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The present licentiate thesis comprises a review of Swedish and Anglo-Saxon literature on excursions and their history, followed by a study on three one-day excursions and two neighbourhood excursions, conducted by pupils at upper secondary school. The primary purpose of the thesis was to highlight the development of excursion procedures, aiming at increasing the interest of the pupils, improving their inner motivation, but also to develop the learning process. Thus, the work also attempted to identify learning models and excursion methods, furnishing pupils with a positive attitude during excursions and field studies. Article no 1 consists of a survey of Swedish (particularly in Geographical Notices) and Anglo-Saxon literature, describing and discussing how the excursion procedures have been developed, influenced, and designed. Excursions became a practiced teaching method at the beginning of the last century. The urbanization and instigation of a public school are described as incitements for arranging excursions. British as well as Swedish teaching authorities emphasized excursions in school activities in different curricula or school documents. The present study shows that arranging excursions and other activities in the field was in the interests of the teaching authorities and a number of different society instances. Excursion methods and their extent and incorporation into the school activities have been amply discussed in the excursion literature. Qualitative interviews with 50 pupils from five upper secondary schools were conducted after excursions. Observations were carried out during four of these excursions. Article II comprises one-day excursions in geography or biology, conducted by pupils in the social and natural science programs at three upper secondary schools. The methods applied in this study were group interviews and observations during two of the excursions. Two neighbourhood excursions in geography and science, performed by two upper secondary schools, were investigated, and form the foundation for article II. The neighbourhood excursions were examined by observations, 25 individual interviews, and a smaller questionnaire. The interviews generated information about how pupils perceive, experience, and interpret the applied excursion methods. Pupils have in interviews and in their questionnaire answers reported their motivation, which ranged from non-existent to a deep inner motivation. Preparations were identified as a key factor for pupils as well as teachers. The observations yielded knowledge about the focus of pupils, their attitudes and concentration level, and also how they use digital media in the field. Furthermore, the relevance of location, along with pupils’ comprehensions and experiences, created an applicable backdrop for future excursions. Careful selection of excursion locations, where pupils are able to discern correlations, was identified as important to their capability of interpreting their observations, which they afterwards might be able to transform into knowledge, inner motivation, or even flow.

