Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho de pesquisa descreve dois estudos de caso de métodos quimiométricos empregados para a quantificação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos HPAs (naftaleno, fluoreno, fenantreno e fluoranteno) em água potável usando espectroscopia de fluorescência molecular e a classificação e caracterização de sucos de uva e seus parâmetros de qualidade através de espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo. O objetivo do primeiro estudo é a aplicação combinada de métodos quimiométricos de segunda ordem (N-PLS, U-PLS, U-PLS/RBL e PARAFAC) e espectrofluorimetria para determinação direta de HPAs em água potável, visando contribuir para o conhecimento do potencial destas metodologias como alternativa viável para a determinação tradicional por cromatografia univariada. O segundo estudo de caso destinado à classificação e determinação de parâmetros de qualidade de sucos de uva, densidade relativa e teor de sólidos solúveis totais, foi medida por espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo e métodos quimiométricos. Diversos métodos quimiométricos, tais como HCA, PLS-DA, SVM-DA e SIMCA foram investigados para a classificação amostras de sucos de uva ao mesmo tempo que métodos de calibração multivariada de primeira ordem, tais como PLS, iPLS e SVM-LS foram usadas para a predição dos parâmetros de qualidade. O princípio orientador para o desenvolvimento dos estudos aqui descritos foi a necessidade de metodologias analíticas com custo, tempo de execução e facilidade de operação melhores e menor produção de resíduos do que os métodos atualmente utilizados para a quantificação de HPAs, em água de torneira, e classificação e caracterização das amostras de suco de uva e seus parâmetros de qualidade / This research work describes two studies of chemometric methods employed for the quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene) in tap water using molecular fluorescence technique, and the classification and characterization of grape juice and its quality parameters by near infrared spectroscopy. The goal of the first study is the combined application of the second-order chemometric methods (N-PLS, U-PLS, U-PLS/RBL, PARAFAC) and spectrofluorimetry technique for direct determination of HPAs in tap water, aiming to contribute for the growth of knowledge about the potential of these methodologies as viable alternatives to the traditional univariate chromatographic determination. The second study aimed at the classification and determination of grape juice quality parameters, as relative density and total soluble solids, were measured with the aid of near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods. Several chemometric methods, such as HCA, PLS-DA, SVM-DA, SIMCA, were investigated for the classification of grape juice samples as the same time first-order multivariate calibration methods, such as PLS, iPLS, SVM-LS, were used for prediction of quality parameters. The guiding principle for the development of the studies herein described was the need for analytical methodologies with cost, execution time, ease of operation, and residue output better or lower than present day methods employed for the quantification of PAHs in tap water and the classification and characterization of grape juice sample and its quality parameters

This thesis addresses the development of a weakly non-linear Higher Order Time Domain Rankine Panel Method (TDRPM) for the linear and weakly non-linear seakeeping analysis of floating offshore structures, including wave-current interaction effects. A higher order boundary elements method is adopted based on the body geometry description using Non-uniform Rational B-splines (NURBS) formulation, which can be generated by many standard Computed Aided Design (CAD) softwares widely available, and the several computed quantities (velocity potential, free surface elevation and others) are described using a B-spline formulation of arbitrary degree. The problem is formulated considering wave-current-body interactions up to second order effects, these ones considering the terms obtained by interaction of zero/first order quantities. In order to provide numerical stability, the Initial Boundary Value Problem (IBVP) is formulated in terms of the velocity potential and the local acceleration potential, the later used to predict the hydrodynamic pressure accurately. The zeroth order problem is solved using the double-body linearization instead of the Neumman-Kelvin one in order to allow bluff bodies simulation, leading to very complex expressions regarding the m-terms computation. The method adopts the Rankine sources as Green\'s function, which are integrated using Gauss quadrature in the entire domain, but for the self-influence terms that are integrated using a desingularized procedure. The numerical method is verified initially considering simplified geometries (sphere and circular