Le complexe muscle-tendon est constitué d’une composante élastique série fondamentale à son fonctionnement. Cette composante élastique série est composée d’une fraction active située au sein du sarcomère et d’une fraction passive formée par les tissus tendineux (tendon et aponévrose). Elle a un rôle majeur pour optimiser le mouvement en améliorant le rendement énergétique du muscle et le travail produit.La mise au point d’une nouvelle méthode couplant une technique de détente rapide (Quick release) et un échographe haute fréquence a permis de quantifier les contributions de compliance des structures élastiques séries (tendon, aponévrose et fascicules musculaires) à la compliance globale du complexe muscle-tendon en condition active lors d’un test de détente rapide. Les résultats de la première étude montrent que le tendon a une contribution de compliance majoritaire (environ 72 %) tandis que les fascicules musculaires et l’aponévrose contribuent respectivement à 18 % et 10 %. Le tendon confirme donc son rôle capital dans la compliance de la composante élastique série en condition active. De plus, les contributions constantes du tendon, des fascicules musculaires et de l’aponévrose observées aux différents niveaux de couple pourraient aider à simplifier le mécanisme de régulation de la compliance et à maintenir le rôle majeur du tendon dans l’efficience du mouvement.Cette nouvelle méthode a permis d’étudier les adaptations mécaniques de la composante élastique série à la variation de la demande fonctionnelle, notamment en quantifiant les modifications des contributions relatives de compliance des structures élastiques séries chez des escrimeurs élites dans la deuxième étude puis chez des sujets spastiques dans la troisième étude. Concernant les escrimeurs élite, les résultats montrent que les contributions de compliance des structures élastiques de la jambe dominante du groupe d’escrimeurs sont significativement différentes à celles correspondant à la jambe du groupe contrôle, avec notamment une part plus importante de contribution pour l’aponévrose (21,1 vs 15,9 %) et une part minorée pour les fascicules (9,5 vs 13,8 %) concernant la jambe dominante des escrimeurs. En revanche, la contribution du tendon (environ 70 %) est identique pour les deux jambes. Ces modifications tendent à majorer le rôle des tissus tendineux (tendon et aponévrose) et à minorer le rôle des fascicules musculaires ce qui permettrait une utilisation supérieure des structures élastiques tendineuses pour un meilleur rendement énergétique et une performance accrue. Il est possible que l'aponévrose soit un système complémentaire à l’adaptation du complexe muscle-tendon en cas d'hyperactivité.La troisième étude est devenue une étude de cas en raison de la difficulté à tester les patients spastiques sur le Quick release. Elle s’est portée sur un patient spastique dont l’atteinte motrice était plus faible que les autres et a montré des contributions relatives de compliance du tendon (75,3 %) et de l’aponévrose (15,2 %) supérieures à celle des fascicules (9,5 %) Ce résultat s’expliquerait par une augmentation de la raideur du muscle et une diminution de la raideur des tissus tendineux observées classiquement dans les études menées sur des sujets spastiques. / The muscle-tendon complex contains a serie elastic component which is fundamental to its functioning. This serie elastic component is composed of an active part located within the sarcomere and a passive part located in the tendon and aponeurosis. It has a major role to optimize the movement by improving the muscle energetic efficiency and the produced work.A new method coupling a quick release ergometer and a high frequency ultrasound device was used to quantify the compliance contributions of the series elastic structures (tendon, aponeurosis and muscle fascicles) to the global compliance of the muscle-tendon complex in active conditions. The results of the first study showed that the tendon has a major compliance contribution (about 72%) while the muscle fascicles and aponeurosis contributions are 18% and 10%, respectively. The tendon confirms its key role in the compliance of the serie elastic component in active condition. In addition, the constant contributions of tendon, muscle fascicles and aponeurosis observed at various levels of torque may help simplify the regulation mechanism of compliance and maintain the major role of the tendon in the efficiency of the movement.This new method was also used to study the mechanical adaptations of the serie elastic component to variation of the functional demand. The changes in the relative compliance contributions of series elastic structures were quantified in elite fencers in the second study and in spastic subjects in the third study. Regarding the elite fencers, the results showed that the compliance contributions of the elastic structures in the dominant leg of fencers group were significantly different to those corresponding to the leg of the control group. The aponeurosis compliance contribution was higher for the dominant leg of the fencers groupe (21.1 vs 15.9%) while the muscle fascicles contribution was lower for the fencers group (9.5 vs 13.8%). The tendon contribution (about 70%) was the same for both legs. These changes tend to increase the role of tendon tissue (tendon and aponeurosis) and decrease the role of muscle fascicles which would allow greater use of tendon elastic structures for better energetic efficiency and improved performance. It is possible that aponeurosis is a complementary system to the adaptation of the muscle-tendon complex in the case of hyperactivity.The third study has become a case study because of the difficulty in testing the spastic patients on Quick release. Finally, the study has been done on a spastic patient with minor motor impairment compared to the others patients. The results showed a tendon and aponeurosis compliance contributions (75.3% and 15.2% respectively) higher than the muscle fascicles compliance contribution (9.5%). This result may be explained by an increase in muscle stiffness and a decrease in tendon stiffness, which is classically observed in studies with spastic subjects.