This thesis is concerned with the nature of the peer group experience and friendship patterns amongst a sample of 3rd, 4th and 5th year secondary school pupils. The thesis has four parts and a General Introduction in which the need for more sociological research in the area of the peer group and friendship is asserted. Certain themes are developed in relation to the peer group and friendship, and arguments for the research established. In the final part of the General Introduction consideration is given to the nature of the sociology of youth in relation to social class and age grading in society. Part One has three Chapters. The first deals with recent research into the peer group, most of which is American in origin with the exception of certain ethnographic studies which have been published in this country over the last few years. In Chapter Two research into friendship is considered with Chapter Three providing a critical evaluation of the research presented. A general schema is provided, drawing on the literature review which provides the basis for the development of research methods and the subsequent research programme. Part Two establishes the basis for the thesis research and has one chapter. Four objectives are explored. The first concerns the importance of friendship to young people, the second with levels of friendship, the third with deriving definitions of friendship. The final objective examines the effects of age and sex on friendship and is compared with the findings from four significant studies undertaken in this area. Sociometry is considered in relation to "mapping" a group, a self esteem inventory is developed and the Higher Schools Personality Questionnaire evaluated with a view to measuring a number of personality traits. In Chapter Five of Part Three a research design for quantitative and qualitative research is presented. The data are presented in Chapters Six and Seven. 371 young people completed a questionnaire into their friendship and peer relations and two peer groups were intensively involved in group discussion in an endeavour to provide more detailed information on friendship and peer activities. The final part, Chapter Eight, is devoted to a detailed consideration of the findings from the research in the light of the established objectives. An appraisal is undertaken of the extent to which new knowledge has been provided in the social sciences regarding the peer group and friendship.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på vilka attityder elever i grundskolans senare år har gentemot den praktiska undervisningen i de naturorienterande ämnena sett ur ett genusperspektiv.</p><p>För att studera elevernas attityder har enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer valts som metod. Semistrukturerade intervjuer ger intervjuaren möjlighet att följa upp respondenternas svar med olika följdfrågor, som kan varieras relativt fritt vilket bidrar till att intervjuaren kan bilda sig en uppfattning om respondenternas attityder.</p><p>De attityder gällande praktisk undervisning i de naturorienterande ämnena som påträffats var främst positiva och samtliga respondenter var eniga om att den praktiska undervisningen hjälper till att öka förståelsen. Undersökningen visade att flickorna föredrog biologi eftersom detta inte ansågs vara lika svårt som fysik och kemi, medan pojkarna i undersökningen fann mer intresse i fysik och teknik. Meningarna huruvida den praktiska undervisningen examineras gick isär.</p><p>Slutsatsen som kan dras från uppsatsens undersökning blir således att pedagoger bör försöka att utveckla en praktisk undervisning som passar alla dagens ungdomar, oavsett kön, samt att tydliggöra syftet och målet innan det praktiska arbetet inleds.</p> / <p>The aim of this dissertation is to study the attitudes that exist among secondary-school pupils, to practical education in natural science, through a gender perspective.</p><p>Semi-structured interviews were chosen as method of studying the pupils’ attitudes. A semi- structured interview gives the interviewer a possibility to follow up the answers given by the respondent with varied attendant questions. For the interviewer this contributes to develop an insight of the attitudes.</p><p>The interviews reveal that most of the pupils have a positive attitude towards practical education in natural science and all of the respondents agreed on the fact that practical education helps to improve their understanding. The research showed that girls prefer biology since they find it less difficult than physics and chemistry, while boys on the other hand prefer physics and technology. There is a disagreement among the respondents on whether or not examinations exist in practical education.</p><p>The conclusion of the dissertation is that pedagogues need to develop a practical education suited for all youths irrespective of gender, as well as stating the aim and purpose before the practical education starts.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på vilka attityder elever i grundskolans senare år har gentemot den praktiska undervisningen i de naturorienterande ämnena sett ur ett genusperspektiv. För att studera elevernas attityder har enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer valts som metod. Semistrukturerade intervjuer ger intervjuaren möjlighet att följa upp respondenternas svar med olika följdfrågor, som kan varieras relativt fritt vilket bidrar till att intervjuaren kan bilda sig en uppfattning om respondenternas attityder. De attityder gällande praktisk undervisning i de naturorienterande ämnena som påträffats var främst positiva och samtliga respondenter var eniga om att den praktiska undervisningen hjälper till att öka förståelsen. Undersökningen visade att flickorna föredrog biologi eftersom detta inte ansågs vara lika svårt som fysik och kemi, medan pojkarna i undersökningen fann mer intresse i fysik och teknik. Meningarna huruvida den praktiska undervisningen examineras gick isär. Slutsatsen som kan dras från uppsatsens undersökning blir således att pedagoger bör försöka att utveckla en praktisk undervisning som passar alla dagens ungdomar, oavsett kön, samt att tydliggöra syftet och målet innan det praktiska arbetet inleds. / The aim of this dissertation is to study the attitudes that exist among secondary-school pupils, to practical education in natural science, through a gender perspective. Semi-structured interviews were chosen as method of studying the pupils’ attitudes. A semi- structured interview gives the interviewer a possibility to follow up the answers given by the respondent with varied attendant questions. For the interviewer this contributes to develop an insight of the attitudes. The interviews reveal that most of the pupils have a positive attitude towards practical education in natural science and all of the respondents agreed on the fact that practical education helps to improve their understanding. The research showed that girls prefer biology since they find it less difficult than physics and chemistry, while boys on the other hand prefer physics and technology. There is a disagreement among the respondents on whether or not examinations exist in practical education. The conclusion of the dissertation is that pedagogues need to develop a practical education suited for all youths irrespective of gender, as well as stating the aim and purpose before the practical education starts.

Sammanfattning Föreliggande fenomenografiska studie har som syfte haft att undersöka elevers uppfattningar av fenomenen utbildning och arbete och hur de kopplar det till sin framtid. Studien har genomförts som enskilda intervjuer med sex elever vid gymnasiets Introduktionsprogram individuellt alternativ våren 2013. Efter analysarbetet av intervjuerna har Malows behovs- och motivationsteori kopplats till beskrivningskategorierna. Vid intervjuutsagorna framträder att utbildning uppfattas som något för framtida behov, mot ett yrke där betygen är biljetten in. Vad gäller utbildning i grundskolan kan tre beskrivningskategorierna urskiljas. Betygen uppfattas som det mest centrala, därefter behovs- och motivationsfaktorer som identifierats som relationer till lärare och kamrater samt till inlärningsmiljön- med fokus på hur undervisningen organiseras. Eleverna erfar att utbildningen på Introduktionsprogrammet jämställs med grundskolan men med större fokus på betyg. Arbete uppfattas som ett utbildningsresultat där de personliga behoven tillfredsställs vad gäller självständighet och oberoende genom egen försörjning men också de personliga behoven av social gemenskap och självförverkligande uppfattades som betydelsefulla aspekter av ett arbete. Efter att ha analyserat intervjuerna erfars mig elevernas oerfarenhet att reflektera över sina erfarenheter, vilket är viktigt i ett samhälle där man skall göra egna val och kunna se dess konsekvenser. Nyckelord: Gymnasieelever, introduktionsprogrammet, utbildning, arbete, fenomenografi. / Abstract The purpose of this phenomenografic study has been to examine the thoughts of six pupils in Upper Secondary school, Individual alternative, concerning the phenomenon education, work and their future. Maslow´s theory of needs and motivation was the background of the analysis. The result of this study is that what pupils find most significant in education is the marks. Education is something for the future, and the marks are the tickets to vocational training. Studies in Primary school also focus on the marks. Education in Primary school is also apprehended to Needs and motivation where the relationship to teachers and classmates is important. Also the environment of teaching was in focus. The pupils experience Primary school and Upper Secondary school as being the same but with a larger focus on the marks in Upper Secondary school. Work is apprehended as a result of education where the personal needs such as independence, social community and self-fulfillment are important aspects of one´s work. After my work with the analysis, my thoughts are that the pupils are inexperienced in verbalizing their thoughts. It is important in a society built on individual choice to be aware of the consequences of one´s choices. Keywords: Upper Secondary school pupils, Introduction Program, education, work, phenomenografy.

