Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate if the Bolsa-Família Program has contributed to make lower the incidence of labor between child with 5 to 12 years old and young persons with 13 to 15 years old. The Bolsa-Família Program is an initiative of federal government who consist in cease cash benefits to poor families who, in exchange, have to keep your children with school attend. The program can indirectly contributes to reduce child and young labor because the amount of cash ceases to families who participates can help in the subsistence of families membership without the necessity of work of your children. To attend the proposal objective, we use the Propensity Score Matching method, which permits the use of information about non participants families like a counterfactual result without the incidence of selection bias. These procedure is necessary because we don t have any information about participants families before your joint to program and because the participation in the Bolsa-Família Program is not random. The results suggests that the proportion of child and adolescents who only work in the family and the proportion of inactive child and young people diminish, while the proportion of child and adolescents who only study rises in the presence of the program to families with per capita yields minus transfers lower than R$100,00 and to families with per capita yields lower than R$300,00. Only for the latter group of families the proportion of child and adolescents who work and study rises in significantly amount in response of the program. These results appoint the benefits and boundaries of the program. On the one hand, the cease of cash benefits raises the child and young school enrollment and reduces your idleness, result who indicates about the capacities of the program in change the reality of the assisted families. On the other hand, the fact about the proportion of child and adolescents who work and study in the same time don t differ about poor families or, even, raises with response of the program, families with per capita earns about R$300,00 case, make clear the boundaries of the Bolsa-Família Program because the work done simultaneously school enrollment damages your scholar performance and reduces the ready time to the exercise of other activities related to the childhood and adolescence who also contributes to your development. These boundaries can be lessen if the program establish articulated actions with other initiatives who fit other determinants to the child and young labor, as well as raises the disposal of economic, social and cultural resources and benefit the development of an preservation sense about children and adolescents in the families, crucial to eradicate the work of child and young people. / O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar se o Programa Bolsa-Família contribuiu para reduzir a incidência de trabalho entre as crianças de 5 a 12 anos e entre os adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos de idade. O Programa Bolsa-Família é uma iniciativa do governo federal e que consiste na concessão de benefícios monetários às famílias pobres que possuam filhos em idade escolar e que, em contrapartida, mantenham seus filhos matriculados na escola. O programa pode contribuir indiretamente para reduzir o trabalho de crianças e adolescentes porque a soma em dinheiro concedida às famílias participantes pode auxiliar na subsistência de seus membros sem a necessidade de que seus filhos trabalhem para tanto. A fim de alcançar o objetivo proposto, utilizamos o Pareamento pelo Escore de Propensão, método que permite o uso das informações relativas às famílias não participantes do Programa Bolsa-Família como resultado contrafactual para as famílias participantes sem os efeitos provocados pelo viés de seleção. Tal procedimento se faz necessário porque não possuímos qualquer informação sobre as famílias participantes antes do ingresso ao programa e porque a participação no Programa Bolsa-Família não é aleatória. Os resultados indicam que a proporção de crianças e adolescentes que apenas trabalham na família e a proporção de crianças e adolescentes inativos diminuem, enquanto a proporção de crianças e adolescentes que apenas estudam na família se eleva em resposta ao programa tanto para as famílias cuja renda per capita líquida das transferências não passa de R$100,00 e para as famílias com renda per capita de até R$300,00. Apenas para o último grupo de famílias, a proporção de crianças e adolescentes que trabalham e estudam na família se altera de modo significativo, crescendo em resposta ao programa. Estes resultados apontam os limites e alcances do Programa Bolsa-Família. Por um lado, a concessão de benefícios eleva a presença das crianças e adolescentes na escola e reduz sua ociosidade, resultado este que indica a capacidade de o programa em transformar a realidade das famílias envolvidas. Por outro lado, o fato de a proporção de crianças e adolescentes que estudam e trabalham na família não se alterar de modo significativo para as famílias menos abastadas e, até mesmo, se elevar em resposta ao programa, caso das famílias com renda per capita de até R$300,00, evidencia os limites do Programa Bolsa-Família porque o trabalho conjugado à escola pode vir a prejudicar o desempenho escolar das crianças e adolescentes, além de reduzir o tempo disponível para que elas desempenhem outras atividades relacionadas aos estágios da infância e da adolescência e que também contribuem para seu desenvolvimento. Estas limitações podem ser atenuadas caso o programa estabeleça ações articuladas com outras iniciativas capazes de atacar a outros importantes determinantes para o trabalho infanto-juvenil, bem como elevar a disposição de recursos econômicos, sociais e culturais e que favoreçam o desenvolvimento nas famílias de um sentido de preservação para com as crianças e adolescentes, crucial para erradicar o trabalho infanto-juvenil. / Mestre em Economia

