O gerenciamento dos riscos constitui um dos pontos fundamentais para o sucesso de projetos de implantação de um Enterprise Resource Planning - Sistema Integrado de Gestão (ERP), visto que são trabalhos complexos com grandes investimentos, longos períodos e alto risco. Um aspecto que influencia significativamente os projetos e que deveria ser considerado na análise de riscos é a sazonalidade, apesar de ser pouco abordado na literatura. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e analisar os métodos e recursos de análise de riscos mais adequados para projetos de implantação de ERP influenciados por incertezas sazonais. No contexto desse trabalho, entende-se por incertezas sazonais como incertezas que ocorrem em determinados períodos do ano, enquanto que a probabilidade de ocorrência será diferente nesses períodos em relação aos outros períodos do ano. Para alcançar o objetivo, esse trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes. A primeira delas é a Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL), que foi realizada para identificar métodos recentemente utilizados por pesquisas da literatura para analisar riscos em projetos. Posteriormente, com os trabalhos selecionados na RSL, foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo semântica para decompor os métodos identificados em recursos de análise de riscos. O grau de importância dos recursos de análise de riscos para os projetos de implantação de ERP influenciados por incertezas sazonais foi validado através da técnica Delphi, com o apoio de especialistas em gerenciamento de projetos. A técnica Delphi foi realizada em duas rodadas que duraram aproximadamente 30 dias cada uma, finalizando a segunda rodada com uma concordância forte entre as opiniões entre 16 participantes, calculada através do coeficiente de concordância W de Kendall. Por fim, as informações obtidas com a técnica Delphi permitiram também priorizar dos métodos de análise de riscos para esses tipos de projetos. O resultado obtido com esta pesquisa foi a identificação de seis métodos e oito recursos mais adequados para analisar riscos em projetos de implantação de ERP influenciados por incertezas sazonais. Destaca-se dentre os métodos de análise de riscos mais adequados o método Matriz de Probabilidade e Impacto, pois foi identificado na literatura utilizando recursos \"Análise de probabilidade e impacto\", \"Matriz de probabilidade e impacto\" e \"Riscos categorizados por fase do projeto\", classificados como muito importantes para analisar riscos nesses tipos de projetos. Também foram analisadas, separadamente, as importâncias atribuídas aos recursos de análise de riscos pelos grupos de participantes do painel Delphi, formados por Profissionais de Projetos e Profissionais de Diretoria. Dentre os seis métodos de análise de riscos mais adequados para projetos de implantação de ERP influenciados por incertezas sazonais, três métodos não são tradicionais na área de gerenciamento de riscos em projetos, o que contribui para profissionais e pesquisadores passem a conhecer e considerar tais métodos nesses tipos de projetos / Risk management is one of the key points for the success of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation projects, since they are complex jobs with large investments, long periods and high risk. One aspect that significantly influences the projects and that should be considered in the risk analysis is the seasonality, although it has been low discussed in the literature. In this respect, this work aims to identify and analyze the most suitable resources risk analysis methods and resources for ERP implementation projects influenced by seasonal uncertainties. In the context of this work, seasonal uncertainties mean uncertainties taking place at certain times of the year, while the probability of appearance will be different from these periods to others. To reach the goal, this work was divided into four parts. The first of these is the Systematic Review of Literature, which was carried out to identify methods used recently in literature researches to analyze risks in projects. Subsequently, with the selected papers in the RSL, a semantic content analysis was performed to decompose the methods identified in risk analysis resources. The importance degree of the risk analysis resources to the ERP implementation projects influenced by seasonal uncertainties was validated through the Delphi technique, with the support of project management specialists. The Delphi technique was performed in two rounds that lasted approximately 30 days each, finishing the second round with a high agreement of opinions among 16 participants, calculated through the coefficient of agreement W of Kendall. Finally, the information obtained with the Delphi technique also allowed to prioritize the risk analysis