« La grande majorité des accidents demeure liée aux comportements dangereux des usagers de la route ». Cet énoncé, lapidaire, fait aujourd’hui figure d’évidence au sein de la communauté des intervenants en sécurité routière. Il repose pourtant sur des prémisses discutables. Le problème le plus fondamental réside dans le fait que la recherche des dernières décennies s’est presque toute entière vouée à l’analyse des seuls aspects défaillants de la conduite (l’accident, les infractions, les erreurs et les fautes de conduite, les conducteurs à risque ou dysfonctionnels, les attitudes et traits de caractère incitant à la conduite dangereuse, etc.). Ce faisant, on a fini par oublier qu’il nous restait encore beaucoup de choses à apprendre sur le fonctionnement usuel de la conduite automobile. Comment, en effet, peut-on escompter élucider tous les rouages de la dynamique accidentelle sans avoir au préalable cerné, et bien compris, les mécanismes de la conduite « ordinaire » ? Comment peut-on parvenir à approfondir notre compréhension des comportements de conduite si l’on fait totalement abstraction de toutes les activités courantes, « normales », auxquelles se livrent les conducteurs lorsqu’ils sont au volant de leur véhicule ? C’est dans la perspective de mieux comprendre les comportements de conduite, dans leur complexité et dans leur diversité, que la présente thèse a été réalisée. Y a plus spécifiquement été examinée la question des habitudes en raison de leur prédominance dans l’activité de la conduite, mais également en raison de leur résistance, des obstacles bien concrets qu’elles sont susceptibles d’opposer à tous ceux qui tentent de modifier les comportements individuels de conduite. Des entrevues en profondeur, menées auprès de trente conducteurs et conductrices âgé(e)s de 17 à 54 ans, devaient permettre de répondre, entre autres, aux questions suivantes : De quoi sont constituées les différentes habitudes en matière de conduite automobile ? Quelle place occupent-elles dans la conduite des individus ? En quoi constituent-elles un frein au changement, à la modification des pratiques adoptées ? Quelles sont les dimensions qui participent à leur installation ? Les résultats de l’analyse ont permis de jeter les bases d’un modèle des comportements de conduite où les sensations corporelles se voient conférer un rôle des plus centraux, et où l’habitude – bien davantage caractérisée par la notion de confort que par celles d’automatisme ou de répétition – concourt non seulement à la pérennité, mais également à la régulation des conduites adoptées sur la route. / “The vast majority of accidents remain related to the dangerous behaviors of road users”. This straightforward statement is now accepted as a truism by the road safety community, although it is based on questionable premises. The most basic problem is that the research done during last decades was almost completely focused on analyzing solely the failing aspects of driving – accidents, traffic offences, driving errors and mistakes, high-risk and dysfunctional drivers, attitudes and psychological traits that may lead to dangerous driving, etc. In so doing, we came to forget that we still have plenty to learn about the art of ordinary driving. How can we expect to address the entire process of road accidents without first having identified, and clearly understood, the mechanisms of “regular” driving? How can we deepen our understanding of driving behaviors if we are completely ignoring all the usual, “normal” activities people do as they are driving their vehicles? This thesis was realized with the view to better understanding the driving behaviors, taking into account their diversity and richness. The study more specifically looked into the issue of habits, as they are a significant aspect of driving behaviors, but also as they are resilient, in that they pose real barriers to all those who are trying to change individual driving behaviors. In-depth interviews with 30 drivers, male and female, aged between 17 and 54, were meant to answer the following questions, among others: What are the different driving habits made of? To what extent do they direct driving behaviors? How do they hamper the change or modification of adopted practices? What are the factors that lead them to set in? The results of the analysis laid the foundations of a driving behaviors model in which body sensations take a central role, and the habit – which is more related to the idea of comfort than to ideas of automatism or repetition – contributes not only to the sustainability, but also to the regulation of the various behaviors adopted on the roads.

