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No / Visualisation of the midwinter solstice viewed from the Warren Field pit group The capacity to conceptualise and measure time is amongst the most important achievements of human societies, and the issue of when time was 'created' by humankind is critical in understanding how society has developed. A pit alignment, recently excavated in Aberdeenshire (Scotland), provides an intriguing contribution to this debate. This structure, dated to the 8th millennium BC, has been re-analysed and appears to possess basic calendrical functions. The site may therefore provide the earliest evidence currently available for 'time reckoning' as the pit group appears to mimic the phases of the Moon and is structured to track lunar months. It also aligns on the south east horizon and a prominent topographic point associated with sunrise on the midwinter solstice. In doing so the monument anticipates problems associated with simple lunar calendars by providing an annual astronomic correction in order to maintain the link between the passage of time indicated by the Moon, the asynchronous solar year, and the associated seasons. The evidence suggests that hunter-gatherer societies in Scotland had both the need and ability to track time across the year, and also perhaps within the month, and that this occurred at a period nearly five thousand years before the first formal calendars were created in Mesopotamia. / Internet Archaeology is an Open Access journal.

This research analyzes the operating performance of two commercially available passive infrared counters (PICs) of pedestrians as a function of site, summer, fall and winter seasons in terms of counter sensitivity. Three sites were selected for field analysis in Winnipeg, Canada. Based on a sample of 24,690 people counted by the two PICs from July 2014 to February 2015, this research found that with a 95 percent confidence, Eco-Counter’s sensitivity ranged from 73 to 97 percent while TRAFCO’s ranged from 57 to 97 percent related to people occlusion. On weekdays, Eco-Counter’s absolute error was 16 percent and TRAFCO’s was 18 percent. On weekends, Eco-Counter’s absolute error was 18 percent and TRAFCO’s was 21 percent. In addition to people occlusion, site, seasons, and time of week (weekday and weekend) were found to affect the operating performance of the PICs. Correction factors were also calculated per counter, site, and seasons. / May 2016

Os primeiros anos da Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo (Osesp) foram marcados pela instabilidade administrativa, o que impossibilitava, à época, a existência de uma programação de concertos. Com a chegada de Eleazar de Carvalho, em 1973, a Osesp inicia a estruturação de suas temporadas regulares, e uma das iniciativas foi a implementação de ciclos com obras de um mesmo compositor. Em 1977, foi apresentado o ciclo Beethoven, seguido de outros que deram destaque a Schubert, Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Wagner, culminando, em 1980, com o ciclo de obras de Gustav Mahler. A pesquisa documental nos arquivos da orquestra revelou também que houve mudanças no conteúdo dos programas de concerto, que passaram a exibir informações detalhadas ao público da orquestra. Essa nova proposta de, progressivamente, aumentar os desafios técnicos e artísticos por meio dos repertórios, teve consequências na forma de preparação, escolha de equipamento e atuação dos músicos da Osesp. Esta tese propõe, referenciada pela teoria dos \"mundos da arte\", de Howard Becker, identificar os trompetistas que atuaram na Osesp, quais os processos que utilizaram para executar os repertórios e, por fim, contextualizar a importância das temporadas de 1977 a 1980, na trajetória musical da Osesp. / The early years of the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra (Osesp) were marked by administrative instability, which made it impossible at the time to have concert seasons. In 1973, when maestro Eleazar de Carvalho came to São Paulo, Osesp starts the structuring of its regular seasons, and one of the initiatives was the implementation of cycles of works by the same composer. In 1977, Beethoven\'s cycle was presented, followed by others that gave prominence to Schubert, Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Wagner, culminating in 1980, with the Gustav Mahler\'s cycle. The documentary research at the orchestra\'s archives also revealed that there were changes in the content of the concert programs, which began to show detailed information to the audience of the orchestra. This new proposal to progressively increase the technical and artistic challenges through repertoires had consequences in the way of preparation, choice of equipment and performance of Osesp\'s musicians. This thesis proposes, using Howard Becker\'s theory of the \"art worlds\", to identify the trumpet players who performed at Osesp, the processes they used to execute the repertoires and, finally, to contextualize the importance of the seasons from 1977 to 1980, to the Osesp\'s musical path.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciani_Marcia_Scherer.pdf: 497371 bytes, checksum: 27b02ebdf1f1cef92c900c635b6a2a91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-14 / Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Paraná / Citronella of Java (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) is an aromatic plant of great economical value, it is also well known in all over the world due to repellent characteristics to its essential oil in citronellal. The propagation in vitro is a good method to multiply citronella, due to the fact that the division of the citronella roots ordinarily used facilitates the cutting contamination. However, there are reports that citronella does not present good results in the propagation in vitro when collected in determined seasonal conditions. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the seasonally about the propagation in vitro of citronella of Java, being used different concentration of IBA and BAP, as well as evaluating the income of the essential oil for each season. The explants were collected in each season of the year and inoculated in MS in addition to combination of IBA and BAP. At the end of 30 days the following variants had been evaluated: Height (cm), number of shootings, formation of callus, oxidation and contamination. In the realized conditions, was observed a good multiplication rate during the summer, being just necessary the addition of 1,0 mg/L-1 of BAP in the medium culture, commonly to this it did not have oxidation in this season. The height only presented significant result in the summer. It had formation of callus in the base of the explants either in the autumn or in the winter and in the summer, but in the summer it had a concomitant increase in the number of shootings. The oxidation was higher in the spring. (100% of oxidation). The contamination did not present significant results in any season, therefore, independent from seasonal condition. The extraction of the essential oil was accomplished in each season of the year by in Clevenger appliance. The great income of the essential oil was gotten in the winter with 1,37% of oil, when the plants were totally bloomy. Although the normal conditions of bloom of citronella in the south region is during the spring and in the beginning of the summer. The spring and the summer had 0, 77 and 0,76% income of essential oil, respective. In the autumn presented a lesser income, with 0,57% of essential oil / A citronela de Java (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt.) é uma planta aromática de grande valor econômico e também muito conhecida no mundo inteiro devido a sua propriedade repelente atribuída ao seu óleo essencial, rico em citronelal. A propagação in vitro é uma boa forma de multiplicar a citronela, visto que a divisão de touceiras comumente empregada facilita a contaminação das mudas. No entanto, existem relatos de que a citronela não apresenta bons resultados na propagação in vitro quando coletada em determinadas condições sazonais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade sobre a propagação in vitro da citronela de Java, utilizando diferentes concentrações de IBA e BAP, bem como avaliar o rendimento do óleo essencial para cada estação. Os explantes foram coletados em cada uma das estações do ano e inoculados em meio MS acrescido de combinações de IBA e BAP. Ao final de 30 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis: altura (cm), número de brotações, formação de calo, oxidação e contaminação de explantes. Nas condições realizadas, foi observada uma boa taxa de multiplicação durante o verão, sendo necessária a adição somente de 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP ao meio de cultura, concomitante a isto não houve oxidação nesta estação. A altura dos explantes somente apresentou resultados significativos no inverno. Tanto no outono, como no inverno e no verão houve formação de calo na base dos explantes, sendo que no verão houve também o aumento no número de brotações por explante. A oxidação se deu de forma mais intensa na primavera (100% de oxidação). Para a contaminação de explantes não houve resultados significativos para nenhuma estação, sendo, portanto, independente das condições sazonais. A extração do óleo essencial foi realizada em cada estação do ano utilizando um aparelho de Clevenger. O maior rendimento do óleo essencial foi obtido no inverno, com média 1,37% de óleo, sendo este o momento em que as plantas matrizes se encontravam plenamente floridas. No entanto, as condições normais de florescimento da citronela na região sul são durante a primavera e início do verão. Na primavera e verão o rendimento do óleo essencial foi de 0,77 e 0,76% respectivamente. No outono foi constatado o menor rendimento, com 0,57% de óleo essencial