cylinder) for both, first and second-order computations, with and without current effects. The derivatives of the velocity potential are verified by comparing the numerical m-terms to the analytical solutions for a hemisphere under uniform flow. The mean and double frequency drift forces are computed for fixed and floating structures and the quantities involved in these computations (wave runup, velocity field) are also compared to literature results, including the free floating response of a sphere under current effects. Two practical cases are also studied, namely the wave-induced second order responses of a semi-submersible platform and the wavedrift-damping effect evaluated through the equilibrium angle of a turret moored FPSO. For the former, some specific model tests were designed and conducted in a wave-basin. / Essa tese aborda o desenvolvimento de um método de Rankine de ordem alta no domínio do tempo (TDRPM) para o estudo de problemas lineares e fracamente não lineares, incluindo o efeito de corrente, envolvendo sistemas flutuantes. O método de ordem alta desenvolvido considera a geometria do corpo como descrita pelo padrão Non-uniform Rational Basis Spline (NURBS), que está disponível em diverso0s softwares de Computed Aided Design (CAD) disponíveis, sendo as diversas funções (potencial de velocidades, elevação da superfície-livre e outros) descritos usando B-splines de grau arbitrário. O problema é formulado considerando interações onda-corrente-estrutura para efeitos de até segunda ordem, os de ordem superior sendo calculados considerando as interações somente dos termos de ordem inferior. Para garantir a estabilidade numérica, o problema de contorno com valor inicial é formulado0 com relação ao potencial de velocidade e de parcela local do potencial de acelerações, este para garantir cálculos precisos da pressão dinâmica. O problema de ordem zero é resolvido usando a linearização de corpo-duplo ao invés da linearização de Neumman-Kelvin para permitir a análise de corpos rombudos, o que requer o cálculo de termos-m de grande complexidade. O método adota fontes de Rankine como funções de Green, que são integradas através de quadratura de Gauss-Legendre no domínio todo, exceto com relação aos termos de auto-influência que adotasm um procedimento de dessingularização. O método numérico é inicialmente verificado considerando corpos de geometria simplificada (esfera e cilindro), considerando efeitos de primeira e segunda ordens, com e sem corrente. As derivadas do potencial de velocidade são verificadas comparando os termos-m obtidos numericamente com soluções analíticas disponíveis para a esfera em fluído infinito. As forças de deriva média e dupla-frequência são calculadas para estruturas fixas e flutuantes, sendo as funções calculadas (elevação da superfície, campo de velocidade) comparadas com resultados disponíveis na literatura, incluindo o movimento da esfera flutuante sob a ação de corrente e ondas. São também estudados dois casos de aplicação prática, a resposta de segunda ordem de uma plataforma semi-submersível e o efeito de wave-drift damping para o ângulo de equilíbrio de uma plataforma FPSO ancorada através de sistema turred. No caso da semi-submersível, os ensaios foram projetados e realizados em tanque de provas.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise comparativa de diferentes sistemas estruturais para um edifício de 20 pavimentos. Cada um dos modelos foi dimensionado através dos princípios do método da análise direta, presente na ABNT NBR 8800:2008. O método da amplificação dos esforços solicitantes (MAES) foi usado para se obter de forma simplificada os esforços atuantes nos elementos do edifício considerando os efeitos locais e globais de segunda ordem. A incidência do vento foi simulada de duas formas diferentes. Na primeira, chamada de uniforme, o vento foi aplicado sem excentricidade, gerando apenas o efeito de tombamento nas estruturas. Na segunda hipótese, considerou-se uma excentricidade devida aos efeitos de vizinhança, prescrita pela ABNT NBR 6123:1988, responsável por ocasionar o tombamento e a torção dos edifícios. Todas as análises numéricas foram repetidas fazendo o uso de outro método simplificado de segunda ordem, conhecido como P-Delta. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a possibilidade de se reduzir a sobrecarga para o dimensionamento de pilares proporciona uma economia de material, mas, por outro lado, tem como consequência o aumento do tempo de análise, pois exige a utilização de diferentes combinações de cálculo para o dimensionamento de vigas e pilares. A estratégia utilizada para simular os efeitos de vizinhança mostrou-se satisfatória, pois permitiu introduzir de maneira fácil e prática a torção ocasionada pela incidência excêntrica do vento. Observou-se também que esses efeitos ocasionaram o aumento dos momentos fletores e dos deslocamentos das estruturas analisadas. Em relação à avaliação dos efeitos de segunda ordem, comprovou-se que, para a classificação da deslocabilidade, a combinação de cálculo crítica é aquela que possui o maior carregamento gravitacional. Entretanto, para o dimensionamento dos elementos, foi constatado que outras hipóteses de cálculo, principalmente aquelas em que o vento é a ação variável principal, podem ser determinantes. Por fim, foi observado que os resultados obtidos pelo método P-Delta ficaram bastante semelhantes àqueles calculados pelo MAES, com desvios desprezíveis. O MAES, por sua vez, mostrou-se bastante trabalhoso, pois exige a modelagem de diferentes tipos de estruturas para a determinação dos esforços. / This work presents a comparative analysis of different structural systems for a 20-storey building. Each model has been designed using the principles of the direct analysis method (DAM), present in the ABNT NBR 8800:2008. The first-order amplification method (FOAM) was used to obtain, in a simplified manner, the forces acting on the building elements, including local and global second-order effects. The incidence of the wind was simulated in two different ways. In the first case, named uniform, the wind was applied without eccentricity, generating only structure overturning. In the second case, it was considered an eccentricity due to vicinity effects, prescribed by the ABNT NBR 6123:1988, responsible for causing twisting and building overturning. All numerical analysis were carried out a simplified second-order method known as P-Delta. From the results obtained it was found that the reduction of live loads in the design of columns provides material economy, but on the other hand, increases analysis time, since it requires different combinations for beams and columns. The strategy used to simulate the vicinity effects was satisfactory, because it allowed, in an easy and practical way, the consideration of the torsion produced by the wind eccentric impact. It was also observed that these effects increased the bending moments and the displacements of the structures. About the second-order effects, it was shown that, for sway or non-sway classification, the critical combination is one with greatest gravitational loading. However, for the design of the elements, it was observed that other loading conditions can be critical, especially those in which the wind is the main live load. Finally, the results obtained by the P-Delta method were very similar to those calculated by the first-order amplification method. The FOAM was, in turn, very laborious, because it requires the modeling of different types of structures for the determination of the forces.

O Controle Contextual é descrito a partir de (a) uma contingência de cinco termos (Sx-Sc-Sd- R-Sr) em que o estímulo contextual (Sx) exerce controle condicional sobre as discriminações condicionais e (b) permite que um estímulo participe de mais de uma classe de equivalência sem que haja a fusão das classes. O matching-to-sample é o procedimento mais utilizado para investigar o controle contextual. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o procedimento go/nogo com estímulos compostos, no qual não é possível identificar as funções condicional e discriminativa, produziria classes de equivalência que compartilham estímulos. Se estas classes fossem produzidas, apenas uma parte da definição de controle contextual (b) seria atestada. Seis universitários realizaram uma tarefa nas fases de treino na qual respostas aos compostos A1C1, A2C2, B1D1, B2D2, X1Y1, X2Y2, X1A1B1, X1A2B2, X2A1B2, X2A2B1 eram seguidas, intermitentemente, por 10 pontos e respostas aos compostos A1C2, A2C1, B1D2, B2D1, X1Y2, X2Y1, X1A1B2, X1A2B1, X2A1B1, X2A2B2 não eram seguidas de consequências. Os estímulos eram formas abstratas. Para se atestar o estabelecimento do controle contextual, os participantes deveriam responder aos compostos Y1C1D1, Y1C2D2, Y2C1D2, Y2C2D1 e não deveriam responder aos compostos Y1C1D2, Y1C2D1, Y2C1D1, Y2C2D2. Este padrão de respostas indicaria a formação de quatro classes de equivalência que compartilham estímulos: X1A1B1Y1C1D1, X1A2B2Y1C2D2, X2A1B2Y2C1D2, X2A2B1Y2C2D1. Quatro dos seis participantes apresentaram desempenhos indicando que é possível estabelecer o controle contextual a partir do procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos, sem especificar diferentes funções (e.g., discriminativa, condicional e contextual) para os estímulos envolvidos nestas discriminações. Em função desses resultados, parte (a) da definição de controle contextual mais recorrentemente empregada pode ser questionada / Contextual control is described from (a) a five-term contingency in which the contextual stimulus (Sx) exerts conditional control over conditional discriminations (Sctx Sc Sd R Sr) and (b) allows one stimulus to participate in more than one equivalence class, without merging them into one. Matching-to-sample is the mostly employed procedure to investigate the contextual control. The