Vzrůstající nedostatek pohybu dětí a mladistvých v průmyslových státech se v minulých desetiletích rozvinul ve zdravotně-politický problém. V souladu s touto problematikou zároveň klesá i úroveň motorických schopností a dovedností, což představuje citelné omezení dětského vývoje, fyzické i psychické komponenty. Důsledkem jsou rostoucí náklady na zdravotní péči, které posléze výrazně zatěžují zdravotnictví v jednotlivých zemích. Cílem vědeckých týmů Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni a Technické Univerzity Chemnitz je v rámci pilotní studie pod názvem „Přeshraniční srovnávací analýza motorických schopností dětí mladšího školního věku“ stanovit a porovnat aktuální zdravotní situaci školáků v České republice a Německu. / Der gestiegene Bewegungsmangel der Kinder und Jugendlichen in den Industriestaaten hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zu einem gesundheitspolitischen Problem entwickelt. Das darüber hinaus sinkende Niveau motorischer Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten zieht Beeinträchtigungen der kindlichen Entwicklung auf physischer und psychischer Ebene mit entsprechenden Folgekosten für die Gesundheitssysteme der Länder nach sich. Die Wissenschaftler der Westböhmischen Universität Pilsen und der Technischen Universität Chemnitz haben sich aus diesem Grund zum Ziel gesetzt, in der Pilotstudie „Grenzüberschreitende Vergleichsanalyse der motorischen Fähigkeiten von Kindern des jüngeren Schulalters“ die gesundheitliche Situation von Schulanfängern in der Tschechischen Republik und in Deutschland zu untersuchen und gegenüber zu stellen. / The increased sedentary lifestyle of children and adolescents in industrialized countries has evolved into a public health problem over the past decades. In addition, the declining level of motor abilities and skills draws impairment of children development on physical and psychological level, with appropriate follow-up costs for the health systems of countries. Scientists at the University of West Bohemia Pilsen and the Chemnitz University of Technology have for this reason the goal to investigate and to contrast the health situation of children starting school in the Czech Republic and in Germany with the pilot study "Cross-border comparative analysis of the motor skills of children of younger school age".

This thesis explores the entire cycle of education, from initial access to schooling, over degree completion, to returns to education. Despite recent gains in increasing access, an tens of millions of children worldwide are still out of school. Abolishing school fees has increased enrollment rates in several countries where enrollments were low and fees were high. However, such policies may be less effective, or even have negative consequences, when supply-side responses are weak. The first part of the thesis evaluates the impacts of a tuition waiver program in Haiti, which provided public financing to nonpublic schools conditional on not charging tuition. The chapter concludes that school's participation in the program results in more students enrolled, more staff, and slightly higher student-teacher ratios. The program also reduces grade repetition and the share of overage students. While the increase in students does not directly equate to a reduction in the number of children out of school, it does demonstrate strong demand from families for the program and a correspondingly strong supply response from the nonpublic sector.Pertaining degree completion, it is well established that natural disasters can have a negative effect on human capital accumulation. However, a comparison of the differential impacts of distinct disaster classes is missing. Using census data and information from DesInventar and EMDAT, two large disaster databases, the second part of the thesis assesses how geological disasters and climatic shocks affect the upper secondary degree attainment of adolescents. The chapter focuses on Mexico, given its diverse disaster landscape and lack of obligatory upper secondary education over the observed time period. While all disaster types are found to impede attainment, climatic disasters that are not infrastructure-destructive (e.g. droughts) have the strongest negative effect, decreasing educational expansion by over 40%. The effects seem largely driven by demand-side changes such as increases in school dropouts and fertility, especially for young women. The results may also be influenced by deteriorated parental labor market outcomes. Supply-side effects appear to be solely driven by infrastructure-destructive climatic shocks (e.g. floods). These findings thus call for differential public measures according to specific disaster types and an enhanced attention to climatic events given their potentially stronger impact on younger generations.It is also widely appreciated that natural disasters can have negative impacts on local labor market outcomes. However, the study of differential types of negative capital shocks, the underlying labor market mechanisms, and the context of the poorest countries have been neglected. Following testable predictions of economic theory, the third part of the thesis exploits the exogenous variation of destruction of human and physical capital caused by the 2010 Haiti earthquake to disentangle the differential impact on local individual monetary returns to education. Employing individual-level survey data from before and after the earthquake the chapter finds that the returns decreased on average by 37%, especially in equipment-capital intensive industry. Higher educated individuals adjust into low-paying self-employment or agriculture. The returns are particularly shock-sensitive for urban residents, migrants, males, and people over age 25. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished