本文研究的主題是後期印度佛教哲學中關於外部對象是否實在的爭論。主要依據妙護（Śubhagupta）的《成立外部對象論》（Bāhyārthasiddhikārikā)和寂護（Śāntarakita）及其弟子蓮華戒（Kamalaśīla）《攝真實論疏》第23品〈考察外部對象〉兩本文獻。 / 原子論和直接知覺論是妙護素樸實在論的兩大基石。原子是外部對象存在的實體要素，而直接知覺論則為如何認識外部對象提供知識論上的依據。原子是構成外部對象的不可見、不可再分的最小實體，當眾多同種類原子聚集在一起時，它們由於實體性的能力而凝聚成為可認知的「粗大」對象。另一方面，認識的本性是「識別」，就是主體（識）直接認知外部對象。認識本身並不具有對象的形象，只是當認識發生時，它就獲得了與外部對象一致的形象。妙護的知覺論蘊含了外部對象與認識之間確定的因果關係。他以為，對象（原因）與識（結果）必須是兩個不同的東西，結果不能以自身為原因而產生。所以，認識活動一定是以自己之外的其他對象作為原因，後者既是令識生起的條件，同時也給予了識自己的形象。妙護認為「效果作用的一致性」是判斷真知覺與幻覺的標準。所謂「一致性」是指認識通過形象獲得外部對象以及認識對象具有與外部對象一致的特定功能。 / 寂護從觀念論和懷疑論的角度批判妙護的理論並不能證成外部對象的存在。他說，妙護也同意感官體驗直接知覺到的不是原子，而是「粗大」的對象；但他又不能從理論上自洽地解釋單個、無部分的原子是如何過渡到成爲有部分（即空間性）的知覺對象。其次，妙護的直接知覺論也無法證明外部對象與認識之間具有必然的因果聯係。因爲，假如認識的形象原來就不存在，那麽外部對象其實是與認識完全分離的東西，形象既不是令識生起的實體，也不能夠對認識產生實際的作用。換句話說，對象與認識之間不曾發生實質性的關聯。寂護以為認識的本質就是自我意識，如同光的明照性一般，它不是主體（識）去認知對象的二元模式，也不依賴任何外部對象而存在；認識活動中效果作用的一致性則可以通過認識的自我相續來解釋。 / In the present thesis, I discuss a debate on the reality of external objects in late Indian Buddhist philosophy. I focus on two texts, one is "The Establishment of External Objects (Bāhyārthasiddhikārikā)" written by Śubhagupta, the other is a chapter named as "The Examination of The External Objects (Bahirarthaparīkā)" in "Commentary on The Summary of Truth (Tattvasagrahapañjikā)" written by Śāntarakita and his disciple Kamalaśīla. / Śubhagupta’s point of view can be regarded as the naive realism. He thinks that external objects are constituted by the aggregation of atoms which are the ontological substances. An individual atom is invisible and without parts. Thus, atoms cannot become the cognitive objects until they are aggregated together as a gross because of the power of substance. The gross arouses the form of blue etc. in cognition which is formless in nature. Although the form of blue is not real, it is based on the real substance and consistent with external objects. The characteristic of cognition is to grasp external objects directly. According to Śubhagupta, cognition cannot be produced by itself; it must be aroused by other things, just like sprouts cannot be produced by themselves but by the seeds in reality. External object served as a cause should be satisfied with two conditions: it is a real substance which has real capacity and a real perceivable object. Based on this theory, Śubhagupta believes that the existence of the external objects is a standard to distinguish the perception from the hallucination such as a dream, because the object of perception must be consistent with the external object. The consistency means that external object is acquired by the cognition and the cognitive object has the definite function according to a real object. / On the stand point of idealism and skepticism, Śāntarakita argues that the gross of atoms should not have shape as well, because the atoms are without parts in nature. Moreover, if the cognitive forms only come from external objects which are material substances, then cognition cannot recognize anything; because the matter and the cognition are totally different entities and cognition itself is formless in nature. Śāntarakita argues that if a form in cognition is not real at all, it will neither be a substance to arouse the cognition nor have the power to make effects on cognition. That is to say, the external objects cannot be the causes of cognition, because there is not causal relationship between them. Thus, the cognitive objects should not coincide with external objects which have not been established yet. The consistency of definite function of objects will be explained by the continuity of our own consciousness. Śāntarakita believes that the cognition in nature is self-cognizing, just like a light illuminates itself. The cognitive form and the cognition are definitely perceived together as one entity. They are not separated from each other. Thus, the cognition itself does not rely on any causality such as the relationship between the grasping and grasped aspects. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 茅宇凡. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-157). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Mao Yufan.

