This work is a comprehensive study of the Sephardic Romancero and the historical, political and cultural elements that have contributed to the maintenance of the romance tradition in Sephardic life. The investigation begins with an overview of the past studies of the Sephardic Romancero and is followed by a survey of the history of the Sephardic Jews, both in Spain and in the Spanish Diaspora. An historical approach to the literary and linguistic aspects of the Sephardic Romancero follows and this approach is then applied to a musical study. The concluding chapter discusses the uses and functions of the romancero in the Sephardic world, particularly among the Sephardic women and the social processes that have contributed to the maintenance of the romance tradition in Sephardic culture.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal examinar como se dá a recriação ficcional da trajetória sefardita na modernidade, através do âmbito do Mar Mediterrâneo e de Israel, no romance O Sr. Máni, de A. B. Yehoshua. Para tanto, foi dividido em cinco capítulos: I: apresenta alguns dados biográficos de A. B. Yehoshua, examina as relações do romance O Sr. Máni com o restante de sua obra e biografia, analisa suas inovações formais e temáticas, descreve sua fortuna crítica. II: examina os principais elementos da narrativa do romance estudado, subordinados a uma concepção de historiografia crítica, aquela que em grande medida foge da tradição historiográfica da descrição e análise de grandes fatos para centrar a atenção em como os mesmos influem na vida do indivíduo. III e IV: analisam a primeira e a quarta conversas do romance, com algumas referências à terceira, buscando estabelecer qual o papel desempenhado pela ideologia sionista na formação da identidade judaico-israelense; tendo como momentos privilegiados seu declínio e sua origem. Trata da natureza específica da crise identitária sabra e das relações inter-étnicas no seio dessa sociedade, que possivelmente estariam, a par do declínio da ideologia política, na raiz desta mesma crise. V: estuda a segunda conversa do romance, pontuada de referências à quinta, buscando estabelecer qual a visão que se pode extrair do romance sobre as influência do Holocausto e do judaísmo na construção de uma identidade étnica em Israel. Os pressupostos teóricos que dão suporte a esta análise são, basicamente, a visão nazista sobre os judeus e a reação destes a tal visão e as relações entre os judeus e outras etnias no período do Velho Ishuv. CONCLUSÃO: trata alegoricamente os temas do suicídio, da orfandade, da bastardia e outros recorrentes no romance, no sentido de que podem refletir posicionamentos do autor sobre o devenir histórico e a estrutura da atual sociedade israelense e de sua crise de identidade. / This work has the major purpose of investigating how the fictional recriation of the sephardic trajectory in modernity along the region of the Mediterranean Sea and Israel, in the novel Mr Mani, by A. B. Yehoshua, takes place. To do so, it has been divided into five chapters: Chapter I presents some A. B. Yehoshua’s biographic data, examines the relations of the novel Mr. Mani to the author’s previous literary work and his biography, analyzes its formal and thematic innovations, describes its critical reviews. Chapter II examines the structural narrative major components of the romance surveyed, under a critical historiography conception, one which, to a great extent, deviates from the historiographic tradition of describing and analyzing history great moments in order to focus attention on the ways they influence individual’s life. Chapters III and IV analyze the first and the fourth chapters of the novel, together with some references to the third one, attempting to establish the role played by Zionist ideology in creating a Jewish-Israeli identity; with its decline and origin as the most representative moments. It deals with the specific nature of Israeli identitarian crisis and the inter-ethnic relations in the midst of this society, which could possibly be, together with the decline of the political ideology, in the roots of this crisis . Chapter V studies the second chapter of the novel, together with some references to the fifth one, trying to determine which point of view one could possibly infer from the novel about Holocaust and Judaism influences in the creation of an ethnic identity in Israel. The theory that supports these analyses are, basically, the nazi view about Jews and the reactions of the formers to such view and the relations between Jews and other ethnic groups in Old Ishuv period. CONCLUSION treats allegorically some themes, such as suicide, bastardy, orphanhood and others, as they may reflect the author’s stands about the historical trajectory and the social structure of Israeli society and its identity crisis.

abstract: ABSTRACTO La identidad y el pluralismo se debaten cuando hablamos de dos escritoras chicanas. Ellas reclaman una herencia judía e indígena en sus obras literarias: María Speaks: Journeys into the Mysteries of the Mother in My Life (2004) de Sarah Amira de la Garza y The Desert Remembers My Name:On Family and Writing (2007) de Kathleen Alcalá. En sus obras se examina el proceso de la construcción de identidad dentro de la comunidad cripto-judía en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Dicha comunidad ejemplifica y pone en cuestión la construcción de la identidad en el mundo moderno, deconstruyendo la historia tradicional. Se aplican dos conceptos derivados del estructuralismo para analizar el proceso de integrar una identidad más en identidades ya existentes. Bricolaje, concepto teórico de Claude Lévi-Strauss en su obra: El pensamiento salvaje (1962); bricolaje proporciona el modelo a seguir para entender los diferentes patrones culturales que conforman la construcción de una identidad. Jonglerie de Seth Kunin o la manipulación de las identidades, extraído del artículo: “Juggling Identities Among the Crypto-Jews of the American Southwest” (2001). Acudimos al deconstructivismo de Jacques Derrida y al poscolonialismo de Gloria Anzaldúa y Emma Pérez. Este estudio revela que María Speaks deconstruye una educación católica al haber contradicciones eclesiásticas y cotidianas que producen un agudo sufrimiento en el sujeto femenino, ejerciendo como bricoleur, éste acude a la historia chicana de resistencia, a los mitos aztecas y coloniales, y al conocimiento y creencias judías para construir una nueva identidad chicana que incluye la cara sefardita. En The Desert Remembers my Name, el sujeto femenino, partiendo de una conciencia mexicoamericana de los 1950 y los 1960 donde se dan indicios culturales judíos, deconstruye su temprana identidad chicana y, como bricoleur, emprende investigaciones históricas y de familia para recuperar hechos, figuras, prácticas y símbolos para reconstruir una identidad sefardita y opata como parte de una actualizada identidad chicana. El método teórico aplicado, Bricolaje, Jonglerie, deconstructivismo y el poscolonialismo han sido útiles para recuperar la cara sefardita de la identidad chicana heterogénea. Creemos que este estudio representará un punto de partida para futuros estudios de la literatura judea-chicana. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Spanish 2019

This study focuses on understanding the reasons for the consciousness emerged towards Judeo-Spanish starting from the late seventies. This consciousness was followed by the establishment of several institutions, centers and even departments at Universities mainly in Israel, later in Turkey and all over the world aimed at maintenance of Judeo-Spanish by perceiving it as the unique medium of the continuance of the Sepahardic cultural heritage. The mentioned awareness towards Judeo-Spanish has become salient through the rise and the encouragement of the creative writing produced on distinct ethnic communication platforms by several Judeo-Spanish speakers composing of both native speakers and the generation raised by them, the youngest of whom was born around 1945. As a result of the analysis of three ethnic communication platforms which consist of Judeo-Spanish part of Salom newspaper, Salom&rsquo / s entirely Judeo-Spanish supplement El Amaneser, and the on-line correspondence circle Ladinokomunita Yahoo Group, it is concluded that the activity based on recalling of memories regarding the past Sephardic life as a part of the recent creative writing activities in Judeo-Spanish present that the Jewish language is still internalized and represents &lsquo / we&rsquo / in the eyes of the remaining speech community. It can be argued that through the cultivation of Judeo-Spanish on the ethnic communication platforms, Sephardic identities are strengthened and even reconstructed in some cases. It is concluded that the recent creative writing in the Jewish language is crucial both to preserve and archive the Sephardic cultural heritage embedded in the Jewish language for the next generations.

This thesis examines Sephardic melodies that were adopted into the liturgy of the Ashkenazic Jews in London during the early twentieth century. The work begins by presenting a history of Sephardic and Ashkenazic Jews from the time they settled in England to the end of the nineteenth century. Through an analysis of social and religious changes taking place among English Jews of the nineteenth century, this thesis explicates reforms in the synagogue service that led to the inclusion of polyphonic music into the synagogue and eventually, to the incorporation of Sephardic melodies into Ashkenazic synagogue practice. The attempt to canonize the music of Ashkenazic Jews in England was manifested in the widely successful Handbook of Synagogue Music (1889, revised 1899). The second edition is the focus of this thesis. Edited by Francis Lyon Cohen and David M. Davis under the auspices of the United Synagogue and the Chief Rabbi, this volume included Ashkenazic pieces by English as well as non-English Jewish composers. Fifteen melodies of Sephardic origin from the Sephardic compilation The Ancient Melodies, compiled by David de Sola and Emanuel Aguilar in 1857, as well as from The Music Used in the service of the West London Synagogue of British Jews, compiled by Charles Verrinder in 1880 were included in the 1899 edition of the Handbook. This thesis examines the reasons these Sephardic melodies were chosen for inclusion by the editors of the Ashkenazic Handbook during a period of reform.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal examinar como se dá a recriação ficcional da trajetória sefardita na modernidade, através do âmbito do Mar Mediterrâneo e de Israel, no romance O Sr. Máni, de A. B. Yehoshua. Para tanto, foi dividido em cinco capítulos: I: apresenta alguns dados biográficos de A. B. Yehoshua, examina as relações do romance O Sr. Máni com o restante de sua obra e biografia, analisa suas inovações formais e temáticas, descreve sua fortuna crítica. II: examina os principais elementos da narrativa do romance estudado, subordinados a uma concepção de historiografia crítica, aquela que em grande medida foge da tradição historiográfica da descrição e análise de grandes fatos para centrar a atenção em como os mesmos influem na vida do indivíduo. III e IV: analisam a primeira e a quarta conversas do romance, com algumas referências à terceira, buscando estabelecer qual o papel desempenhado pela ideologia sionista na formação da identidade judaico-israelense; tendo como momentos privilegiados seu declínio e sua origem. Trata da natureza específica da crise identitária sabra e das relações inter-étnicas no seio dessa sociedade, que possivelmente estariam, a par do declínio da ideologia política, na raiz desta mesma crise. V: estuda a segunda conversa do romance, pontuada de referências à quinta, buscando estabelecer qual a visão que se pode extrair do romance sobre as influência do Holocausto e do judaísmo na construção de uma identidade étnica em Israel. Os pressupostos teóricos que dão suporte a esta análise são, basicamente, a visão nazista sobre os judeus e a reação destes a tal visão e as relações entre os judeus e outras etnias no período do Velho Ishuv. CONCLUSÃO: trata alegoricamente os temas do suicídio, da orfandade, da bastardia e outros recorrentes no romance, no sentido de que podem refletir posicionamentos do autor sobre o devenir histórico e a estrutura da atual sociedade israelense e de sua crise de identidade. / This work has the major purpose of investigating how the fictional recriation of the sephardic trajectory in modernity along the region of the Mediterranean Sea and Israel, in the novel Mr Mani, by A. B. Yehoshua, takes place. To do so, it has been divided into five chapters: Chapter I presents some A. B. Yehoshua’s biographic data, examines the relations of the novel Mr. Mani to the author’s previous literary work and his biography, analyzes its formal and thematic innovations, describes its critical reviews. Chapter II examines the structural narrative major components of the romance surveyed, under a critical historiography conception, one which, to a great extent, deviates from the historiographic tradition of describing and analyzing history great moments in order to focus attention on the ways they influence individual’s life. Chapters III and IV analyze the first and the fourth chapters of the novel, together with some references to the third one, attempting to establish the role played by Zionist ideology in creating a Jewish-Israeli identity; with its decline and origin as the most representative moments. It deals with the specific nature of Israeli identitarian crisis and the inter-ethnic relations in the midst of this society, which could possibly be, together with the decline of the political ideology, in the roots of this crisis . Chapter V studies the second chapter of the novel, together with some references to the fifth one, trying to determine which point of view one could possibly infer from the novel about Holocaust and Judaism influences in the creation of an ethnic identity in Israel. The theory that supports these analyses are, basically, the nazi view about Jews and the reactions of the formers to such view and the relations between Jews and other ethnic groups in Old Ishuv period. CONCLUSION treats allegorically some themes, such as suicide, bastardy, orphanhood and others, as they may reflect the author’s stands about the historical trajectory and the social structure of Israeli society and its identity crisis.

Literature emerging from borderland, transnational or diaspora contexts doesn’t always fit the mould of the dominant national culture where the author resides. Usually this literature is published in the language of the larger society, but sometimes authors prefer to use the language variety in which they write as one of many tools to resist assimilation and highlight their independent or hybrid identity; such is the case with Matilda Koén-Sarano's Judeo-Spanish folktales and Susana Chávez-Silverman’s Spanglish crónicas. When this is the case, translation from these varieties must be done in a way that preserves the resistance to assimilation in a different linguistic context. In this thesis I begin by defining Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish as language varieties, consider who uses them, who writes in them, and the political or personal motivations of the authors. I then problematize the broad issue of translating texts written in nonstandard language varieties. I consider power in translation generally and into English more specifically. I nuance the binary between rejecting translation completely, and embracing it wholeheartedly as essential. In the final two chapters I turn my attention to specific challenges that presented themselves in translations from Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish and explain how these challenges informed my approaches and strategies. No single translation approach or strategy emerges as a monolithic solution to all problems. Nevertheless, my original contribution to knowledge lies in the nuanced discussion and creative application of varying degrees of ethnolects (or literary dialects), writing based in phonetics, and intralinguistic translation that are explained and that are evidenced in the original translations found in the appendices.

