Akut- och psykiatriska avdelningar på länssjukhuset Ryhov i Jönköping använder sig av snabbtest för drogscreening med varierande kvalitet under de tider då analysinstrumentet Konelab Prime 30i inte är bemannat. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera sensitivitet och specificitet hos Multitest 15 från tillverkaren Acro Biotech, och jämföra resultat från två olika avläsningstider. Antalet urinprover som samlades in för analys uppgick till 272. Positiva och negativa urinprover med drogkoncentrationer inom ±50% från varje drogs gränsvärde insamlades. Senare inkluderades drogkoncentrationer utanför detta intervall. Proverna testades med Multitest 15 vid laboratoriet för klinisk kemi på Ryhov efter utförd analys med Konelab Prime 30i, vars analysresultat utgjorde referens. De droger som testades var amfetamin, metamfetamin, ecstasy, bensodiazepiner, buprenorfin, kokain, metadon, morfin, THC, oxykodon och tramadol. För alla droger sammantaget var sensitiviteten 86,7% - 100%, specificiteten 33,3% - 100% och träffsäkerheten 71,4% - 94,7%. Provurvalet inom intervallet ±50% från gränsvärdet var begränsat, vilket avsevärt påverkat dessa beräkningar, och Konelab Prime 30i använder semikvantitativ metod vilken endast ger approximativa koncentrationsvärden som referens. / The emergency and psychiatric wards on the county hospital Ryhov in Jönköping utilize onsite drug testing with varying quality during evenings and night-time when no staff are operating the chemistry analyzer Konelab Prime 30i. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of sensitivity and specificity of Acro Biotech Multitest 15 and comparing results from two different reading-times. The number of urine samples collected for analysis was 272. Positive and negative urine samples with drug concentrations within ± 50% from cut-off were collected. Later, concentrations outside of this range was included. The samples were tested with Multitest 15 at the laboratory for clinical chemistry at Ryhov after analysis with Konelab Prime 30i providing reference results. The drugs tested were amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, cocaine, methadone, morphine, THC, oxycodone and tramadol. All drugs included, the sensitivity was 86.7% - 100%, the specificity 33% - 100% and the accuracy 71.4% - 94.7%. The sample selection within the range ±50% from the cut-off value was limited, which significantly affected these calculations, and Konelab Prime 30i uses a semi-quantitative method only providing approximate concentration values for reference.

Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) are produced by the Enterobacteriaceae bacterial family, mainly by E. coli and K. pneumoniae. As these species are some of the main causes of urinary tract infections and sepsis, ESBL-production is of major concern. Occurrence of ESBLs also gives rise to concern as it is increasing epidemically. This because the genes coding for ESBLs (i.e. bla-genes) are located on plasmids replicating and spreading the replicated copies independently. Plasmids replicate by replicons. Plasmids with the same replicon variant are grouped into the same plasmid family. The aim of this study was to detect plasmid families carrying bla-genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae from clinical (n = 6) and environmental water (n = 22) isolates. Plasmid family prevalence was examined. Association between plasmid families and bla-genes was also examined. Plasmid families were detected by a PBRT kit (PCR Based Replicon Typing), a multiplex PCR kit that detected 30 replicons, whereof 27 replicons representing the 27 plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae, and three novel replicons. The IncF plasmid family was the most prevalent for both species in both clinical and environmental isolates. IncF seemed to be prevalent for all examined ESBLs, but it was difficult to associate one bla-gene with one plasmid family as most isolates carried several bla-genes and several plasmid families. / Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) produceras av bakteriefamiljen Enterobacteriaceae, främst av E. coli och K. pneumoniae. Eftersom dessa arter är bland de vanligaste orsakerna till urinvägsinfektioner och sepsis är ESBL-produktion ett allvarligt problem. ESBL är också oroande eftersom det sprids epidemiskt. Detta möjliggörs av att generna som kodar för ESBLs (s.k. bla-gener) ligger på plasmider, som replikerar och sprider de replikerade plasmidkopiorna självständigt. Plasmider replikeras som s.k. replikon. Plasmider med samma replikonvariant tillhör samma plasmidfamilj. Syftet med detta arbete var att detektera plasmidfamiljer som bär bla-gener i E. coli och K. pneumoniae isolerade från kliniska prov (n = 6) och miljöprov (n = 22) från Helge Å. Plasmidfamiljernas prevalens undersöktes, liksom sambandet mellan plasmidfamiljer och bla-gener. Plasmidfamiljerna detekterades med ett PBRT-kit (PCR Based Replicon Typing), ett multiplext PCR-kit som detekterade 30 replikon varav 27 replikon som representerar de 27 plasmidfamiljer som finns i Enterobacteriaceae och tre nya replikon. Plasmidfamiljen IncF var vanligast förekommande i båda arter i både kliniska isolat och miljöisolat. IncF verkade förekomma för alla undersökta typer av ESBL, men det var generellt svårt att förknippa en bla-gen med en plasmidfamilj, eftersom de flesta isolaten bar flera bla-gener och flera plasmidfamiljer.