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The purpose of this research project was to develop a reliable and valid scale to assess the perceived message sensation value (PMSV) of print messages. The goal of this project was accomplished by conducting two studies. Study one involved collecting 397 undergraduate students’ responses to one high and one low sensation value anti-smoking message, while for study two, 284 undergraduate students’ responses to one high and one low sensation value anti-crystal meth message were collected. The results of the studies highlighted that the PMSV of a print message can be assessed using three dimensions (emotional arousal, novelty, and dramatic impact) and 12 items. Additionally, the newly developed PMSV scale for print messages remained stable across sensation-seeking levels and two different sets of anti-drug messages. Analysis of the data collected also provided support for the convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of the PMSV scale for print messages. Furthermore, from the data it can be inferred that PMSV is an important element that contributes to perceived message effectiveness and attitude towards the ad. The findings associated with this research project also suggest that both high and low sensation seekers preferred high over low sensation value print messages. Lastly, the implications of the PMSV scale for print messages were addressed.

Augmenting/reducing of the evoked potential has been shown to be related to sensation seeking (SS) and specific clinical disorders. Buchsbaum demonstrated that patients with bipolar affective disorders (BAD) tend to be augmenters, as is the case with sensation seekers, and patients with unipolar affective disorders (UPD) tend to be reducers. In addition, he reported that prophylactic medication reduced the tendency to augment in bipolar patients. However, evidence for these relations is restricted to a few studies. This study explores whether Buchsbaum’s initial findings can be found in a naturalistic clinical setting. Acoustic evoked potentials were recorded for six levels of intensity (59, 71, 79, 88, 92, 96 dB SPL) from 24 healthy adults, 21 unipolar depressed patients, and 21 patients with BAD. Participants also completed personality questionnaires, especially the Sensation Seeking Scales Form V. Results revealed a positive correlation between SS and augmenting/reducing in healthy controls, thereby replicating earlier findings. Bipolar depressed patients showed larger P1/N1 slopes than healthy controls, when medication was statistically controlled. Unipolar depressed patients showed smaller P2 slopes, but only when medication was not controlled. Implications of these results for further research on augmenting/reducing and affective disorders and their relationship to SS are discussed. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

This study explores the effects of surgical reconstruction and nerve repair on sensorimotor function and quality of life (QOL) for patients with base of tongue (BOT) cancer compared to healthy, age-matched adults. Sensations were tested on the anterior two-thirds of the oral tongue for two-point discrimination, light touch, taste, temperature, form and texture on 30 patients with BOT reconstruction with radial forearm free-flap and on 30 controls. Results indicated sensation for the unaffected tongue side and affected side with lingual nerve intact was comparable to controls, with poorer sensory outcomes for nerve repair. However, lingual nerves repaired with reanastomosis provided superior results to cable-grafting and severed nerves. Patients had decreased motor function only when the hypoglossal and lingual nerves were affected. Patients' QOL responses on the UW-QOL and EORTC QLQ-H&N35 revealed involvement of lingual and hypoglossal nerves resulted in poorer QOL outcomes. QOL interviews revealed additional problematic issues in this population not identified by standardized questionnaires. / Speech-Language Pathology

The following work is an attempt to feed a dynamic concept of the body into contemporary morphogenetic design procedures in order to confront critiques that topological design processes produce architectural form that is too abstract. This begins with an understanding of the body schema; the open and continuously variable relationships between the various modes of sensation and perception that can only be described in topological terms. Similar to how active matter is instrumentalized in avant-garde practice and cutting edge research towards self-organization and morphogenesis, an active body schema has the potential to be instrumentalized towards design that aims to exploit the potential performance and openness of the body when confronted with architecture, moving away from mechanistic, representational notions of function. The work follows a procedure wherein conceptual research engages physical phenomena that are abstracted into diagrams then organized into material systems or abstract machines. These machines are intended to be mobilized and consolidated to engage specific issues of program and type and further refined to be deployed upon a specific site. This morphological process of machining architecture aims to move toward a seamless exchange between research and design that effectively instrumentalizes the dynamic body schema into a design process engaging architecture of performance. Perhaps, in terms of the body, morphogenetic design produces architecture that is not abstract enough.