No description available.

O presente estudo descreve o relato de mulheres da comunidade sefaradita de São Paulo a respeito de sua trajetória familiar, memória e prática do idioma judeu-espanhol e da cultura em seu entorno. Herança de uma tradição milenar cujas origens remontam à presença judaica na Península Ibérica sob o Império Islâmico, foi um dos poucos elementos carregados na bagagem após a expulsão dos judeus sefaraditas pelos Reis Católicos em 1492. Esta cultura se solidificou na nova pátria sob o Império Otomano na região dos Bálcãs e Turquia e foi transmitida através das gerações predominantemente no ambiente doméstico, guardando forte relação com o universo feminino, que distante da prática religiosa formal em hebraico criou seu próprio sistema de ritos na língua vernácula judaica. Enfrentando uma segunda diáspora após a derrocada do Império e principalmente após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, uma parte desta população estabeleceu-se na cidade de São Paulo, constituindo uma minoria dentre a comunidade judaica local. A fim de praticar o idioma e os costumes de seus antecessores, um grupo de mulheres se reuniu mensalmente entre os anos de 1992 e 2013, mantendo viva esta memória e preservando seu legado para as novas gerações / The present study describes the narrative of women from the Sephardic community of Sao Paulo about their family history, memory and practice of the Judeo-Spanish language and the culture around it. As the heritage of an ancient tradition whose origins date back to the Jewish presence in the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic Empire, it was one of the few elements loaded in the baggage after the expulsion of the Sephardic Jews by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492. This culture was solidified in their new homeland under the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans and Turkey, and was transmitted through generations predominantly in the household, keeping a strong relationship with the feminine universe, which being away from the formal religious practice in Hebrew, created its own system of rites in the Jewish vernacular. Facing a second diaspora after the collapse of the Empire and especially after World War II, part of the population settled in the city of São Paulo, constituting a minority of the local Jewish community. In order to practice the language and customs of their predecessors, a group of women met monthly between the years 1992 and 2013, keeping this memory alive and preserving its legacy for future generations

Le décret royal du 1924 est souvent considéré le point culminant de la campagne séfardiste du sénateur espagnol Ángel Pulido. Il s'agit d'une initiative qui reflète l’ambiguë de toutes les dynamiques espagnoles envers les Séfarades. La loi de 2015, relative à l’octroi de la nationalité aux descendants des juifs expulsés au XV siècle, et le décret royal de 1924 ont été choisis respectivement comme le point d'arrivée et le point de départ de ce travail. Durant cette période, a eu lieu une série d'événements qui ont constitué l'épine dorsale de cette communauté imaginée appelée Sefarad. Sefarad correspond à un espace indéfini résultant d'une erreur d'interprétation biblique. Cependant, pendant des siècles l'idée de Sefarad a continué à être associée à l'espace géographique connu comme l'Espagne et, à partir de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, le gouvernement espagnol s'est de plus en plus identifié à cet espace idéal. Ce processus de superposition vise à soutenir les intérêts nationaux. La loi de 2015, ainsi que le décret royal de 1924, sont deux initiatives qui s’adressent à l'opinion publique internationale plutôt qu’aux Séfarades. Ces deux lois sont révélatrices d'une tendance politique espagnole basée sur des argumentations séfardistes. L'objectif de ce travail est donc de montrer comment le gouvernement espagnol, à travers la reproduction de cette rhétorique séfardiste, a réussi à reconstruire une communauté imaginée connu comme Sefarad. / The Royal Decree of 1924 is often considered the culminating point of the campaign of Spanish senator Ángel Pulido. It’s an initiative that reflects the Spanish ambiguity towards Sephardim. The law of 2015 concerning the granting of nationality to descendants of Jews expelled in the XV century and the Royal Decree of 1924 were respectively chosen as the starting point and the end point of the present work. During this period, there was a series of events that have been the backbone of this imagined community called Sepharad. Sepharad corresponds to an undefined space resulting from a biblical misinterpretation. However, for centuries the idea of Sepharad continued to be associated with the geographical area known as Spain. From the second half of the twentieth century, the Spanish government has increasingly identified himself with this ideal space. This superposition process aims to support the national interests. The law of 2015 and the Royal Decree of 1924, are two initiatives addressed to the international public opinion rather than Sephardim. These two laws are indicative of a Spanish political tendency based on sephardist argumentations. The purpose of this work is to show how the Spanish Government, through the reproduction of this sephardist rhetoric, managed to rebuild an imagined community known as Sepharad.