La sensibilité vésicale est un pré-Requis au contrôle normal de la vessie. Les objectifs de cette thèse après une analyse de la littérature étaient d'étudier les outils d'évaluation de la sensibilité de la vessie et les possibles facteurs influençant les sensations vésicales. Une première étude démontre l'effet de sensibilisation de l'eau froide pendant une cystomanométrie sur la sensation de besoin d'uriner et les interactions entre les voies afférentes du besoin d'uriner et thermique. Une seconde étude a montré l'effet d'un remplissage rapide lors d'une cystomanométrie sur la sensation de besoin avec un besoin d'uriner retardé. Une troisième étude a mis en évidence chez un certain nombre de patients l'influence de la suggestion verbale sur les sensations vésicales. L'apport des séquences de diffusion en IRM pelvienne pour distinguer le syndrome douloureux vésical chronique /cystite interstitielle d'autres syndromes douloureux pelvi-Périnéaux a été étudié. La validation psychométrique d'un questionnaire sur les circonstances de déclenchement des urgenturies a été commencée. Un protocole de remplissage vésical physiologique a également été développé permettant d'étudier les interactions entre la sensation de besoin d'uriner et les performances attentionnelles. Les deux dernières études ont porté sur l'effet de certains stimuli environnementaux sur les sensations vésicales chez des sujets atteints de syndrome clinique d'hyperactivité vésical et des volontaires sains. Ce travail a permis de souligner certains facteurs pouvant influencer la sensibilité vésicale et de développer des outils prometteurs pour son évaluation. / Urinary bladder sensation is a pre-Requisite of a normal bladder control. Understanding the physiological mechanisms leading to bladder sensation generation and transmission to a conscious perception which can lead to a socially acceptable void is fundamental. The aims of this thesis after a comprehensive literature analysis were to study bladder sensation evaluation tools and possible influencing factors. A first study demonstrate the sensitization effect of cold water during cystometry on bladder need to void and the interaction between need to void and thermic afferent pathways. A second study showed the effect of a high filling rate on bladder sensation during a cystometry with a delayed need to void. A third study brought out the influence of verbal suggestion of bladder filling on bladder sensation in a number of patients. The sensibility and specificity of diffusion weighted MRI sequences to detect bladder pain syndrome / interstitial cystitis among pelvic pain was underlined in a fourth study. Then the first steps of the psychometric validation of a new questionnaire about circumstances triggering urinary urgency were developed. A water loading protocol was also developed to study the influence of possible factors on bladder sensation. This protocol allowed studying the interactions between bladder sensation and attentional performances. The two last studies studied the effect of classical environmental urgency triggers on bladder sensation in overactive bladder patients and healthy volunteers. In conclusion this work permitted to underline some possible influencing factors of bladder sensation and to develop new promising tools for bladder sensation evaluation.

abstract: Criminological theories have long incorporated personality traits as key explanatory factors and have generally relied on assumptions of trait stability. However, growing evidence from a variety of fields including criminology, psychology, and neurobiology is demonstrating that personality traits are malleable over the life-course, and substantial individual variation exists in the developmental patterns of personality traits over time. This research is forcing criminologists to consider how and why “enduring” individual characteristics may change over the life course in ways that are meaningfully related to offending. Two traits that have been consistently linked to offending and conflated in key criminological theories (i.e. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory), impulsivity and sensation seeking, have recently been shown to be independent personality traits with different normative maturational timetables and biological underpinnings. This dissertation extends this work by examining developmental patterns of impulsivity and sensation seeking and social sources of variation in these traits with the Family and Community Health Survey, a longitudinal data set that consists of approximately 900 African American youth and their families followed from late childhood to their late-twenties. Multiple longitudinal modeling methods are employed (hierarchical linear modeling and group-based trajectory modeling) to address this research agenda. Results from this dissertation lead to four broad conclusions. First, and in support of existing research, there is substantial variability in developmental trajectories of impulsivity and sensation seeking. Average developmental trajectories of these traits greatly mask the degree of individual variability in developmental patterns that exists. Second, social factors are significantly associated with levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking. Socio-environmental experiences characterized by hostility and unsupportiveness are generally associated with elevated levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking while socio-environmental experiences characterized by warmth and supportiveness are associated with lower levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking. Third, sex differences in developmental patterns of impulsivity are nonexistent while sex differences in developmental patterns of sensation seeking are significant. Finally, with few exceptions, predictors of trait levels operate in a general fashion such the same factors typically explain both male and female trait levels and produce similar effects on impulsivity and sensation seeking. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2019