methods for these types of projects. The result obtained with this research was the identification of six most suitable methods and eight most suitable resources to analyze risks in ERP implementation projects influenced by seasonal uncertainties. Among the most adequate risk analysis methods, the Probability and Impact Matrix method was a highlight, as it was identified in the literature using resources like \"Probability and impact analysis\", \"Probability and impact matrix\" and \"Risks categorized by project phase\", classified as very important to analyze risks in these types of projects. It was also analyzed, separately, the importance given to the risk analysis resources by the Delphi panel participants, formed by Project Professionals and Directing Professionals. Among the six most suitable risk analysis methods for ERP implementation projects influenced by seasonal uncertainties, three methods are not traditional in the project risk management area, which contributes to professionals and researchers to know and consider such methods in these types of projects

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Thais Ferreira Fagundes.pdf: 371119 bytes, checksum: 3ab10bc2aba1cc751859fbdf5b9ed967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Ostriche breeding has recently achieved commercial importance around the world. It is important to know the parasites those affect animals in commercial farms, as infections can reduce the weight gain, compromise reproductive potential and lead animals to death. Brazil has great environmental differences among its regions, depending on weather conditions and production management, and arrangements must be provided as ostriches are not used to deal with these conditions. The aim of this study was to identify gastrointestinal parasites and checks its seasonal occurrence among animals in a commercial farm in Areal / RJ. Fresh fecal samples were monthly collected (from April/2004 to May/2006) and placed in indentified plastic bags under refrigeration until processing. Centrifugal flotation in sugar saturated solution (counting eggs per grams of feces EPG), faecal culture (identify third-stage - L3 larvae) and centrifugal-sedimentation (protozoa identification) techniques were performed. Two hundred and sixty-four fecal samples were collected and divided in three groups according to ostriches ages: <90, 91 365 and >365 days (adults). Dry and rainy seasons were defined according to meteorological data obtained. Typical eggs of the Order Strongylida were identified in 169 samples (158 from adult ostriches). Once obtained, L3 larvae were identified as Codiostomum struthionis. Species of protozoa were detected in 252 of 264 samples (single and mixed infection). At least one of the three Genus (Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis and Entamoeba) was identified in 95.45% of the samples evaluated. Ostriches >365 days had greater eggs removal during the rainy season compared to dry season, being this difference significant (p=0.0002). When evaluating seasonality, Blastocystis cysts were mostly found among dry season samples (p=0.0043) in the age group of < 90. In the age group > 365 days there was difference significant of removal oocysts/cysts between the dry and rainy seasons for Cryptosporidium (p=0.0161) and Entamoeba (p=0.0387), being higher in the rainy season. Among age group, significant difference of removal of cysts between < 90 and > 365 days to Entamoeba (p=0.0430), greater removal in adults. Significant differences were also found between ages related to EPG disposal (p<0.05 for ostriches < 90 and > 365 days; p<0.05 for ostriches from 91 to 365 and > 365 days), as result of high EPG of adults. / Como o n?mero de criat?rios vem aumentando em todo o mundo, o conhecimento dos parasitos que acometem as avestruzes ? importante, pois quando infectadas pode ocorrer um menor ganho de peso, comprometer o potencial reprodutivo e at? causar a morte. O ambiente brasileiro varia bastante e, dependendo das condi??es clim?ticas de cada regi?o, a efici?ncia de produ??o tamb?m se altera, pois a avestruz ? pouco afeita a ambientes chuvosos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar os parasitos gastrintestinais de avestruzes de uma cria??o em Areal/RJ e verificar a sazonalidade de ocorr?ncia dos parasitos de acordo com a faixa et?ria das aves. Foram coletadas, mensalmente, amostras fecais rec?m emitidas e acondicionadas em sacos pl?sticos devidamente identificados, e mantidas sob refrigera??o at? o momento de serem examinadas. Uma parte das fezes foi processada seguindo a t?cnica de centr?fugo-flutua??o em solu??o saturada de a??car para a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Outra parte foi utilizada na realiza??o de coproculturas para identificar a larva de terceiro