Il est courant de faire remonter l’origine du «problème corps-esprit» à Descartes et à sa distinction radicale des substances pensante et étendue. La question est bien connue : comment l’esprit, n’étant pas corporel, pourrait-il agir sur le corps et le mouvoir, et comment le corps pourrait-il agir en retour sur l’esprit, en causant ses sentiments et ses passions ? Si Descartes ne voyait là aucune difficulté qui aurait mérité d’abandonner la distinction des substances, ou au contraire la thèse d’une interaction causale réelle entre l’esprit et le corps, tel n’aura pas été le cas de ses lecteurs et interprètes. Ces derniers n’ont eu de cesse de faire valoir l’incohérence de son «dualisme interactionniste», souvent invoquée pour rendre compte de l’abandon, à l’âge classique, des relations causales entre l’esprit et le corps, et à l’époque contemporaine, du dualisme des substances au profit d’une ontologie physicaliste. Dans ce travail, nous revenons sur les difficultés engendrées par le cartésianisme concernant les rapports de l’esprit et du corps, en combinant trois perspectives qui associent réceptions classiques et contemporaines : celle des premiers objecteurs de Descartes ; celle de ses successeurs cartésiens, en s’intéressant à leur traitement de la difficulté liée à l’interaction âme-corps ; et celle des philosophes de l’esprit contemporains, dans le cadre de leur réflexion autour du Mind-body problem. Les problèmes philosophiques ainsi mis au jour sont utilisés pour relire les thèses de Descartes et proposer une nouvelle évaluation des doctrines sur la base des phénomènes psychophysiques qu’elles permettent ou non d’expliquer. / It is common to trace back the origin of the “mind-body problem” to Descartes and to his radical distinction between extended and thinking substance. The question is well known: how can the immaterial mind act on the body and move it, and how can the body, in turn, act on the mind by causing its feelings and passions? While Descartes did not regard this as the source of any difficulties that might have necessitated the rejection of the distinction between substances or, inversely, of the theory of real causal interaction between mind and body, his readers and interpreters did. They constantly insisted on the inconsistency of his “interactionist dualism,” which is often invoked as a reason for discarding the theory of causal relation between mind and body in the classical period, and for replacing substance dualism with a physicalist ontology in the contemporary period.In this work, we return to the difficulties generated by Cartesian philosophy about the relationship between mind and body from three interrelated perspectives, which combine classical and contemporary receptions of Descartes: that of the first objectors to Descartes; that of his successors, with special consideration of their treatment of the difficulties involved in explaining mind-body interaction; and that of contemporary philosophers of mind, whose reflections on the mind-body problem are examined. Our approach to the philosophical issues thus brought to light allows us to revisit Descartes’s theses, and to propose a new evaluation of the doctrines on the basis of the psychophysical phenomena that they are capable of accounting for or not.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de produire un inventaire des ressources langagières que des élèves de cours élémentaire mobilisent pour parler des couleurs, des bruits et des odeurs dans un oral qui se rapproche de l’oral conversationnel et dans des situations de type scolaire. Nous retraçons d’abord les débats qui ont eu lieu à propos des sensations entre les universalistes et les tenants d’une prise en compte des situations hétérogènes, ce qui justifie notre choix de ce domaine. Puis nous dégageons les enjeux sociaux de l’opposition entre langue scolaire et français ordinaire, ce qui nous a conduit à construire deux situations d’enquête. Nous avons procédé à 10h d’enregistrements réalisés en triades en présence des référents [échantillons d’odeurs, de couleurs et de bruits]. Le cadre était relativement informel, et les tâches n’impliquaient pas que le langage soit l’objet d’une attention particulière. Nous avons complété le premier corpus en procédant à des exercices de type scolaire en face à face avec l’enquêteur. Dans les deux cas, le protocole de recueil a permis d’aboutir à des séries relativement homogènes permettant des comparaisons entre les performances des élèves. Globalement, nos analyses permettent d’apprécier l’écart entre la petite quantité de mots actualisés dans des structures syntaxiques répétitives et les ressources de la langue « seconde » de l’école ; elles montrent aussi une série de décalages intéressants avec les axes de nominations privilégiés par les adultes. Enfin, nous avons souligné l’intérêt didactique qu’il y aurait à travailler sur la phraséologie comme interface entre langue, discours et culture. / The aim of this thesis is to identify the linguistic strategies used by the primary school pupils to talk about colors, sounds and smells through oral conversations and in “school-situations”. We adopt a context-dependent point of view, capable of handling heterogeneous situations, cultural determination and dynamic discourses. This approach emphasizes the social stakes of the opposition between ordinary French language and “school-language”. Two surveys have been taken and lead on two corpora. The first corpus consists of ten hours recordings of rather informal interactions, which do not posit language as a focus-on subject. Pupils were performing tasks based on samples of colors, smells and sounds. We added this first corpus with scholar exercises face to face the investigator. This second corpus consists of classroom tasks aiming at highlighting the difficulties that pupils may encounter in naming these sensations. We have obtained relatively homogeneous series allowing contrast the discourse performance of pupils. Globally, the study points out a gap between the small number of words used by pupils in repeated syntactic structures and the richness of lexical resources of “school-language”; it also shows a series of differences between the denominative strategies used by children and those preferred by adults. Finally, we stressed the didactic interest to study phraseology as an interface between language, discourse and culture.