The following is a new edition of PHerc. 698 cr. 3-4, including an introduction, English translation and commentary. An in-line reprint of PHerc. 19, including a new English translation, is also included for continuity of thought and language.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between personality and risk taking in a sample of 461 older adults from the Charlotte County Healthy Aging Study (CCHAS). The personality factors of openness to experience, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness were measured with the NEO Five Factor Inventory. Risk-taking was measured with an 8-item questionnaire and a single-item question that assessed subjects' participation in sensation seeking behaviors. Spearman correlation coefficients, hierarchical linear regression and hierarchical logistic regression were used to assess the association. As consistent with past research, high scores on openness to experience (beta = 0.16, P<.0001) and low scores on neuroticism (β = -0.14, P<.01) and agreeableness (β = -0.16, P<.01) were associated with the total score of the 8-item risk taking questionnaire. The single-item risk question was also associated with openness [OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.05-1.13], neuroticism [OR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90-0.97] and agreeableness [OR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92-0.99]. After stratifying by gender, only openness was still significantly associated with risk-taking. Interaction terms including gender and personality factors were added to the models to test if gender was an effect modifier. Although personality differences existed between men and women, none of the interaction terms were statistically significant.

My dissertation tracks the production of "common sense" about female sexuality and psychology in nineteenth-century sensational British literature. I move from the sensation novel's heyday, represented by Wilkie Collins's The Moonstone (1868) and Mary Elizabeth Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret (1862), through the fin-de-siècle Gothic literary revival with Bram Stoker's Dracula(1895), and conclude with a reading of the representation of aberrant female sexuality in the emergent science of nineteenth-century sexology. For Victorian readers, few things could have seemed further removed from sensation literature--from lurid crime novels to sordid news stories to sexualized science--than common sense. Yet, my project illustrates the role of sensational literature in provoking the dark millennial fantasies that passed as common sense and often animated theories of femininity expressed in late-Victorian science. Common sense retains its rhetorical force through the assumption that its premises arise naturally and apply universally. But if we take a historical view, a troubling pattern emerges: common sense has often worked to preserve reactionary views of femininity. For example, in the nineteenth century, common sense led medical professionals to the belief that a woman's reproductive system left her constitutionally more susceptible to "hysteria." define common sense as the product of the frequent iteration of a particular train of associative logic that results in the naturalization and legitimation of claims about reality, even if those claims are both sensationalized and arbitrary. The rhetorical force of common sense requires the perpetual obscuration of its origins. The elusive and frustrating quality of common sense as a cognitive category derives from its ability, in Stuart Hall's words, to "represent itself as the 'traditional wisdom or truth of the ages,' [when] in fact, it is deeply a product of history, 'part of the historical process'" ("Gramsci's Relevance" 431). Hall describes this type of associative relationship between disparate figures often exemplified in the logic of common sense as "an articulation." What Hall refers to as an "articulation" might also be called, when viewed through the lens of literary theory, a "metonymic chain," wherein the literal term for one thing is applied to another with which it becomes linked, articulated. Both terms—articulation and metonymic chain—effectively describe the illusion of necessary correspondence in mere arbitrary association. My translation of this cultural phenomenon into the framework of literary analysis allows for a precise description of the rhetorical transformations involved in conjuring common sense. With frequent iteration, metonymic association may appear to be based on some more substantial similarity—not circumstantial, but necessary; not the product of sensationalism, but the inevitable conclusion derived from and constituting common sense. Common sense regarding female sexuality has frequently been preserved through sensationalism; but paradoxically, sensationalism is often most effective when its characteristic paranoia seems somehow self-evidently justified, even rational. In other words, sensationalism works best to consolidate the paranoid patterns of associative logic informing the nineteenth-century figuration of femininity when it appears not to be working at all—when sensationalism takes on the weight of common sense.

The current study aimed to simultaneously examine cognitive, social and personality development in a cross-sectional sample of 3rd, 4th and 5th grade children to explore the interplay among these processes and how they relate to changes in children's understanding of alcohol. To replicate previous work, this study comprehensively examined relative increases in types of expectancies as a function of development. Results demonstrated that children in higher grades held more positive, negative and sedating expectancies of alcohol and positive alcohol expectancies increased more than negative alcohol expectancies. Improved performance on cognitive measures were associated with positive alcohol expectancy endorsement, indicating that children's ability to incorporate positive beliefs about alcohol, which are conflicting with information typically taught to children in this age range, may be related to their ability to form and articulate concepts with age. Among male participants, sensation seeking increased with age and was strongly associated with positive ideas about alcohol use, such as wanting to experiment with alcohol or planning to drink as an adult. Social influences on alcohol expectancies included exposure to drinking. When children's parents drank more, they had higher positive, negative and sedating alcohol expectancies, indicating that they had a greater understanding of all potential consequences of drinking, while children whose friends drank had higher positive but not other types of expectancies. Additionally, children who turned to adults for advice held increasing levels of negative and sedating alcohol expectancies across age, while children who sought support from their peers showed higher levels of positive and arousing expectancies across age groups. The interplay between cognitive development and risk factors such as social awareness of alcohol, source of social influence, and sensation seeking personality begins to demonstrate key relationships to alcohol expectancies in late childhood. These social and personality risk factors are likely to play an even greater role in early adolescence as children move to middle school and experience puberty. This study provides a basis for future elaboration of the roles these constructs play in an individual's ability to understand the multifaceted expectations that are held in our society about the effects of alcohol on human behavior.