presented study aimed to evaluate whether a go/no-go procedure that present stimuli in the same manner, without specifying any different stimuli functions, would produce equivalence classes that share stimuli. If equivalence classes could be established with this procedure, only one part of contextual control definition (b) would be met. Six undergraduate were submitted to a task in Training Phase in which responses to A1C1, A2C2, B1D1, B2D2, X1Y1, X2Y2, X1A1B1, X1A2B2, X2A1B2, X2A2B1 compound stimuli were intermittently followed by 10 points, and responses to A1C2, A2C1, B1D2, B2D1, X1Y2, X2Y1, X1A1B2, X1A2B1, X2A1B1, X2A2B2 were not. Two or three abstract forms composed compound stimuli. In Phase III, to certify the establishment of contextual control participants should respond to Y1C1D1, Y1C2D2, Y2C1D2, Y2C2D1 compounds and did not respond to Y1C1D2, Y1C2D1, Y2C1D1, Y2C2D2 compounds. This pattern of responses also indicates the formation of four equivalence classes: X1A1B1Y1C1D1, X1A2B2Y1C2D2, X2A1B2Y2C1D2, X2A2B1Y2C2D1. Four of six participants showed the establishment of contextual control using a go/no-go procedure that do not specify any specific functions for the stimuli. These results indicate that part (a) of the contextual control definition currently used can be questioned

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T15:14:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ederdealmeidaperez.pdf: 749381 bytes, checksum: 7338f694cc850057100e730b520d74eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T20:25:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ederdealmeidaperez.pdf: 749381 bytes, checksum: 7338f694cc850057100e730b520d74eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T20:25:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ederdealmeidaperez.pdf: 749381 bytes, checksum: 7338f694cc850057100e730b520d74eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O reconhecimento de padrões de movimentos tem se tornado um campo de pesquisa muito atrativo nos últimos anos devido, entre outros fatores, à grande massificação de dados em vídeos e a tendência na criação de interfaces homem-máquina que utilizam expressões faciais e corporais. Esse campo pode ser considerado um dos requisitos chave para análise e entendimento de vídeos. Neste trabalho é proposto um descritor de movimentos baseado em tensores de 2a ordem e histogramas de gradientes (HOG - Histogram of Oriented Gradients). O cálculo do descritor é rápido, simples e eficaz. Além disso, nenhum aprendizado prévio é necessário sendo que a adição de novas classes de movimentos ou novos vídeos não necessita de mudanças ou que se recalculem os descritores já existentes. Cada quadro do vídeo é particionado e em cada partição calcula-se o histograma de gradientes no espaço e no tempo. A partir daí calcula-se o tensor do quadro e o descritor final é formado por uma série de tensores de cada quadro. O descritor criado é avaliado classificando-se as bases de vídeos KTH e Hollywood2, utilizadas na literatura atual, com um classificador Máquina Vetor Suporte (SVM). Os resultados obtidos na base KTH são próximos aos descritores do estado da arte que utilizam informação local do vídeo. Os resultados obtidos na base Hollywood2 não superam o estado da arte, mas são próximos o suficiente para concluirmos que o método proposto é eficaz. Apesar de a literatura apresentar descritores que possuem resultados superiores na classificação, suas abordagens são complexas e de alto custo computacional. / The motion pattern recognition has become a very attractive research field in recent years due to the large amount of video data and the creation of human-machine interfaces that use facial and body expressions. This field can be considered one of the key requirements for analysis and understanding in video. This thesis proposes a motion descriptor based on second order tensor and histograms of oriented gradients. The calculation of the descriptor is fast, simple and effective. Furthermore, no prior knowledge of data basis is required and the addition of new classes of motion and videos do not need to recalculate the existing descriptors. The frame of a video is divided into a grid and the histogram of oriented gradients is computed in each cell. After that, the frame tensor is computed and the final descriptor is built by a series of frame tensors. The descriptor is evaluated in both KTH and Hollywood2 data basis, used in the current literature, with a Support Vector Machine classifier (SVM). The results obtained on the basis KTH are very close to the descriptors of the state-of-the-art that use local information of the video. The results obtained on the basis Hollywood2 not outweigh the state-of-the-art but are close enough to conclude that the proposed method is effective. Although the literature presents descriptors that have superior results, their approaches are complex and with computational cost.