This essay examines upper secondary school pupils as well as the Swedish National Agency for Educations views on the education in subject of religion. How they describe its purpose, what content the topic should address, how the education should be implemented and what influence the pupils should have over their own studies. This to examine how the views of pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Education correlate and to analyze how it possibly can affect the pupil’s motivation. The survey is conducted by semi-forging tured interviews and text analysis in order to ascertain the pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Educations opinions on the issues. The results are then analyzed by various motivational theories that have played a vital role in the Swedish school and that have been found relevant to the study. The survey shows that the pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Education are relatively unanimous about how they regard studies on the subject of religion but that there are differences. It appears that the education the pupils have receive, despite the unity of these pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Education, not always seem to comply with the requirements of the Agency's governing documents. It also appears that the pupil’s motivation is affected by how the National Agency and the pupils' objectives, goals and beliefs correlate. When those are alignment or when the school takes account of pupils' expectations and their own goals the education seems more adequate to the pupils.

Healthy diet isn't only important aspect of life, but also an important topic discussed within school system and one of the main chapters of Education of health. Thanks to early prevention this can save from many deceases like ischemic heart decease, diabetes mellitus, cancer or obesity. All of these can be prevented thanks to healthy eating, exercising and leading healthy lifestyle. Puberty is one of the main points of person's life, that's why I was interested if pupils of middle school are eating within nutrition recommendation or not, which is also the main topic of this thesis. I wanted to research to what point young people are eating healthy, if they are getting better with their food choices and where they have the best and the worst results in their eating habits. The thesis is divided to two parts. The first part is focused on healthy and recommended eating of teenagers in general. The sources are mainly literature focused on healthy eating, health of children and teenagers and recommended eating for children in middle school. The second part is focused on comparison between general requirements for healthy eating and the results of survey of children in middle school. This part also includes project of 8th grade students, in which they solely put together a healthy diet for whole day....

<p>One of our big public health problems in Sweden is that human beings are too inactive in outdoor settings. That is why stress related diseases increase and influence humans both mentally and physical. The physical activity is halved among many children when they start school and the older they become the less they enjoy school. It is also an increasing problem that children and youth in today's society have lack of worthwhile experiences in the nature. The aim of this study was therefore to examine how the experience of outdoor environment had importance for health and learning on upper secondary school pupils. The study is used a questionnaire survey where 192 upper secondary school pupils in nature and farm focused programs, respectively social programs participated. Of the result it emerged that the outside environment was a positive place in order to create health and learning. Although social- and farm focused pupils had different opinions about good outside environments and where they rather learned, the pupils at the social program were less pleased with their outside environment at school, although they already had what they wanted. The pupils at the social program also wanted more outdoor education and more practical education, as the farm focused pupils considered positive for health and learning. Our conclusion is that the pupils’ wishes should be noticed and a more varying education, that include the outdoor environment and experiences in nature, should be introduced in more schools, even in the cities, since the school also is an arena where young people spends a lot of their time. If the school creates an interest for nature it can last for the rest of life.</p>

One of our big public health problems in Sweden is that human beings are too inactive in outdoor settings. That is why stress related diseases increase and influence humans both mentally and physical. The physical activity is halved among many children when they start school and the older they become the less they enjoy school. It is also an increasing problem that children and youth in today's society have lack of worthwhile experiences in the nature. The aim of this study was therefore to examine how the experience of outdoor environment had importance for health and learning on upper secondary school pupils. The study is used a questionnaire survey where 192 upper secondary school pupils in nature and farm focused programs, respectively social programs participated. Of the result it emerged that the outside environment was a positive place in order to create health and learning. Although social- and farm focused pupils had different opinions about good outside environments and where they rather learned, the pupils at the social program were less pleased with their outside environment at school, although they already had what they wanted. The pupils at the social program also wanted more outdoor education and more practical education, as the farm focused pupils considered positive for health and learning. Our conclusion is that the pupils’ wishes should be noticed and a more varying education, that include the outdoor environment and experiences in nature, should be introduced in more schools, even in the cities, since the school also is an arena where young people spends a lot of their time. If the school creates an interest for nature it can last for the rest of life.