est?dio (L3). E a terceira por??o do material fecal foi processada seguindo a t?cnica de centr?fugo-sedimenta??o para identifica??o de protozo?rios. Foram coletadas, entre abril de 2004 e maio de 2006, 264 amostras de fezes de avestruzes divididas em tr?s faixas et?rias: at? 90 dias, de 91-365 dias e acima de 365 dias (adultos). Foram obtidos dados meteorol?gicos para defini??o das esta??es seca e chuvosa. Verificaram-se 170 amostras positivas para ovos t?picos da ordem Strongylida, sendo 159 amostras provenientes de avestruzes adultas. Ap?s a obten??o das L3, estas foram identificadas como Codiostomum struthionis. Foram observados protozo?rios em 252 das 264 amostras examinadas ocorrendo infec??o simples ou mista, ou seja, 95,4% das amostras estavam positivas para pelo menos um dos tr?s g?neros encontrados: Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis e Entamoeba. Ap?s a an?lise estat?stica pode-se observar que na faixa et?ria acima de 365 dias houve diferen?a significativa para libera??o de ovos e entre as esta??es seca e chuvosa (p= 0,0002), sendo a maior elimina??o na esta??o chuvosa. Na an?lise da diferen?a entre as esta??es para protozo?rios houve diferen?a significativa na elimina??o de cisto de Blastocystis (p= 0,0043) na faixa et?ria de 0-90 dias, onde na esta??o seca a libera??o foi maior, e na faixa et?ria acima de 365 dias houve diferen?a significativa de elimina??o de oocistos/cistos entre a esta??o seca e chuvosa para Cryptosporidium (p= 0,0161) e Entamoeba (p= 0,0387), sendo maior na chuva. Entre as faixas et?rias, houve diferen?a significativa de elimina??o de cistos entre 0-90 dias e acima de 365 dias para Entamoeba (p= 0,0430). Para a compara??o de elimina??o de OPG entre as faixas et?rias houve diferen?a significativa entre 0-90 dias e acima de 365 dias (p<0,05) e 91-365 dias e acima de 365 dias (p<0,05), sendo a maior elimina??o nos adultos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Fabio Silva de Souza.pdf: 3760278 bytes, checksum: d38f28c39076f3f01e4393fd0f31bc10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-26 / The aim of this study was to characterize the association between the seasonality of dermatobiosis in bovines and its dipterans potential vectors as well as evaluate the association among the counts of Dermatobia hominis larvae and of potential vectors with meteorologicals data. It also had the objective of delimiting, quantifying and characterizing the geographical space of Serop?dica and Itagua? municipalities in relation to the favorable degrees for the occurrence of dermatobiosis in bovines in the rainy and dry periods using the Vista SAGA? 2007 information system. The seasonal fluctuation of D. hominis larvae was obtained by counts in ten bovines and of muscoids dipterans by capture using Adultrap? traps with sardine bait, once a month each, in three properties named A, B and C, localized in the Serop?dica, Paracambi and Itagua? municipalities, respectively, in the period of January 2006 to December 2007. The meteorological data of compensated mean temperature, pluvial precipitation and relative humidity were obtained in the Agricultural Ecology Station (22?48'S, 43?41'W and 33m of altitude). The associations between D. hominis larvae fluctuations, adult dipterans and climatological data were verified using the Spearman correlation test. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used in the analysis of the significant differences between the rainy and dry periods in each property in the monthly average of D. hominis larvae, in the total monthly number and of dipterans family and in the analysis of other studies. In the elaboration of models by geoprocessing, some abiotic factors were used: occupation and covering of the land, altitude, declivity, soils and climatic factors, in which the evaluation, signature and monitorship functions of the Vista SAGA? 2007 program were applied. The infestation by D. hominis larvae in bovines was present during the 24 months of study in the three properties. A total of 18.966 dipterans potential vectors was captured, being 30,16% in the A property, 34,59% in the B property and 35,25% in the C property but there were no significant statistic difference between these. There was a positive and significant correlation (rs=0,63) between monthly averages of D. hominis larvae and relative humidity in 2006 at the A property; there was a positive and significant correlation between the total number of captured dipterans and pluvial precipitation (rs=0,80) and temperature (rs=0,60) at the B and C properties, respectively, in 2007. It was also observed a positive and significant correlation between the total number of captured dipterans of the Sarcophagidae family (rs=0,60) with the temperature in the C property in 2006, and between Muscidae (rs=0,67) and