The focus of this investigation is civics in the Swedish upper secondary school. In addition to subject matter, civics is also an agent for democratic socialisation. The study explores and analyses the reflections of six teachers on their teaching about globalisation. These reflections, or voices, are researched through interviews and classroom observations. The starting point is the teachers’ description of content and goals in their teaching. The overall aim is to identify and analyse first and second order concepts in their teaching and analyse the relationship between the concepts and democratic socialisation. Despite the strong position of civics as one of the main subjects in school curricula very little research has been done. By focusing on one substantial case, globalisation, this study tries to reach beyond the various topics covered in civics. In order to understand civics teaching the researcher use the history didactic terms of first and second order concepts to find a new way to explore and understand civics. Manifested in the teachers’ voices are ideas on how to organise, analyse, interpret and critically review discourses in society. The second order concepts of civics found in the teachers’ voices are social science perspectives, social science causality, social science inference, social science evidence and social science abstraction. In order to reach their goals in civics the teachers underline the importance of using second order concepts. When pupils work more scientifically they develop a way of thinking about society and they have to challenge their set opinions about different topics. Therefore, the second order concepts are important for achieving civic literacy.

La première contribution de cette thèse est l'étude de la modélisation ainsi que de la discrétisation des écoulements multiphasique en géométrie microfluidique. Nous proposons un nouveau schéma d'ordre deux de discrétisation basé sur les méthodes mixtes volumes finis/éléments finis pour le système de Stokes bi-fluides avec tension de surface.Nous présentons alors des comparaison de la précision de ce nouveau schéma avec la discrétisation MAC, en 2D et en 3D-axi. La seconde contribution est relative à l'étude de schémas numériques en temps pour les fluides viscoélastiques. Nous présentons les limites actuelles des modélisations dans ce domaine en étudiant le cas des écoulements de micelles géantes, polymères ayant la capacité de se réorganiser spatialement en fonction du taux de cisaillement. Nous montrons qu'une condition de stabilité liée au ratio de viscosité du polymère et du solvant en temps - très restrictive - existe. Un nouveau schéma est alors proposé pour contourner cette limitation et des études stabilité sont menés pour démontrer nos résultats. / The first contribution of this thesis is the analysis and discretization of multiphase flow in a microfluidic framework.We propose a new scheme wich is second order accurate, based on mixed finite volume / finite element method for the two phases Stokes system with surface tension.We then present the comparison of the accuracy of this new scheme with the MAC discretization in 2D and 3D axi.The second contribution is related to the study of numerical schemes in time for viscoelastic fluids.We present the current limitations in this area by studying the case of flows of wormlike micelles, polymers having the ability to reorganize themselves according to the shear rate.We show that a condition of stability related to the ratio of viscosity of the polymer and solvent in time - very restrictive - exists.A new scheme is then proposed to overcome this limitation and stability studies are conducted to demonstrate our results.

Pendant sa mission, un lanceur est soumis à des excitations large bande, sévères, aérodynamiques, de provenances diverses, qui peuvent mettre en danger la survivabilité de la charge utile et de l’équipement électronique du véhicule, et par conséquent le succès de la mission. Les structures aérospatiales sont généralement caractérisées par l’utilisation de matériaux composites exotiques des configurations et des épaisseurs variantes, ainsi que par leurs géométries largement complexes. Il est donc d’une importance cruciale pour l’industrie aérospatiale moderne, le développement d’outils analytiques et numériques qui peuvent prédire avec précision la réponse vibroacoustique des structures larges, composites de différentes géométries et soumis à une combinaison des excitations aéroacoustiques. Récemment, un grand nombre de recherches ont été menées sur la modélisation des caractéristiques de propagation des ondes au sein des structures composites. Dans cette étude, la méthode des éléments finis ondulatoires (WFEM) est utilisée afin de prédire les caractéristiques de dispersion des ondes dans des structures composites orthotropes de géométries variables, nommément des plaques plates, des panneaux simplement courbés, des panneaux doublement courbés et des coques cylindriques. Ces caractéristiques sont initialement utilisées pour prédire la densité modale et le facteur de perte par couplage des structures connectées au milieu acoustique. Par la suite, la perte de transmission (TL) à large bande des structures modélisées dans le cadre d’une analyse statistique