Le XVIIIe siècle n’est pas seulement le siècle de la raison, il est aussi celui où le sentiment s’impose dans l’esprit de certains philosophes pour rendre compte de la façon dont certains objets sont connus. Le moi ainsi que les valeurs morales et esthétiques sont, par excellence, des objets qui échappent à une analyse rationnelle ainsi qu’aux perceptions issues des sens externes. Ils se donnent dans cette expérience intérieure qu’est le sentiment. La particularité de celui-ci est que, alors qu’il est une impression d’ordre affectif, constituée de perceptions de plaisir et de douleur, il est amené à représenter autre chose que l’état purement subjectif de l’âme. Tout le problème est de déterminer à quel point le sentiment constitue un mode de connaissance irréductible : est-il un principe de connaissance à part entière, à côté de la sensation et de la réflexion, ou simplement la manière de connaître de celui qui, ayant développé des habitudes de penser et de sentir, a l’impression de juger de façon immédiate ? Reconnu comme fait mais n’ayant pas de fondement clairement assignable, il est sujet aux interprétations les plus contradictoires. Placé au croisement d’un courant métaphysique et d’un courant empiriste radical, il incarne une des notions qui manifestent le plus fortement la diversité des écoles qui perdurent au siècle des Lumières. / The 18th century is not only the age of reason, it is also the time when the sentiment becomes very important in the mind of some philosophers to explain how a certain kind of objects are known. The self as well as the moral and esthetic values are, par excellence, objects that escape both the rational analysis and the perceptions derived from external senses. They are given in an internal experience called sentiment, whom particularity is to represent something different from the pure subjective state of mind, although it is an affective impression, made of perceptions of delight and pain. The problem is to determine in what extent the sentiment represent an irreducible way of knowing: is it a source of knowledge of its own, next to sensation and reflection, or is it just an impression one’s get of judging immediately which occults a succession of unconscious judgments? Acknowledged as a fact, but lacking obvious foundation, it is likely to receive the most contradictory interpretations. At the intersection of a metaphysical current and an empiricist one, it embodies one of the notions that exhibit the diversity of schools which remains in the Enlightenment.

À partir de l'étude d'un corpus de films de fiction sortis en salles entre 1990 et 2012 et dont l'action est située dans les campagnes françaises contemporaines, cette thèse analyse la construction des représentations de la ruralité française sous l'angle des tensions entre permanence et changements.En nous attachant à éclairer la démarche des cinéastes qui ont fait le choix d'ancrer leur récit dans les campagnes, nous questionnons l'influence de ce choix sur les techniques de narration, la mise en scène ou encore la distribution. Vivants portraits, les films sont autant de définitions de campagnes idéelles et sensibles. Que voit-on et qui voit-on dans ces films ? Que font les personnages et que disent-ils ? Comment vivent-ils ? Peut-on parler d'une école ou d'un courant durant cette période charnière ? À la force toujours opératoire d'anciens stéréotypes urbanocentrés répond le désir de certains cinéastes de décentrer les regards, pour explorer une géographie humaine. / This thesis analyzes the construction of French rurality's representations in terms of tensions between permanency and change, on the basis of a corpus of fiction films released between 1990 et 2012, which narration takes place in contemporary French countryside. By actively shedding light on the approach of the filmmakers who decided to root their films in the countryside, we question the way this decision impacts narrative techniques, directing or even casting. Films being living portraits, each one is a definition of the countryside, ideal or sensitive. What, and who do we see in those films? What do the characters do and what do they say? How do they live? Can we talk of a “school” or a “wave” defining this pivotal period? Despite the enduring power of old urban-centric stereotypes, these directors are set on off-centering the points of view to explore a human geography.