Calliphoridae (rs=0,76) with pluvial precipitation in the B property in 2007. There wasn t an association between monthly averages of D. hominis larvae and dipterans. It was verified a pattern lack in the association between monthly and periods fluctuations, rainy and dry of D. hominis larvae with the dipterans potential vectors fluctuations and of both with meteorologicals data. The geoprocessing allowed delimiting, quantifying and characterizing the potential of space temporal distribution of dermatobiosis in bovines. / Este estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar a associa??o entre a sazonalidade da dermatobiose em bovinos e seus d?pteros potenciais vetores, assim como avaliar a associa??o entre as contagens de larvas de Dermatobia hominis e de potenciais vetores com os dados meteorol?gicos. Teve tamb?m como objetivo, delimitar, quantificar e caracterizar o espa?o geogr?fico dos munic?pios de Serop?dica e Itagua? quanto aos gradientes de favorabilidade para a ocorr?ncia da dermatobiose em bovinos nos per?odos chuvoso e seco utilizando o sistema de informa??o Vista SAGA? 2007. A flutua??o sazonal de larvas de D. hominis foi obtida por contagens em dez bovinos e a de d?pteros musc?ides por captura, usando armadilhas Adultrap? com isca de sardinha, ambos uma vez ao m?s, nas tr?s propriedades denominadas A, B e C, localizadas nos munic?pios de Serop?dica, Paracambi e Itagua?, respectivamente, no per?odo de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2007. Os dados meteorol?gicos de temperatura m?dia compensada, precipita??o pluvial e umidade relativa, foram obtidos na Esta??o Ecologia Agr?cola (22?48'S, 43?41'W e 33m de altitude). As associa??es entre as flutua??es de larvas de D. hominis, d?pteros adultos e dados climatol?gicos foram verificadas utilizando-se o teste de correla??o de Spearman. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney foram empregados na an?lise das diferen?as significativas entre os per?odos, chuvoso e seco, por propriedade, para a m?dia mensal de larvas de D. hominis, o n?mero mensal total e por fam?lia de d?pteros e na an?lise de dados publicados em outros estudos. Para a elabora??o dos modelos por geoprocessamento, utilizaram-se os fatores abi?ticos: uso e cobertura das terras, altitude, declividade, solos e fatores clim?ticos, aplicando-se as fun??es avalia??o, assinatura e monitoria do programa Vista SAGA? 2007. A infesta??o por larvas de D. hominis em bovinos esteve presente ao longo dos 24 meses de estudo nas tr?s propriedades. Um total de 18.966 d?pteros potenciais vetores foi capturado. Deste, 30,16% foram capturados na propriedade A, 34,59% na propriedade B e 35,25% na propriedade C, mas sem diferen?a estat?stica significativa entre estas. Houve correla??o positiva e significativa (rs=0,63) entre as m?dias mensais de larvas de D. hominis e umidade relativa, no ano de 2006, na propriedade A; houve correla??o positiva e significativa entre o n?mero total de d?pteros capturados e precipita??o pluvial (rs=0,80) e tamb?m com a temperatura (rs=0,60) nas propriedades B e C, respectivamente, no ano de 2007. Observou-se tamb?m correla??o positiva e significativa entre o n?mero total de d?pteros capturados da fam?lia Sarcophagidae (rs=0,60) com a temperatura na propriedade C no ano de 2006 e entre Muscidae (rs=0,67) e Calliphoridae (rs=0,76) com precipita??o pluvial na propriedade B em 2007. N?o ocorreu associa??o entre as m?dias mensais de larvas de D. hominis e de d?pteros. Constatou-se uma falta de padr?o na associa??o entre as flutua??es mensais e por per?odos, chuvoso e seco, das larvas de D. hominis com as flutua??es de d?pteros potenciais vetores e de ambas com os dados meteorol?gicos. O geoprocessamento permitiu delimitar, quantificar e caracterizar o potencial de distribui??o espa?o-temporal da dermatobiose nos per?odos chuvoso e seco.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais_ Sobjak.pdf: 1847698 bytes, checksum: 24153036e5d148ad4316a83db73814fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The advancement of agricultural techniques has enabled improvement and greater productivity, but also made the use of agrochemicals and inadequate in promoting exaggerated acute effects to non-target species. The pesticides are agents of greatest potential in degradation of aquatic environments, since, through the flood of agricultural areas, flowing organic or inorganic substances, natural or synthetic. Among the pesticides most used currently, include the non-selective herbicide glyphosate and organophosphorus compounds. To understand and prevent the damage caused to the environment, researchers have used multiple biomarkers as an effective tool for evaluation of environmental contamination. This study was divided into two studies: a manipulative experiment and other natural. The