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-23T19:01:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Aline Barros da Silva.pdf: 2200971 bytes, checksum: c03b52ff6176469c08ca932517eebdbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T19:01:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Aline Barros da Silva.pdf: 2200971 bytes, checksum: c03b52ff6176469c08ca932517eebdbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / CAPES / The search for the best efficiency in the nitrogen fertilization justifies the need in the evaluation in nitrogen (N) sources and doses what promote lower losses in the ambient, beyond higher productivity and quality of the forage produced. In that contest, this study aimed to evaluation the morphological composition, structural characteristics and nutritional value of the Panicum maximum cv. Massai forage, cultivated under urea sources (common and coated Policote?) and N doses (200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1 year-1), during autumn, winter and spring 2014, summer and autumn 2015 seasons. The experiment was conducted in UFRRJ, Serop?dica/RJ, under a complete block randomized design with four replications in a factorial arrangement (3x2) + 1. The variance analysis of data was performed using the PROC MIXED of the SAS? (9.2 version), a 5% probability. The means of treatments were compared using PDIFF (p<0.05), and the quantitative effects using a PROC REG of SAS? (probability<0.05). There was interaction (p<0.05) between doses, sources of urea, and seasons for the forage mass (FM), percentages of leaf blades (LBDMP), stem (SDMP) and dead material (DMDMP) dry matter, leaves blades: steams ratio (LBSR), forage accumulation rate (FAR), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) content of the forage. Since the canopy height (CH), tiller population density (TPD), weight per tiller (WT) and forage bulk density (FBD), mineral matter (MM) and insoluble neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of the forage varied (p<0.05) due to N rates and seasons interaction. There was a linear increased in the FM with increasing of N doses until to the 600 kg ha-1 yr-1 level in the winter and spring seasons by both urea sources. The increasing N doses promoted higher LBDMP and lower SDMP and DMDMP of the FM, besides providing increased TPD, FBD and FAR of the massai grass forage, during all seasons studied. There was a quadratic positive effect for NUE during autumn 1, spring, summer and autumn 2 for common and coated urea, with higher maximum points for coated urea. And during the winter there was a positive linear effect only for coated urea. Higher average values of the CP were verified on the spring (11.76%), and lower on the autumn/winter (9.15%), and the use of coated urea providing higher CP levels of the forage than common urea in all seasons (10.40% and 9.41% general average, respectively). The CP content increased linearly with the increase of N levels in all seasons, while the NDF reduced linearly with increasing of these levels, except for the fall season 2 (there was not effect for N dose - p>0.05). Intensification of nitrogen fertilization favors the leaf blades participation in the forage mass, benefiting the structural characteristics, the forage accumulation, and the nutritional value of Massai grass. Coated urea promotes greater NUE during all seasons of the year. / A busca pela melhor efici?ncia da aduba??o nitrogenada justifica a necessidade da avalia??o de fontes e doses de nitrog?nio (N) que promovam menores perdas para o ambiente, al?m de maior produtividade e qualidade da forragem produzida. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a composi??o morfol?gica, as caracter?sticas estruturais e o valor nutricional da forragem do Panicum maximum cv. Massai, cultivado sob fontes de ureia (comum e revestida por Policote?) e doses de N (200, 400 e 600 kg ha-1 ano-1), durante as esta??es de outono, inverno e primavera de 2014, ver?o e outono de 2015. O Experimento foi conduzido na UFRRJ, Serop?dica/RJ, sob delineamento de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo fatorial (3x2) + 1, com quatro repeti??es. Para an?lise de vari?ncia dos dados utilizou-se o PROC MIXED do SAS? (vers?o 9.2), a 5% de probabilidade. As m?dias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pela PDIFF (p<0,05), e os efeitos quantitativos pelo PROC REG do SAS? (p<0,05). Houve intera??o (p<0,05) entre doses, fontes de ureia, e esta??es do