énergétique (SEA) dans un contexte ondulatoire est calculée. Principalement en raison de la complexité géométrique importante de structures, l’utilisation des éléments finis (FE) au sein de l’industrie aérospatiale est souvent inévitable. L’utilisation de ces modèles est limitée principalement à cause du temps de calcul exigé, même pour les calculs dans la bande basses fréquences. Au cours des dernières années, beaucoup de chercheurs travaillent sur la réduction de modèles FE, afin de rendre leur application possible pour des systèmes larges. Dans cette étude, l’approche de SOAR est adoptée, afin de minimiser le temps de calcul pour un système couplé de type structurel-acoustique, tout en conservant une précision satisfaisante de la prédiction dans un sens large bande. Le système est modélisé sous diverses excitations aéroacoustiques, nommément un champ acoustique diffus et une couche limite turbulente (TBL).La validation expérimentale des outils développés est réalisée sur un ensemble de structures sandwich composites orthotropes. Ces derniers sont utilisés afin de formuler une approche couche équivalente unique (ESL) pour la modélisation de la réponse spatiale du panneau dans le contexte d’une approche de matrice de raideur dynamique. L’effet de la température de la structure ainsi que du milieu acoustique sur la réponse du système vibroacoustique est examiné et analysé. Par la suite, un modèle de la structure SYLDA, également fait d’un matériau sandwich orthotrope, est testé principalement dans le but d’enquêter sur la nature de couplage entre ses divers sous-systèmes. La modélisation ESL précédemment développée est utilisé pour un calcul efficace de la réponse de la structure dans la gamme des basses et moyennes fréquences, tandis que pour des fréquences plus élevées, une hybridisation WFEM / FEM pour la modélisation des structures discontinues est utilisé. / During its mission, a launch vehicle is subject to broadband, severe, aeroacoustic and structure-borne excitations of various provenances, which can endanger the survivability of the payload and the vehicles electronic equipment, and consequently the success of the mission. Aerospace structures are generally characterized by the use of exotic composite materials of various configurations and thicknesses, as well as by their extensively complex geometries and connections between different subsystems. It is therefore of crucial importance for the modern aerospace industry, the development of analytical and numerical tools that can accurately predict the vibroacoustic response of large, composite structures of various geometries and subject to a combination of aeroacoustic excitations. Recently, a lot of research has been conducted on the modelling of wave propagation characteristics within composite structures. In this study, the Wave Finite Element Method (WFEM) is used in order to predict the wave dispersion characteristics within orthotropic composite structures of various geometries, namely flat panels, singly curved panels, doubly curved panels and cylindrical shells. These characteristics are initially used for predicting the modal density and the coupling loss factor of the structures connected to the acoustic medium. Subsequently the broad-band Transmission Loss (TL) of the modelled structures within a Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) wave-context approach is calculated. Mainly due to the extensive geometric complexity of structures, the use of Finite Element(FE) modelling within the aerospace industry is frequently inevitable. The use of such models is limited mainly because of the large computation time demanded even for calculations in the low frequency range. During the last years, a lot of researchers focus on the model reduction of large FE models, in order to make their application feasible. In this study, the Second Order ARnoldi (SOAR) reduction approach is adopted, in order to minimize the computation time for a fully coupled composite structural-acoustic system, while at the same time retaining a satisfactory accuracy of the prediction in a broadband sense. The system is modelled under various aeroacoustic excitations, namely a diffused acoustic field and a Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) excitation. Experimental validation of the developed tools is conducted on a set of orthotropic sandwich composite structures. Initially, the wave propagation characteristics of a flat panel are measured and the experimental results are compared to the WFEM predictions. The later are used in order to formulate an Equivalent Single Layer (ESL) approach for the modelling of the spatial response of the panel within a dynamic stiffness matrix approach. The effect of the temperature of the structure as well as of the acoustic medium on the vibroacoustic response of the system is examined and analyzed. Subsequently, a model of the SYLDA structure, also made of an orthotropic sandwich material, is tested mainly in order to investigate the coupling nature between its various subsystems. The developed ESL modelling is used for an efficient calculation of the response of the structure in the lower frequency range, while for higher frequencies a hybrid WFEM/FEM formulation for modelling discontinuous structures is used.