first study aimed to investigate the neurotoxic effects and about the system in larvae of Rhamdia quelen exposed to sublethal concentration of glyphosate. In this study it was possible to conclude that, in spite of the animals exposed to glyphosate having highest percentage of survival, there was an early induction of cholinesterase activity and antioxidant system, followed by the difficulty of maintaining the activities of antioxidant system in later times, resulting in a greater injury at the cellular level. The stress that animals suffer when they are exposed to the herbicide glyphosate causes a change in your metabolism being characteristic of elastic resistance. In the second study, the objective was to evaluate changes in antioxidant system and neurotoxic R. branneri present in streams with different levels of environmental contamination during autumn and winter. In this analysis, the response of biomarkers is related to the temporal variation, and possibly the exposure of these animals to pesticides. With the results obtained showed that the local biota responded differently in each season, signaling that the fauna is in contact with oxidizing agents and cholinesterasic in the period of autumn, when there is increased frequency of planting and use of pesticides / O avanço das técnicas agrícolas possibilitou melhoria e maior produtividade de alimentos, mas também fez com que o uso exacerbado e inadequado de agroquímicos promovesse efeitos agudos a espécies não-alvo. Os agrotóxicos são os agentes de maior potencial na degradação dos ambientes aquáticos, já que, por meio do deflúvio superficial de áreas agrícolas, escoam substâncias orgânicas ou inorgânicas, naturais ou sintéticas. Dentre os agrotóxicos mais utilizados atualmente pode-se citar o herbicida não-seletivo glifosato e compostos organofosforados. Para se compreender e prevenir os danos causados ao ambiente, pesquisadores têm utilizado múltiplos biomarcadores como uma ferramenta eficaz para avaliação de contaminação ambiental. O presente estudo foi dividido em dois estudos: um experimento manipulativo e outro natural. O primeiro estudo teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos neurotóxicos e sobre o sistema em larvas de Rhamdia quelen expostas a concentração subletal de glifosato. Neste estudo foi possível concluir que, apesar dos animais expostos ao glifosato terem maior porcentagem de sobrevivência, ocorreu uma indução precoce da atividade colinesterásica e do sistema antioxidante, seguido da dificuldade de manutenção das atividades do sistema antioxidante nos horários posteriores, resultando em uma maior lesão ao nível celular. O estresse que os animais sofreram ao serem expostos ao herbicida glifosato provoca uma alteração no seu metabolismo sendo característica de resistência elástica. No segundo estudo, o objetivo proposto foi avaliar alterações neurotóxicas e do sistema antioxidante em R. branneri presentes em riachos com diferentes níveis de contaminação ambiental nos períodos de outono e inverno. Nesta análise, a resposta dos biomarcadores está relacionada à variação temporal, e possivelmente à exposição desses animais à agrotóxicos. Com os resultados obtidos observou-se que, a biota local respondeu de forma diferente em cada estação, sinalizando que a fauna está em contato com agentes oxidantes e colinesterásicos no período de outono, quando há maior frequência de plantio e uso de agrotóxicos

Introdução: Febre amarela urbana, dengue, chikungunya e Zika vírus são arboviroses transmitidas pela picada das fêmeas de mosquitos do gênero Aedes, principalmente Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus. São espécies simpátricas, que desenvolvem-se nos mesmos criadouros, porém, alguns aspectos biológicos desses vetores, como a distribuição e frequência, são influenciados pelo nível de urbanização do ambiente e pelas variáveis climáticas. Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição e frequência do Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus em três diferentes áreas do Parque Municipal do Piqueri, na zona leste de São Paulo, durante a primavera e o outono. Metodologia: Durante seis semanas consecutivas das primaveras de 2014 e de 2015 e dos outonos de 2015 e de 2016, ovitrampas foram instaladas em três diferentes áreas do parque, delimitadas de acordo com a distância da região habitada e grau de cobertura vegetal: A (interna), B (intermediária) e C (periférica). No laboratório, os ovos eclodiram sob temperatura ambiente e larvas L4 foram identificadas por espécie. Dados de temperatura e pluviosidade foram obtidos junto ao Centro de Gerenciamento de Emergências da Prefeitura de São Paulo. Resultados: Foram coletados 38.561 ovos de Aedes, 23.509 larvas foram identificadas: 5.270 de Ae. aegypti e 18.239 de Ae. albopictus. O maior número