ano para massa de forragem (MF), porcentagens de massas secas de l?minas foliares (PMSLF), de colmos (PMSC), e de material morto (PMSMM), rela??o l?mina foliar: colmo (RLFC), taxa de ac?mulo de forragem (TAF), efici?ncia da utiliza??o do nitrog?nio (EUN), e para os teores de mat?ria seca (MS) e prote?na bruta (PB) da forragem. J? a altura (ALT) dos doss?is, densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP), peso por perfilho (PP) e densidade volum?trica da forragem (DVF), bem como os teores de mat?ria mineral (MM) e de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da forragem variaram (p<0,05) com a intera??o entre dose de N e esta??o do ano. A MF aumentou linearmente com a aduba??o nitrogenada at? a dose de 600 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N nas esta??es de inverno e primavera para ambas as fontes de ureia. Maiores doses de N promoveram maiores PMSLF e menores PMSC e PMSMM na MF, al?m de proporcionar maiores DPP, DVF e TAF do capim-massai, durante as esta??es estudadas. Houve efeito quadr?tico positivo para EUN durante o outono 1, primavera, ver?o e outono 2 para ureia comum e revestida, com maiores pontos de m?ximo para ureia revestida, e durante o inverno houve efeito linear positivo somente para ureia revestida. Maior valor m?dio de PB foi verificado na primavera (11,76%), e menor no outono/inverno (9,15%), e o uso da ureia revestida promoveu maiores teores de PB na forragem que a ureia comum em todas as esta??es (m?dias gerais de 10,40% e de 9,41%, respectivamente). O teor PB aumentou linearmente com o incremento de doses de N em todas as esta??es, enquanto que os teores de FDN reduziram linearmente com aumento dessas doses, exceto para a esta??o outono 2 (n?o houve efeito de dose de N ? p>0,05). A intensifica??o da aduba??o nitrogenada favorece a participa??o de l?minas foliares na massa de forragem, beneficia as caracter?sticas estruturais, o ac?mulo de forragem, e o valor nutricional do capim-massai. O uso de ureia revestida promove maior EUN durante todas as esta??es do ano.

Syftet med studien var att ta reda på de skilda uppfattningar av varför vi har årstider som kan finnas i årskurs sju. Detta gjordes för att få en bild av de olika föreställningar en lärare kan möta i sitt yrke och för att öka förståelsen och kunskapen om hur ett fenomen kan uppfattas på olika sätt av elever i en och samma klass. Eleverna ombads att, enskilt, skriftligt förklara varför vi har årstider. Studien är fenomenografisk och svaren kategoriserades i kvalitativt skilda kategorier genom att jämföra och finna likheter och skillnader mellan de insamlade elevutsagorna. Resultatet visade att eleverna hade olika uppfattning av varför vi har årstider och det är som lärare viktigt att vara medveten om att elever uppfattar samma undervisning på olika sätt. De uppfattningar som framkom var solens instrålning, jordaxelns lutning, jordens lägesförändring och avståndsvariation som skäl till varför vi har årstider. Trots att eleverna hade undervisats av samma lärare, vid samma tillfälle, tidigare på terminen om orsakerna till årstider, hade eleverna skilda uppfattningar av dessa. Högstadieeleverna gav uttryck för att de uppfattade orsakerna till årstider på samma sätt om lärarstuderande, vars uppfattningar undersökts i tidigare forskning. Det är således mycket viktigt att som lärare vara medveten om att elever i en och samma klass har olika uppfattningar av samma fenomen för att kunna anpassa undervisningen därefter och på så sätt få eleverna att förstå att en svala gör ingen sommar – men solens varierande instrålning på grund av jordens lutning gör det. / This study was an attempt to explore the conceptions of one group of students in the 7th grade about the reasons for seasons. The students were asked to, in writing, explain their conception about the reason for seasons. The study was inspired by phenomenography and the answers were categorized by comparing similarities and differences among a number of quotes taken from the answers of the students. Through the analysis, four qualitatively different conceptions were found, within one and the same group of students. The categories, each representing one kind of conception, “the luminous flux”, “the earth’s axis is inclined”, “the earth’s position in orbit” and “the distance between sun-earth varies” were found as conceptions of the reason for seasons. You might wonder how students, who have been taught of reasons for seasons by the same teacher, are able to develop four different kinds of conceptions of the phenomenon. It is very important for a teacher to have in mind that students have different conceptions of the same phenomenon and this study might help teachers to improve their teaching and help the students come to a deeper understanding of reasons for seasons.

