investigation; as well as the statistics and graphics that allow a more global presentation of the findings.The third part of the investigation contains the analytical chapters. The interactional analysis of the discourse of the indigenous community highlights a collaborative discourse in which rational logic, agentivity, moral analysis and cosmic references are evoked to justify arguments. Also, a vindicated demand in relation to indigenous rights was found; these demands were defended by emotional arguments that made reference to aggressions experienced historically by the indigenous communities in Latin America. An aggression that recognizes the ethnic community, all though not independently of the educational level.In the majority of the urban population, there was no specific cosmogony or religion found. The analysis was principally realized through the argumentation of consequences, which was used to reflect the risks in relation to the environment and for the indigenous culture, specifically exploitation and the utilization of natural resources. All of the subjects situated the indigenous population as defenseless in the face of the aggressions to the environment. The final objective of many of the arguments was the protection of Mother Earth (from an indigenous perspective), or the preservation of the environment (from an urban point of view), now that the possibility of its disappearance is daunting in light of the different actors who are motivated by the economic exploitation in contrast of the perspective maintained by the indigenous communities.

Abstract This dissertation analyzes conceptions of the nature of the Treaty of Nöteborg, signed in 1323 between Sweden and Novgorod, especially in 19th and 20th century Finnish historical research and popular literature. The methodologies used are contextualization and the sociology of science. The treaty rose to great prominence in mid-19th century periodization of Finnish history. At the time, Finnish historiography considered the Crusade Period in Finland as a showdown between Sweden and Russia and emphasized the significance of interstate treaties. The treaty has maintained its status as a cornerstone of the periodization of Finnish history up to the present. It has symbolized the Christianization and Swedification of Finland and the nationalist myth of the birth of a unified Finnish people in medieval times. With the view of an era of Karelian disunity, symbolized by the treaty, an image of history was constructed in Finnish kinship ideology from the mid-19th century up to the end of World War II. This image was used in furthering the unification of Eastern Karelia with Finland. An image of the treaty as having confirmed an ancient Karelian position of power in Northern Finland was created with the view of the border as stretching to the Bay of Bothnia. This was important particularly in the 19th century, as various nations were constructing views of their own ancient dominance in the North Calotte region. Using these border conceptions, a nationalist image of Finns as having conquered Eastern Savo and Northern Finland for Sweden in late medieval times was also created. The conception of Northern Finland as a common was created in the 1960s. This view was partially based on the 19th century Swedish nationalist conception of the border as stretching to the Arctic Sea. Especially in Savo, views of the location of one’s own locality on the ancient borderline have been used in creating a local identity in the late 20th century. The conception of the border as a dividing line between modern Western and Eastern Finland arose in early 20th century Finnish ethnology based on dubious views of settlement history and geography. The hazy source material concerning borders has been interpreted based on various theoretical background assumptions, and it has been compatible with several different theories. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa analysoidaan käsityksiä Ruotsin ja Novgorodin välillä vuonna 1323 solmitun Pähkinäsaaren rauhan luonteesta erityisesti 1800- ja 1900-lukujen suomalaisessa historiantutkimuksessa ja populaarissa kirjallisuudessa. Metodeina käytetään kontekstualisointia ja tieteensosiologian metodeja. 1800-luvun keskivaiheilla Pähkinäsaaren rauha nousi merkittävään asemaan Suomen historian aikakausijaottelussa. Ajan suomalainen historiantutkimus piti Suomen ristiretkiaikaa venäläis-ruotsalaisena välienselvittelynä ja korosti valtioiden välisten sopimusten merkitystä. Rauha on säilyttänyt asemansa Suomen historian periodisoinnin kulmakivenä nykypäivään asti. Se on symboloinut Suomen kristillistymistä ja ruotsalaistumista sekä nationalistista myyttiä yhtenäisen Suomen kansan synnystä keskiajalla. Käsityksellä Pähkinäsaaren rauhan symboloimasta Karjalan hajanaisuuden ajasta rakennettiin 1800-luvun puolivälistä toisen maailmansodan loppuun heimoaatteessa historiakuvaa, jonka mukaan itäinen Karjala tulisi yhdistää Suomeen. Käsityksellä Pähkinäsaaren rauhan Pohjanlahdelle ulottuneesta rajasta luotiin 1800-luvulla kuvaa rauhan luonteesta muinaisen karjalaisvallan vahvistajana pohjoisessa Suomessa. Tällä oli merkitystä varsinkin 1800-luvulla, jolloin eri kansakunnat rakensivat näkemyksiä omasta muinaisvallastaan pohjoiskalotilla. Rajanäkemyksillä on myös rakennettu nationalistista näkemystä siitä, että suomalaiset valloittivat itäisen Savon ja pohjoisen Suomen Ruotsille myöhäiskeskiajalla. 1960-luvulla syntynyt näkemys piti Pohjois-Suomea yhteisalueena. Se perustui osittain 1800-luvun ruotsalaiseen nationalistiseen näkemykseen, jonka mukaan raja ulottui Jäämerelle. Erityisesti käsityksiä oman paikkakunnan sijainnista muinaisella rajalla on voitu käyttää etenkin Savossa paikallisen identiteetin rakentamisessa 1900-luvun lopulla. Käsitys rajasta Itä- ja Länsi-Suomen jakajana syntyi 1900-luvun alkupuolen suomalaisessa kansatieteessä kyseenalaisten maantieteellisten ja asutushistoriallisten näkemysten pohjalta. Rajoihin liittyvää epäselvää lähdemateriaalia on tulkittu useiden eri teoreettisten taustaoletusten pohjalta, ja se onkin ollut yhteensopiva useiden eri teorioiden kanssa.