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-21T12:36:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Walter Pichi Junior.pdf: 4132122 bytes, checksum: fb86468f13e878f9ea8613f3fad265a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T12:36:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Walter Pichi Junior.pdf: 4132122 bytes, checksum: fb86468f13e878f9ea8613f3fad265a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this work was the development of a teaching kit using simple, mockups, but miniaturized models of chromatographic columns, whether heated or not. Development utilized low-cost material and the do-it-yourself approach. The performance tests of the speakers and their kit demonstrated that the system is reproducible and can be used to teach concepts about fluid manipulation, diffusion and desorption, among others. The purpose of the kit is to facilitate the easy manipulation of its components and their interconnection, proposing new innovations as well as advantages for learning the concepts of ABP and STEM / Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um kit de ensino utilizando modelos simples (mockups), mas miniaturizados, de colunas cromatográficas, aquecidas ou não. O desenvolvimento utilizou material de baixo custo e a abordagem do “faça você mesmo”. Os testes de desempenho das colunas e respectivo kit demonstraram que o sistema é reprodutível e que pode ser utilizado para o ensino de conceitos sobre manipulação de fluidos, difusão e dessorção, entre outros. O kit tem por finalidade favorecer a fácil manipulação, dos componentes que o compõe e a interligação dos mesmos, propondo novas inovações além de vantagens para a aprendizagem dos conceitos de ABP e STEM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisangela Lizardo de Oliveira.pdf: 1008992 bytes, checksum: d4e930ca7f26e93b782f996afdb06537 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The object of this research is the academic youth s scientific formation, by scientific initiation programs supported by the Technological and Scientific Development National Council (CNPq), focusing in the Scientific Initiation Scolarship Institutional Program (PIBIC). In this study, it was stablished an historical analysis about the progress of science in Brazil and its relation with the State s economical and social development demand. It was also sought to understand how the formation of qualified personnel, with critical and creative capacity, in view to the intellectual autonomy, has became relevant to the educational, scientifical and technological government policies in a national context. Beyond the retrospect of the PIBIC s institutionalization, it was also developed a statistical analysis of an historical sequence of the program and its developments about: the regional distribution, the number of scolarships by institution, the amount of the scolarships, the capacity of orientation, the profile of the scolarship s students, the coverage of knowlage areas, the relation of the program with the post-graduation, and the legal nature of the program s institutions. The main source of this analysis was: a) PIBIC s indicators, between 1988 and 2010; b) the institutional evaluation of the program made by a group of researchers coordinated by Luiz Antônio Marcuschi, in 1996 and c) the research made in 1999, with CNPq s support and interest, about PIBIC and its relations with the scientifical formation, coordinated by Virgílio Alvarez Aragón e Jacques Rocha Velloso. The theorical reference adopted to underlie the discussion about the formation, emancipation, standardization, and about science and technology and its relations with the scientifical formation in administered society, is extracted from the critical theory of the society, specially Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer and Herbert Marcuse s analysis. It s been verified, at the end, that PIBIC, even considerating the need of future adjustments, presents relevant potential of contribution in the scientifical formation of the academic youth / A presente pesquisa tem por objeto a formação científica do jovem universitário, a partir de programas de iniciação científica fomentados pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), com foco no Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC). Neste estudo, foi estabelecida uma análise