Les matériaux granulaires se composent de grains solides et d’un constituant remplissant les pores, tel qu'un fluide ou une matrice solide. Les grains interagissent au travers de répulsions élastiques, auxquelles s’ajoutent des mécanismes de friction, d’adhérence et d'autres forces surfaciques. La sollicitation externe conduit à la déformation des grains ainsi qu’à des réarrangements de particules. Les déformations des milieux granulaires sont d'une importance capitale dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et dans la recherche, comme par exemple dans la métallurgie des poutres ou en mécanique des sols. La réponse des matériaux granulaires sous chargement externe est complexe, en particulier lorsqu’une rupture se produit: le mode de rupture peut être diffus ou localisé, et l’aspect de peut varier drastiquement lorsque celui-ci ne peut plus soutenir la charge externe. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une analyse numérique basée sur une méthode des éléments discrets est réalisée pour étudier les comportements macroscopique et microscopique des matériaux granulaires à la rupture. Ces simulations numériques prennent en compte le critère du travail du second ordre afin de prédire la rupture. De plus il est montré que l’annulation du travail du second ordre coïncide avec la transition d’un régime statique vers un régime dynamique. Ensuite, le comportement matériaux granulaires est analysé à l’échelle micro-structurelle. L’évolution des chaines des forces et des cycles des grains est étudiée durant le processus de déformation jusqu’à la rupture. Le travail du second ordre est également pris en compte pour examiner l'aspect local qui régit la rupture à l’échelle locale. L'effondrement de l'échantillon discret quand il passe du régime quasi-statique vers le régime dynamique est accompagné d'une bouffée d'énergie cinétique. Cette augmentation de l'énergie cinétique est générée lorsque la contrainte interne ne permet pas d'équilibrer la force externe sous l’action d’une petite perturbation, ce qui entraîne une différence entre les travaux du second ordre interne et externe du système. Les mésostructures démontrent une relation symbiotique entre elles, et leur évolution gouverne le comportement macroscopique du système discret. La distribution de l'effondrement des chaînes de forces est parfaitement corrélée avec l’annulation du travail du second ordre à l'échelle de particules. Les mésostructures jouent un rôle important dans l'instabilité des milieux granulaires. Le travail du second ordre peut être utilisé comme un critère pertinent et robuste pour détecter l'instabilité du système que ce soit à l'échelle macroscopique ou microscopique (échelle de particule) / Granular materials consist of dense pack of solid grains and a pore-filling element such as a fluid or a solid matrix. The grains interact via elastic repulsion, friction, adhesion and other surface forces. External loading leads to grain deformations as well as cooperative particle rearrangements. The particle deformations are of particular importance in many industry applications and research subjects, such as powder metallurgy and soil mechanics. The response of granular materials to external loading is complex, especially in case when failure occurs: the mode of the failure can be diffuse or localized, and the development of specimen pattern can be drastically different when the specimen can no longer sustain external loading. In this thesis, a thorough numerical analysis based on a discrete element method is carried out to investigate the macroscopic and microscopic behavior of granular materials when a failure occurs. The numerical simulations include the vanishing of the second-order work instability criterion to detect failure. Furthermore, it is proved that the vanishing of second-order work coincides with the change from a quasi-static regime to a dynamic regime in the response of the specimen. Then, microstructure evolution is investigated. Evolution of force-chains and grain-loops are investigated during the deformation process until reaching the failure. The second-order work is once again taken into account to elucidate the local aspect that governs the failure, taking place at the particle scale. The collapse of the discrete specimen when it turns from quasi-static to dynamic regime is accompanied with a burst in kinetic energy. This rise of kinetic energy occurs when the internal stress cannot balance with the external loading when a small perturbation is added to the boundary, resulting in a difference between the internal and external second-order works of the system. The mesostructures have a symbiosis relationship with each other and their evolution decides the macroscopic behavior of the discrete system. The distribution of the collapse of force-chain correlates with the vanishing of the second-order work at the grain scale. The mesostructures play an important role in the instability of granular media. The second-order work can be used as an effective criterion to detect the instability of the system on both the macroscale and microscale (grain scale)