Kalba neatsiejama nuo žmonių mąstymo. Tik tiriant kalbą galima atkurti ir suprasti žmogaus sąmonėje esantį pasaulio vaizdą, tautos mentalitetą, daugiau išsiaiškinti apie tam tikros tautos vertybes. Visa informacija užfiksuota kalboje konstruoja mentalinius darinius, atspindinčius pasaulio daiktus, reiškinius, didesnes ar mažesnes jų klases. Tokie mentaliniai dariniai kognityvinėje lingvistikoje vadinami konceptais. Kiekviena tauta turi savitą supratimą apie tam tikrus objektus, todėl įvairūs konceptai ne visada suprantami vienodai skirtinguose pasaulio kraštuose. / The subject of the paper is Seasons Metaphorization in Lithuanian and German Languages. Methods have been used are: comparative analysis and conceptual analysis. / Auf der Welt gibt es mehr als 6000 verschiedene Sprachen. Die Sprache nennt man oft als das wichtigste Instrument des sozialen Handelns und des Denkens der Menschen in allen Kulturen. Sie hilft den Menschen Information und Kenntnisse den anderen zu vermitteln. Nur bei der Untersuchung der Sprache werden die Volksidentität, das Volksdenkmodell und das Weltbild verstanden. Das erwähnte Weltbild, das sich in der Sprache widerspiegelt, wird in der kognitiven Linguistik als „das sprachliche Weltbild“ bezeichnet. Ein Resultat des sprachlichen Weltbildes im menschlichen Denken sind die Konzepte, die ein konzeptuelles System bilden.

The Lakes of the Four Seasons, a community in Lake and Porter Counties in northwestern Indiana, contains highly eutrophic lakes. A diagnostic feasibility study of the lakes was initiated in December 1981, and continued through November 1982. Morphometric, limnological and hydrologic characteristics of the lakes were defined in order to permit the development of nutrient and hydrologic budgets for the lakes. In addition to the development of these budgets, preliminary testing of a lake restoration technique, phosphorus precipitation, was performed. These studies and the resultant budgets provided necessary information for the formulation of feasible restoration methods for the lakes. The recommended restoration methods, if implemented, could enhance and maintain water quality conducive to recreational use and aesthetic enjoyment.The Lakes of the Four Seasons system has a mass water loading of 3.596 x 106 m3 Y-1and a hydraulic residence time of 0.71 y. Mass external phosphorus loading to the lakes is 537.34 kg –1 . Mass nitrogen loading to the system is 13,457 kg y -l.Big Bass Lake has a mass water loading of 2.316 x 106 m3 y-1 and a hydraulic residence time of 0.16 y. Mass external phosphorus loading to the lake is 356.76 kg y -l. Mass nitrogen loading to Big Bass Lake is 12,260 kg y -l.Lake Holiday/Lake on the Green has a mass water loading of 3.423 x 106 m3 y 1 and a hydraulic residence time of 0.65 y. Mass external phosphorus loading to the lakes is 330.52 kg y-1. Mass nitrogen loading to the Lake Holiday/Lake on the Green is 11,980 kg y1.Both loading and in-lake nitrogen:phosphorus ratios indicated phosphorus limitation in these lakes. The eutrophic condition of the lakes was also indicated by in-lake nutrient concentrations as well as excessive algal and macrophyte growth. Rapid 02 depletion, which occurs in water overlying the sediments even though the lakes are fairly well mixed, also testifies to the extreme productivity of the lakes.Restoration options for these lakes include short term cosmetic methods, longer term options for the disruption of internal phosphorus cycling, and abatement of phosphorus loading from the watershed. The cosmetic options involve the use of herbicides and algicides to give immediate relief from excessive primary productivity. Dredging and drawdown/sediment consolidation are aired at reducing internal phosphorus loading, while methods directed at the abatement of phosphorus loading from the watershed attack the cause of the lake system's problems. The longer term options necessitate further studies before implementation.