histórica sobre o progresso da ciência no Brasil e a relação desta com as demandas de desenvolvimento econômico e social do Estado. Buscou-se ainda, compreender em que medida a formação de pessoal qualificado, com capacidade crítica e criativa, com vistas à aproximação da autonomia intelectual, tornou-se relevante para as políticas educacionais e as de ciência e tecnologia em âmbito federal. Desenvolveu-se, além de um retrospecto sobre a institucionalização do PIBIC, uma minuciosa análise estatística a partir de série histórica sobre o programa e seus desdobramentos, no que tange a: distribuição regional, quantidade de bolsas por instituição, valor das bolsas, capacidade de orientação, perfil do bolsista, abrangência das áreas de conhecimento, relação do programa com a pós-graduação e natureza jurídica das instituições participantes do programa. As principais fontes dessa análise foram: a) indicadores do PIBIC, entre os anos de 1988 e 2010; b) avaliação institucional do programa realizada por equipe de pesquisadores, sob coordenação de Luiz Antônio Marcuschi, no ano de 1996, e c) pesquisa realizada, em 1999, com apoio e de interesse do CNPq, sobre o PIBIC e sua relação com a formação de cientistas, coordenada pelos professores Virgílio Alvarez Aragón e Jacques Rocha Velloso. O referencial teórico adotado para embasar as discussões acerca da formação, emancipação, padronização e sobre ciência e tecnologia e suas relações com a formação científica na sociedade administrada, é extraído da teoria crítica da sociedade, em especial, das análises de Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer e Herbert Marcuse. Verificou-se, ao final, que o PIBIC, mesmo considerando a necessidade de futuros ajustes, apresenta relevante potencial na contribuição da formação científica do jovem universitário

Submitted by Larissa Vitoria Cardoso Cusielo (larissavitoria@id.uff.br) on 2017-09-05T20:08:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Samuel Machado Pires - Dissertacao Final.pdf: 1688848 bytes, checksum: 305a2b994baae30ceee3cedbb06fa9ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca do Aterrado BAVR (bavr@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-27T19:33:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Samuel Machado Pires - Dissertacao Final.pdf: 1688848 bytes, checksum: 305a2b994baae30ceee3cedbb06fa9ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T19:33:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Samuel Machado Pires - Dissertacao Final.pdf: 1688848 bytes, checksum: 305a2b994baae30ceee3cedbb06fa9ba (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Exatas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Física. Volta Redonda, RJ. / Apresenta-se neste trabalho uma proposta educacional de abordagem do tema Energia Nuclear na disciplina de Física do Ensino Médio. O objetivo desta abordagem é oportunizar aos alunos uma formação que integre conceitos Físicos, pertinentes ao tema, com as implicações socioambientais, econômicas e políticas do uso deste tipo de energia. A proposta parte da polêmica em relação ao programa nuclear brasileiro e perpassa atividades de investigação em simulação computacional, discussões sobre vídeos, sistematização dos conceitos, debate e elaboração de texto dissertativoargumentativo. Fundamenta-se esta proposta no campo de estudos Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS), apresentando um estudo histórico deste movimento e seus contextos internacionais e brasileiro. No que tange ao contexto nacional, discute-se a legislação que regulamenta as práticas educacionais no país. O produto inclui material do aluno, material do professor e orientações ao professor. Valida-se a proposta por meio de sua aplicação, relatos da mesma e um instrumento avaliativo ao final. / In this work is being presented an educational proposal of approaching the Nuclear Energy theme in high school physics course. The purpose is to create opportunities for the students being able to integrate Physical concepts that may be relevant to the theme, with the social, environmental, economic and political implications of using this kind of energy. The proposal begins with the controversy in relation to the Brazilian nuclear program and permeates research activities in computer simulations, discussions about videos, systematization of concepts, argumentations and elaboration of an argumentative text. This study is based on the field of Science-Technology-Society (STS) knowledge’s, presenting a historical research about this movement and its international and Brazilian contexts. Regarding the national context, it discusses the legislation that regulates the educational practices in the country. The product includes student’s material, teacher’s material and guidelines to the teacher. The proposal was proved by means of its application, reports about it and an evaluative tool at the end.