Le but de cette thèse est de définir une méthode d'optimisation de formes qui conjugue l'utilisation de la dérivée seconde de forme et la méthode des lignes de niveaux pour la représentation d'une forme.On considèrera d'abord deux cas plus simples : un cas d'optimisation paramétrique et un cas d'optimisation discrète.Ce travail est divisé en quatre parties.La première contient le matériel nécessaire à la compréhension de l'ensemble de la thèse.Le premier chapitre rappelle des résultats généraux d'optimisation, et notamment le fait que les méthodes d'ordre deux ont une convergence quadratique sous certaines hypothèses.Le deuxième chapitre répertorie différentes modélisations pour l'optimisation de formes, et le troisième se concentre sur l'optimisation paramétrique puis l'optimisation géométrique.Les quatrième et cinquième chapitres introduisent respectivement la méthode des lignes de niveaux (level-set) et la méthode des éléments-finis.La deuxième partie commence par les chapitres 6 et 7 qui détaillent des calculs de dérivée seconde dans le cas de l'optimisation paramétrique puis géométrique.Ces chapitres précisent aussi la structure et certaines propriétés de la dérivée seconde de forme.Le huitième chapitre traite du cas de l'optimisation discrète.Dans le neuvième chapitre on introduit différentes méthodes pour un calcul approché de la dérivée seconde, puis on définit un algorithme de second ordre dans un cadre général.Cela donne la possibilité de faire quelques premières simulations numériques dans le cas de l'optimisation paramétrique (Chapitre 6) et dans le cas de l'optimisation discrète (Chapitre 7).La troisième partie est consacrée à l'optimisation géométrique.Le dixième chapitre définit une nouvelle notion de dérivée de forme qui prend en compte le fait que l'évolution des formes par la méthode des lignes de niveaux, grâce à la résolution d'une équation eikonale, se fait toujours selon la normale.Cela permet de définir aussi une méthode d'ordre deux pour l'optimisation.Le onzième chapitre détaille l'approximation d'intégrales de surface et le douzième chapitre est consacré à des exemples numériques.La dernière partie concerne l'analyse numérique d'algorithmes d'optimisation de formes par la méthode des lignes de niveaux.Le Chapitre 13 détaille la version discrète d'un algorithme d'optimisation de formes.Le Chapitre 14 analyse les schémas numériques relatifs à la méthodes des lignes de niveaux.Enfin le dernier chapitre fait l'analyse numérique complète d'un exemple d'optimisation de formes en dimension un, avec une étude des vitesses de convergence / The main purpose of this thesis is the definition of a shape optimization method which combines second-order differentiationwith the representation of a shape by a level-set function. A second-order method is first designed for simple shape optimization problems : a thickness parametrization and a discrete optimization problem. This work is divided in four parts.The first one is bibliographical and contains different necessary backgrounds for the rest of the work. Chapter 1 presents the classical results for general optimization and notably the quadratic rate of convergence of second-order methods in well-suited cases. Chapter 2 is a review of the different modelings for shape optimization while Chapter 3 details two particular modelings : the thickness parametrization and the geometric modeling. The level-set method is presented in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 recalls the basics of the finite element method.The second part opens with Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 which detail the calculation of second-order derivatives for the thickness parametrization and the geometric shape modeling. These chapters also focus on the particular structures of the second-order derivative. Then Chapter 8 is concerned with the computation of discrete derivatives for shape optimization. Finally Chapter 9 deals with different methods for approximating a second-order derivative and the definition of a second-order algorithm in a general modeling. It is also the occasion to make a few numerical experiments for the thickness (defined in Chapter 6) and the discrete (defined in Chapter 8) modelings.Then, the third part is devoted to the geometric modeling for shape optimization. It starts with the definition of a new framework for shape differentiation in Chapter 10 and a resulting second-order method. This new framework for shape derivatives deals with normal evolutions of a shape given by an eikonal equation like in the level-set method. Chapter 11 is dedicated to the numerical computation of shape derivatives and Chapter 12 contains different numerical experiments.Finally the last part of this work is about the numerical analysis of shape optimization algorithms based on the level-set method. Chapter 13 is concerned with a complete discretization of a shape optimization algorithm. Chapter 14 then analyses the numerical schemes for the level-set method, and the numerical error they may introduce. Finally Chapter 15 details completely a one-dimensional shape optimization example, with an error analysis on the rates of convergence