Iranian nuclear program has presented a problem for many years. Even though the regime in Tehran has not formally announced its quest to develop nuclear weapons and has actually denied such accusations, the international community concluded from the actions of the regime that the development of nuclear weapons is the ultimate goal of Tehran. The United States reacted to the course of events and tried to limit the program or stop it altogether. The Bush Administration was not an exception in this regard. Even though the attitude towards Iran changed during 2001 - 2009, the nuclear program progressed further and still presents a great danger. Not only politicians but also academics, experts and analytics were trying to answer the question how to curb the program most effectively. This thesis analyzes and compares concepts of scholars with the actual policy practiced by the Bush Administration and finds out that both approaches vary quite significantly. While the majority of scholars recommended the administration to limit the economic sanctions and refrain from aggressive rhetoric concerning the possibility of military action, the American government tightened the sanctions and sustained the option of intervention. Since Iran still continues with its nuclear program, it can be asserted that the...

This dissertation examines the different interpretations of the secondary sources for Alexander the Great by three modern historians, Nicholas Hammond, Peter Green and Mary Renault. The Introduction looks briefly at the lost primary Alexander-histories, the extant works of Diodorus Siculus, Quintus Curtius, Plutarch and Arrian and includes an abbreviated curriculum vltae of each modern author. Chapter X concerns modern interpretations of the controversial circumstances surrounding the accession of Alexander and the assassination of Philip. Chapter II covers the elimination of possible rivals, Attalus, Alexander Lyncestes and Amyntas son of Perdiccas, two major conspiracies - the Philotas Affair and the death of Parmenio, the conspiracy of the Royal Pages and death of Callisthenes - and the killing of Cleitus the Black. Chapter III deals with modern explanations of the death of Alexander. The Conclusion highlights significant theories and trends presented by the modern historians, which influence their interpretations of the ancient sources. / History / M.A. (Ancient History)

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Modern day society is characterised by the availability of technology and the abundance of information in all formats that require all individuals using it to poses information literacy skills (ILS).ILS enable people the ability to locate, analyse, evaluate access and retrieve the desired information to satisfy a need. Research on IL in academic and school libraries has gained momentum in the field of Information Science where as little has been documented concerning public libraries and IL. This therefore calls for more research on IL in public libraries. Public libraries serve a wide and diverse community of which students are a part. In instances where school libraries are either non-existent or not developed, students seek assistance from the public library within their community. This study sought to investigate the role of public libraries in enhancing the ILS of senior secondary school students in the Central District in Botswana. The fact that school libraries in Botswana are underdeveloped to produce competent and confident students equipped with ILS that could be used in the work environment and continuous lifelong learning, motivated the study. A concern that there exists a gap in research concerning public libraries and IL within the Botswana context necessitated this study. The study used a survey research design where both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were adopted. This involved the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. The purpose of a mixed methods approach was based on the idea that qualitative results could assist in explaining and interpreting the findings of a quantitative study. Data collection involved three sets of closed ended questionnaires and observations in all schools and public libraries. The population of the study consisted of public librarians, teacher librarians and students. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) to generate statistics. The findings of the study revealed that the public libraries in the Central District in Botswana are above average in terms of materials and use. It brought to light that senior secondary school students use the public libraries for school purposes and get assistance when they seek for it. Public librarians do not have special classes aimed at enhancing the ILS of students. The public libraries offer IL in the form of computer training, they do this as, and when students register, just like the other members of the community. The library’s contribution to enhancement of the students’ ILS, (study skills, reading skills and use of reference works) is somewhat limited. Limited resources, lack of reading culture, low budgets, and lack of support from government negatively challenge the full potential impact of IL enhancement. / Information Science / M. Inf. Sc.