This thesis analyzes medical manuals published in England between 1500 and 1770 to trace developing medical understandings and prescriptive approaches to conception, pregnancy, and childbirth. While there have been plenty of books written regarding social and religious changes in the reproductive process during the early modern era, there is a dearth of scholarly work focusing on the medical changes which took place in obstetrics over this period. Early modern England was a time of great change in the field of obstetrics as physicians incorporated newly-discovered knowledge about the male and female body, new fields and tools, and new or revived methods into published obstetrical manuals. As men became more prominent in the birthing chamber, instructions in the manuals began to address these men as well. Overall these changes were brought about by changes in the medical field along with changes in culture and religion and the emergence of print culture and rising literacy rates.

This dissertation argues that the origins of civil defense are to be found in pre-World War II Britain and that a driving force of this early civil defense scheme was fear of poison gas. Later iterations of civil defense, such as the Cold War system in America, built on already existing regimes that had proven their worth during WWII. This dissertation demonstrates not only that WWII civil defense served as a blueprint for later civil defense schemes, but also that poison gas anxiety served as a particular tool for the implementation and success of civil defense. The dissertation is organized thematically, exploring the role of civilians and volunteers in the civil defense scheme, as well as demonstrating the vital importance of physical manifestations of civil defense, such as gas masks and air raid shelters, in ensuring the success of the scheme. By the start of World War II, many civilians had already been training in civil defense procedures for several years, learning how to put out fires, recognize bombs, warn against gas, decontaminate buildings, rescue survivors, and perform first aid. The British government had come to the conclusion, long before the threat became realized, that the civilian population was a likely target for air attacks and that measures were required to protect them. World War I (WWI) saw the first aerial attacks targeted specifically at civilians, suggesting a future where such attacks would occur more frequently and deliberately. Poison gas, used in WWI, seemed a particularly horrifying threat that presented significant problems. Civil defense was born out of this need to protect the civil population from attack by bombs or poison gas. For the next five years of war civil defense worked to maintain British morale and to protect civilian lives. This was the first real scheme of civil defense, instituted by the British government specifically for the protection of its civilian population.

Les nouvelles technologies de l'information sont entrées au cœur de notre société et provoquent de profonds changements dans notre vie quotidienne, notamment dans le monde du travail. Or le métier d'enseignant n'a pas vraiment évolué, même si les méthodes éducatives changent, car toute tentative d'introduction de l'informatique se heurte à la méfiance des enseignants qui ont peur de perdre leur liberté de choix éducatifs. De plus, les avancées technologiques n'ont d'intérêt que si elles sont intégrées dans un processus global de conception d'applications éducatives. Nos recherches ont donc pour objectif principal de faciliter la tâche de l'enseignant dans la préparation de ses séquences pédagogiques. Nous définissons ainsi le support méthodologique d'un environnement informatique d'aide à la spécification des connaissances éducatives. Nous organisons alors nos travaux autour de trois axes. Tout d'abord, nous proposons la mise en place d'enseignements axés sur la notion de situations-problèmes au sens IUFM car elle met les apprenants en situation de projet tout en répondant aux objectifs pédagogiques fixés. Nous exposons ensuite la nécessité pour les enseignants de se reposer sur un processus de spécification formelle que nous définissons et pour lequel nous proposons un cycle de vie basé sur le prototypage rapide. Nous proposons aussi une ontologie de l'enseignement s'appuyant sur une architecture orientée-objet. Nous montrons enfin que l'utilisation de méta-outils CASE permet de développer un environnement ayant une assistance adaptée et suffisamment flexible pour permettre différentes façons de spécifier et différents points de vue et-ou formalismes de représentation sur une spécification. Le prototype développé couple le méta-outil CASE HARDY, qui fournit une interface diagrammatique supportant les étapes du processus de développement, et le générateur de système expert CLIPS qui assure la cohésion globale en terme de guidage et de flexibilité.