de ovos foi coletado nas primaveras (25.457; 66 por cento ) e a maior taxa de eclosão de ovos foi obtida nos outonos (68,3 por cento em 2015; 80,4 por cento em 2016). Utilizando a Razão de Taxas de Incidência (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR), os modelos da regressão binominal negativa indicaram associação entre a oviposição dos vetores e estação, sendo essa associação explicada pelas temperaturas máximas e mínimas. Os mapas da krigagem evidenciaram a distribuição espacial das espécies com Ae. aegypti concentrado na área C, a qual está fortemente associado e Ae. albopictus distribuindo-se pelas três áreas de estudo, principalmente A e B, sem associação significativa. Conclusão: A presença de Ae. aeypti e Ae. albopictus já foi apontado nos parques da cidade de São Paulo, mostrando o quanto esses culicídeos estão adaptados a essas áreas verde urbanas. Os resultados do estudo corroboram com dados da literatura e demonstram que, o aumento em uma unidade das variáveis temperatura máxima e mínima, incide também no aumento da oviposição de ambas espécies. A distribuição espacial mostrou o padrão de segregação dos vetores com Ae. aegypti, estritamente antropofílico, concentrado na área C, próxima a região habitada, enquanto Ae. albopictus, de comportamento eclético e associado a áreas com determinado grau de cobertura vegetal, concentrado entre as áreas A e B, mas também encontrado na área C. Os parques urbanos podem servir de refúgio para essas espécies vetoras, que encontram abrigo e fonte de alimento nesses locais, podendo estabelecer ciclos de transmissão de arbovírus, portanto, é de grande interesse que a vigilância epidemiológica também atue nessas áreas / Introduction: Urban yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus are arboviruses transmitted by the bite of females of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, mainly Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. They are sympatric species that develop in the same breeding sites, but some biological aspects of these vectors, such as distribution and frequency, are influenced by the level of urbanization of the environment and by climatic variables. Objective: To evaluate the distribution and frequency of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in three different areas of Piqueri Municipal Park, in the east zone of São Paulo, during spring and autumn. Methodology: During six consecutive weeks of spring of 2014 and 2015 and the autumn of 2015 and 2016, oviposition traps were installed in three different areas of the park, delimited according to the distance of the inhabited region and degree of vegetation coverage: A (internal), B (intermediate ) and C (peripheral). In the laboratory, eggs hatched at room temperature and L4 larvae were identified by species. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained from the Emergency Management Center of the City of São Paulo (CGE/SP). Results: A total of 38.561 Aedes eggs were collected, 23.509 larvae were identified: 5.270 Ae. aegypti and 18.239 from Ae. albopictus. The highest number of eggs was collected in the spring (25.457; 66 per cent ) and the highest egg hatching rate was obtained in the autumn (68,3 per cent in 2015; 80,4 per cent in 2016). Using the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), the negative binomial regression models indicated an association between the oviposition of the vectors and the season, being this association explained by the maximum and minimum temperatures. The kriging maps showed the spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti concentrated in area C, which is strongly associated and Ae. albopictus was distributed throughout the three study areas, mainly A and B, without significant association. Conclusion: The presence of Ae. aeypti and Ae. albopictus has already been pointed out in the parks of the city of São Paulo, showing how much these mosquitoes are adapted to these urban green areas. The results of the study corroborate with data from the literature and show that the increase in one unit of the maximum and minimum temperature variables also affects the increase of oviposition of both species. The spatial distribution showed the spatial segregation pattern of the vectors with Ae. aegypti, strictly anthropophilic, concentrated where human contact is greatest (area C), while Ae. albopictus, with eclectic behavior and associated with areas with a certain degree of vegetation coverage, although it has concentrated its distribution between areas A and B, was also found in area C. Urban parks can serve as a refuge for these vectors species that find shelter and source of food in these places, being able establish cycles of arbovirus transmission, therefore, it is of great interest that epidemiological surveillance also act in these areas