Connu en droit administratif, le thème de l’empirisme et du conceptualisme interroge la possibilité pour la doctrine, d’induire de la jurisprudence des catégories plus générales et abstraites, facilitant la connaissance d’une discipline essentiellement jurisprudentielle. L’idée de confronter cette problématique au droit constitutionnel est d’abord liée aux mutations de la discipline depuis la création du Conseil constitutionnel en 1958. Précisément, le développement de la jurisprudence constitutionnelle pouvait laisser présumer une facette empirique en droit constitutionnel, susceptible d’interroger la nécessité pour la doctrine, de procéder a posteriori à une mise en ordre synthétique des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel. En réalité, l’alternance entre l’empirisme et le conceptualisme en droit constitutionnel dépasse le seul rapport de la doctrine et la jurisprudence. La présente étude s’efforce alors de saisir dans tous les stades de la discipline, et quelles que soient les sources, le travail de systématisation du droit. Néanmoins, il ne s’agit pas de se contenter de suivre, conformément à une démarche chronologique, l’évolution de la pensée en droit constitutionnel, mais de procéder à l’identification de périodes. Le conceptualisme ancien, hérité des premiers manuels de droit constitutionnel à la fin du XIXe siècle, a permis d’élaborer les grands principes du droit constitutionnel français. Partant, l’évolution des méthodes doctrinales tout au long du XXe et au début du XXIe siècle, en lien avec l’évolution du droit lui-même, soumet ces principes à des démarches plus empiriques. Il s’agit d’abord, d’un premier courant doctrinal apparu à la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qualifié dans le cadre de la présente étude de « empirisme politique », puis, aux alentours des années 1970, d’un second courant, défendant un « empirisme juridique ». Enfin et cette dernière période demeure en cours, le développement de la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel, caractérisée par son empirisme, ouvre la voie à un « empirisme jurisprudentiel », dont les enjeux sont plus largement abordés dans la présente étude. / The issue of empiricism and conceptualism has been studied in administrative law. It refers to the possibility for academics to infer general and abstract categories from case law. Such reasoning by induction aims to facilitate the knowledge of administrative law, which essentially consists of case law. Studying this issue in constitutional law is justified by the changes which have occurred in the discipline since the birth of the Conseil Constitutionnel in 1958. Specifically, the development of constitutional case law has led to the assumption that constitutional law has a more empirical dimension and that new relations are being established between academics and judges. In practice, the alternation between empiricism and conceptualism in constitutional law goes beyond the relation between legal scholars and case law. Thus, this study attempts to capture the systematization of law in all stages of the discipline and whatever the sources. The analysis is not only following the changes in the mode of thinking concerning constitutional law by respecting a chronological sequence, it also aims at identifying periods.The conceptualism of the past, inherited from the first treatises on constitutional law at the end of the nineteenth century, has developed the main principles of French constitutional law. Since then, the evolution of doctrinal methods, throughout the twentieth and the early twenty-first century, in conjunction with the development of law itself, subjects these principles to more empirical approaches, bringing them closer to the reality of constitutional law. More precisely, three empirical periods can be identified. The first period emerged after Word War II and is described as “political empiricism” in this study. The second time appeared in the 1970’s and advocates a “legal empiricism”. Finally, the development of the jurisprudence of the Conseil constitutionnel opens the way for “case law empiricism”, widely discussed in this analysis.

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Submitted by Flavia Baptistini (flaviabaptistini@gmail.com) on 2017-09-28T18:39:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia_LDV_dissertação_v7_final_comtudo.pdf: 5972920 bytes, checksum: 308c60af028f1e152d82a4499e232d94 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diego Andrade (diego.andrade@fgv.br) on 2017-09-29T20:18:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia_LDV_dissertação_v7_final_comtudo.pdf: 5972920 bytes, checksum: 308c60af028f1e152d82a4499e232d94 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T11:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia_LDV_dissertação_v7_final_comtudo.pdf: 5972920 bytes, checksum: 308c60af028f1e152d82a4499e232d94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-06 / This research aims to rescue Leonardo da Vinci Bookshop’s history based in Rio de Janeiro, which had been in the care of the same family for more than sixty years and was sold at the beginning of 2016. It was acknowledged nationally for its high-quality imported books catalog from all over the world and for the high-standard bookseller’s performance of the founder and her staff, the Da Vinci Bookshop – as well as other previous bookshops that proved to be part of the city’s memory. Its relationship with the urban everyday life enabled not only the production and the development of the humanistic knowledge in the old Republic capital, but also promoted ways of sociability of several scholars living in Rio de Janeiro during the second half of the 20th century. The purpose of this study is to reflect about the symbolic dimension of certain kinds of commercial activities, focusing on the bookseller diversity in the cultural life of the cities. Besides being a purchase point, nowadays the few remaining bookshops are used as leisure centers and a place designed mainly for literary activities and they make part of the powerful international companies / Esta pesquisa intenta resgatar a trajetória da Livraria Leonardo da Vinci, sediada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que esteve por mais de sessenta anos sob os cuidados da mesma família e foi vendida no início de 2016. Reconhecida nacionalmente pela qualidade do catálogo de obras importadas de diversas partes do mundo e pelo exercício do ofício livreiro pela fundadora e por seus funcionários, a Da Vinci – bem como outras livrarias antes dela – mostrou ser parte integrante da memória da cidade. Sua relação com o cotidiano urbano permitiu não só a produção e o fomento do conhecimento humanístico na antiga capital da República como ensejou formas de sociabilidade de uma série de intelectuais residentes no Rio durante a segunda metade do século XX. Com este estudo pretende-se refletir sobre a dimensão simbólica presente em determinados tipos de atividades comerciais, dando destaque à diversidade livreira na vida cultural das cidades. Além de ponto de venda, hoje as poucas livrarias remanescentes são moduladas como espaços de lazer e fruição de atividades do campo literário e fazem parte de grandes redes ou conglomerados internacionais.