Malgré la fréquence de l'altération des fonctions exécutives après lésion cérébrale, les approches évaluatives et rééducatives de ces troubles restent limitées. Cette altération est très invalidante car elle perturbe les Activités de Vie Quotidienne (AVQ) (ex. préparation des repas) et empêche le retour des personnes à leur vie sociale et professionnelle. Or il s'avère que les technologies de la réalité virtuelle ont montré leurs potentiels dans la proposition de stratégies d'intervention thérapeutique innovantes. Elles nécessitent la modélisation de tâches virtuelles écologiques (proches des AVQ), le suivi et l'évaluation de l'activité du patient dans ces tâches et enfin l'évaluation des erreurs commises par le patient. La conception de ces tâches repose sur la pratique traditionnelle dans les centres de rééducation comme le centre de Kerpape. Les modalités d'interaction dans ces tâches doivent tenir compte de contraintes liées aux patients, comme leurs capacités résiduelles. Dans ces contextes, notre travail de thèse nous a permis de concevoir un outil permettant aux thérapeutes de configurer une tâche virtuelle, écologique et paramétrable pour l'évaluation et la rééducation des patients cérébrolésés. Dans la cuisine virtuelle (TVK = Therapeutic Virtual Kitchen) qui est une représentation fidèle de la cuisine thérapeutique de Kerpape, nous avons conçu des tâches écologiques primitives et complexes dont la graduation permet d'une part de s'adapter aux capacités du patient et d'autre part d'évaluer son dysfonctionnement exécutif. Dans l'objectif d'évaluer la performance du patient dans la tâche complexe choisie (Préparation d'un café), nous avons partiellement virtualisé la grille d'évaluation des erreurs d'actions et des erreurs comportementales, utilisée dans la tâche réelle à Kerpape. L'outil TVK permet la sauvegarde en temps réel des données relatives à l'activité du patient ainsi que l'interprétation et l'enregistrement des erreurs. Les expérimentations menées nous ont permis de valider l'usage de l'outil TVK auprès de sujets sains et de patients cérébrolésés et d'apporter de l'objectivité dans l'évaluation de la performance des patients dans une AVQ. Nos travaux mettent en évidence la difficulté d'évaluer simplement les erreurs comportementales. Nous avons proposé une approche fondée sur la réalité virtuelle pour l'évaluation de l'activité du patient cérébrolésé dans une tâche écologique. Cette approche met en évidence les apports de la réalité virtuelle dans la prise en charge de troubles cognitifs et les perspectives en rééducation cognitive.

Through four case studies of technological systems - optical tracking of satellites, sounding rockets, instructional television through a geosynchronous satellite, and a launch vehicle--I explore the origins and development of the Indian space program from 1955 through 1976, a period critical in shaping the program's identity and its relationship to the state. Institutionalized, and constructed in different geographic regions of India, these systems were embedded in the broader political, economic, and social life of the country and served as nodes around which existing and new scientific and technological communities were formed. These organic, highly networked communities in turn negotiated and developed a space program to meet the social and strategic demands of a new modernizing nation state. That modernizing program was, in turn, embedded in a broader set of scientific, technological and political relationships with industrialized countries, above all the United States. The United States' cooperation with India began with the establishment of tracking stations for plotting the orbits of artificial satellites. Cognizant of the contributions made by Indian scientists in the field of astronomy and meteorology, a scientific tradition that stretched back several decades, the officials and the scientific community at NASA, along with their Indian counterparts outlined a cooperative program that focused on the mutual exploration of the tropical space for scientific data. This initial collaboration gradually expanded and more advanced space application projects brought the two democratic countries, in spite of some misgivings, closer together in the common cause of using space sciences and technologies for developing India. In the process India and the United States ended up coproducing a space program that responded to the ambitions of the postcolonial scientific and political elite of India. The global Cold War and the ambiguities, desires and tensions of a postcolonial nation-state vying for leadership among the newly decolonized states in the Afro-Asian region are critical for understanding the origins and the trajectory of India's space program. Without this political context and the construction of a transnational web of relationships, it is highly unlikely that the Indian scientific and technological elite, along with their industrial and political partners, would have succeeded in putting India on the space map of the world.