As an expressive language, fashion design has an innate capacity to engage a full gamut of sensorial responses. This research explores the contribution of synaesthesia to fashion design in an effort to highlight the positive aesthetic and intellectual impact of this integration. Such research advances my creative practice. The method of realising garments which address synaesthetic principles is an extension of personal interest in synaesthesia, driven from both an experiential perspective and a desire to gain a greater understanding into theories in relation to challenging the senses in a contemporary fashion world. If fashion includes novelty as a crucial and desirable aspect, and can be defined as an ever evolving and self rejuvenating art form, then the energy and frivolity of these components in association with multiple sensory stimuli and response will expose the consequence of the study through design-work. Recognition of the importance of sensory cross-overs in fashion design will reveal the quintessence of how humans position themselves and respond to a specific environment. If realisation of the senses is with regard to surroundings, and fashion becomes the surrounding which elicits multiple involuntary responses from stimuli, a conscious recognition has begun. Traditional theories on the organisation of sense modalities speculate that humans perceive their world with five senses, the most dominant generally being sight. The combined effect of these senses creates the environment in which we inhabit. The visual and tactile senses have long been the focus of the fashion product but, of all the senses, touch is most key to our species (Ackerman, 1990). Sound, taste and smell have been under-recognised as providers of ceaseless information about our environment. The investigation into the notion that fashion and other sensory systems are not separate entities assists with establishing the links between sensory integration and fashion design. The emergence of the synaesthetic paradigm has highlighted a unity between the senses rather than the traditional hierarchy of favouring the visual. The research on synaesthesia relative to fashion design occupies a parallel position to neurological theory and allows synaesthetic investigation to be a pivotal determining factor towards my outcome. I have engaged in critical self-reflection of my design process and production as a means of elucidating stimuli associated with multi-sensory perception.

<p><p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate the critique Richard Shusterman is raising towards Maurice Merleau-Pontys view on consciousness of bodily sensations and habit. Richard Shusterman critique towards Merleau-Ponty is found to have no other basis than Shusterman own subjective view on what the task of philosophy is.</p></p>

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Expressen och Aftonbladets löpsedlar förändrats mellan 1994 och 2004 samt de skillnader som finns mellan tidningarna. 168 stycken löpsedlar har studerats under mars och november de båda åren.</p><p>Min främsta utgångspunkt har varit Marina Ghersettis forskning om den alltmer utbredda sensationsjournalistiken som kommit till följd av konkurrensen på mediemarknaden. Alla huvudrubriker på löpsedlarna har i denna studie setts som sensationella.</p><p>Studien visar att år 1994 prioriterade båda tidningarna nyheter om brott, olyckor, ekonomi och politik medan sådana nyheter var ovanliga tio år senare. Nyheter om kända personer har istället blivit många fler år 2004. Expressen har ökat de positiva budskapen på löpen medan dessa har minskat i Aftonbladet. Expressen har fler hotfulla rubriker än konkurrenten år 2004 och har även gjort en stor satsning på personifierade rubriker det senare året.</p><p>På grund av bilagereklamen har utseendet på löpsedlarna förändrats mycket mellan åren 1994 och 2004. Löpsedlarna är marknadsföringsverktyg för kvällstidningarna men är samtidigt journalistiska produkter och kan fällas för alltför vinklade och osanna rubriker av PON, Pressens Opinionsnämnd.</p><p>Utöver den kvantitativa analysen har även en kvalitativ analys gjorts på de dagar då tidningarna har samma nyhet på löpsedeln. År 1994 var det vanligt att en tidning valde att ha en viss nyhet som andranyhet medan den andra valde att lägga nyheten som huvudnyhet. År 2004 har tidningarna nästan uteslutande lagt nyheterna som huvudnyheter. Aftonbladet och Expressen tycks idag göra i stort sett samma bedömning om vad som säljer respektive tidning bäst.</p>