Na região litorânea de São Paulo, Anopheles cruzii e An. homunculus são, respectivamente, vetores principal e secundário de Plasmodium sp. Essas espécies de anofelinos são de difícil identificação taxonômica, sobretudo as fêmeas. Embora habitem um largo intervalo altitudinal, elas apresentam afinidades diferenciais aos microambientes da mata atlântica. Devido a esse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi obter diagnose alar para An. cruzii e An. homunculus além de caracterizar morfológica e geneticamente as populações em perspectiva sazonal, temporal e microambiental. Utilizando a morfometria geométrica alar foi possível distinguir ambas espécies. As comparações temporais tanto em An. cruzii como em An. homunculus mostraram diferenciação morfológica. Houve alta diferenciação genética intrapopulacional em todos os grupos amostrados (79,6% a 99,3%) e a diversidade haplotípica foi acima de 0,97 em todas as populações de An. cruzii, com poucos haplótipos compartilhados entre as amostras sazonais e geográficas. Os resultados sugerem que há regionalismo associado à paisagem em An. cruzii. Há substituição populacional em curto período de tempo, demonstrado pelo alto número de haplótipos diferentes e formato alar entre inverno e verão. / In the coastal region of São Paulo, Anopheles cruzii and An. homunculus are, respectively, the primary and secondary vectors of Plasmodium sp. These species are difficult of taxonomic identification, especially females. These anophelines exhibit differential affinities to the microenvironments of the Atlantic Forest. The aim of this research was to obtain wing diagnosis for An. cruzii and An. homunculus, besides morphological and genetically characterize the populations in seasonal, temporal and microenvironmental perspectives. Using geometric morphometrics was possible to distinguish between both species. The temporal comparisons in both An. cruzii and An. homunculus shown apparent morphological differentiation. There were high values of genetic differentiation within populations sampled in all groups and haplotype diversity was high in all An. cruzii populations analyzed with few shared haplotypes among seasonal and geographical samples. The results suggest that regionalism is associated with the landscape in populations of An. cruzii of hill and plain. There is a significant population replacement in a short period of time, demonstrated by the high number of different haplotypes and wing shape between winter and summer.

No description available.

During the last deglaciation, Greenland ice core records exhibit multiple, high frequency climate events including the Oldest Dryas, Bølling-Allerød and Younger Dryas, which may be linked to meltwater routing of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Previous studies show episodic meltwater input, via the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) several thousand years before the onset of the Younger Dryas until ~13.0 kcal (thousand calendar) yrs, when meltwater may have switched to an eastern spillway, reducing thermohaline circulation (THC). Data from laminated Orca Basin in the GOM, constrained by 34 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates, provide the necessary resolution to assess GOM sea-surface temperature (SST) history and test the meltwater routing hypothesis. Paired Mg/Ca and δ18O data on the Foraminifera species Globigerinoides ruber (pink and white varieties) document the timing of meltwater input and temperature change with decadal resolution. White G. ruber SST results show an early 5°C increase at 17.6-16.0 kcal yrs and several SST decreases, including at 16.0-14.7 kcal yrs during the Oldest Dryas (2°C) and at 12.9-11.7 kcal yrs during the Younger Dryas (2.5°C). While the early deglaciation shows strong similarities to records from Antarctica and Tobago Basin, the late deglaciation displays climate events that coincide with Greenland and Cariaco Basin records, suggesting that GOM SST is linked to both northern and southern hemisphere climate. Isolation of the ice-volume corrected δ18O composition of seawater (δ18OGOM) shows multiple episodes of meltwater at ~16.4-15.7 kcal yrs and ~15.2-13.1 kcal yrs with white G. ruber δ18OGOM values as low as -2.5%0. The raw radiocarbon age of the cessation of meltwater in the GOM (11.375±0.40 14C kcal yrs) is synchronous with large changes in tropical surface water Δ14C, a proxy for THC strength. An early meltwater episode beginning at 16.4 kcal yrs during the Oldest Dryas supports the suggestion of enhanced seasonality in the northern North Atlantic during Greenland stadials. We suggest a corollary to the seasonality hypothesis that in addition to extreme winters during stadials, warm summers allowed for LIS melting, which may have enhanced THC slowdown.

<p>The Chinese stock market is a remarkable emerging market, the two stock markets Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges were both established in 1990, and since then they have been playing a very important role in Chinese economy. More and more attention is focused on the emerging Chinese market, and investors have been trying to find the opportunity to achieve abnormal returns through the Chinese stock market. We name this phenomenon market efficiency anomaly, one pattern of which is seasonality effect. In our study, we would like to choose the seasonality effect as the approach.</p><p>This study focuses on Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index, and we settle two research questions: Does seasonality effect exist in Chinese Stock exchange? Is the seasonality effect persistent over times?We try to test the seasonality in Chinese stock market by day of the week effect, January effect and semi-month effect. Deductive approach and quantitative research method are used in this thesis. To analyze seasonality effect, the data has been collected from Shanghai Stock Exchange Index and has been tested in four periods: 1992-1996,1997-2001, 2002-2006 and the whole period 1992-2006. Null hypothesis and T-test with α=0.05 is used to test the seasonality effect. The results show that seasonal anomalies like Day of the week effect, positive March effect, and negative July effect exist in the Chinese stock market, while semi-month effect does not occur significantly; but the existing seasonal effect is not persistent over times. The above indicates that the Chinese stock market is not fully efficient yet. Investors may have opportunities to make use of the seasonal anomalies to earn abnormal return.</p>

<p>This thesis examines seasonal, diel and vertical distribution patterns of activity of host-seeking <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> (L.) ticks at three localities in south-central Sweden. In addition, by examining the prevalence of infection in ticks with Lyme borreliosis (LB) spirochetes, <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> s.l, information for estimating relative LB risk in humans and the effect of control measures directed against this tick vector is provided.</p><p>The seasonal activity pattern of <i>I. ricinus</i> was, in general, bimodal with peaks of activity in May-June and August-September. Tick densities were generally high at Torö and low at Kungshamn-Morga. The greatest variation in tick density occurred at the sample site level, which indicated a patchy distribution of ticks. The diel activity of adult <i>I. ricinus</i> sampled at Bogesund showed a distinct nocturnal activity peak while nymphal ticks exhibited no particular diel variation. At the meadow site, there was a strong negative association between activity of each tick stage and ambient air temperature, and larval ticks also showed a nocturnal activity peak. <i>I. ricinus</i> of all stages were present in the vegetation up to at least 140 cm above ground level. At Torö, host-seeking larvae were found at significantly lower levels (below 20 cm) in the vegetation compared to nymphs and adults (50-59 and 60-79 cm, respectively). Vegetation structure is likely to be the main factor governing tick vertical distribution at this locality. The northern limit of the geographical distribution of <i>I. ricinus</i> in Sweden corresponds with the southern boundary of the taiga zone, as well as with several other climatic or vegetational isoclines primarily associated with the vegetation period.</p><p>The prevalence rates of <i>Borrelia</i> spirochetes, recorded by phase-contrast microscopy in host-seeking <i>I. ricinus</i>, were 0% in larvae, 5.8-13.1% in nymphs and 14.5-28.6% in adult ticks. The human LB risk, estimated by the number of <i>Borrelia</i>-infected nymphs per hectare, was greater at Torö than at Kungshamn-Morga and greater in woodland than in open areas. The risk also possessed a bimodal seasonal pattern similar to that of subadult host-seeking activity. Controlling the number of infected nymphs through de-ticking of reservoir hosts seems not to be an effective control measure in Sweden due to the ubiquitous availability of alternative reservoir hosts.</p>