The thesis studies Czech dubbing of Misfits and Futurama TV series with special attention to the method of translation of regional varieties of English. The first part summarizes the latest theoretical approach to translation of marginal varieties in dubbing and literature. This overview is followed by an analysis of language varieties used in the original series and their dubbed versions in order to define their role and function. The second part of the thesis examines decision-making processes employed in the process of translation of the regional varieties and presents the results of a survey of spectators' opinion on the translation method employed. Based on the survey results we compared spectators' evaluation of the original series with their evaluation of the dubbed versions, as well as markings of characters using regional varieties with markings of those using standard language. Last but not least, markings of the dubbed versions in the regions where the variety in question is spoken were compared with markings of these versions in the rest of the Czech Republic. The aim of the comparisons was to get an overview of recipients' opinions on the method of translation applied.

The project “Six weeks in Belgrade” is a comic book and an exhibition of our research on citizen participation in the planning process in Belgrade, Serbia.   The project discusses how participation can be used to improve the way we plan and build our cities: If, and how, participation can result in a more democratic planning, aiming at a more long-term sustainable and less market-driven urban development. It presents current planning conditions in Belgrade, and current actors and projects in Belgrade. It also introduces a speculative method for a participatory practice through fiction and the visual language of comics. The project maps both formal and informal initiatives in the field of urban planning.The research was done on the basis of interviews, books and articles. By mapping these initiatives we wanted to show their importance, hoping that people will get inspired and involved in the planning and making of the city, and also to strengthen already existing initiatives. The research is presented in the form of a comic narrative, presenting an alternative mode of communicating ideas in architecture and planning. Something which is of specific importance for the development of a participatory practice. / Projektet “Sex veckor i Belgrad” är en seriebok och en utställning baserad på vår undersökning av medborgardeltagande i stadsplaneringen i Belgrad, Serbien. Utställningen var på KTH, Arkitekturskolan 2-5 juni 2014. “Sex veckor i Belgrad” diskuterar hur deltagande i stadsplanering kan användas för att förbättra hur vi planerar våra städer: Om och hur deltagande kan leda till en mer demokratisk stadsplanering i en strävan mot en mer långsiktigt hållbar och mindre marknadsstyrd stadsutveckling. Det diskuterar dagens förutsättningar för stadsplanering i Belgrad genom att titta på stadsplaneringshistorien där. Och genom intervjuer med planerare, politiker, akademiker och framförallt aktivister kartläggs både formella och informella initiativ inom stadsbyggandet i Belgrad. Genom att kartlägga dessa initiativ vill vi stärka dem och visa på deras betydelse, och hoppas att fler blir inspirerade och involverade i planeringen och skapandet av staden.     Projektet föreslår ett nytt sätt att jobba på, med deltagande i praktiken och en spekulativ metod som tar avstamp i fiktion och serieteckningens visuella språk. Resultaten av undersökningen är presenterad i form av en narrativ seriebok, och visar en alternativ metod att kommunicera idéer inom arkitektur och stadsplanering. Något som är angeläget vid en utveckling av en deltagande praktik.

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[pt] Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa um problema de programação de máquinas em série com datas de entrega e ganhos cumulativos sob incerteza. Em particular, este trabalho considera situações reais na quais os tempos de processamento e datas de liberação são estocásticos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é a resolução deste problema de programação de máquinas em série em um ambiente estocástico buscando analisar a relação entre diferentes niveis de incerteza e o benefício esperado. Visando atingir este objetivo, primeiramente uma heurística é proposta utilizando-se da técnica de biased-randomization para a versão determinística do problema. Então, esta heurística é extendida para uma metaheurística a partir do encapsulamento dentro da estrutura de um variable neighborhood descend. Finalmente, a metaheurística é extendida para uma simheurística a partir da incorporação da simulação de Monte Carlo. De acordo com os experimentos computacionais, o nível de incerteza tem um impacto direto nas soluções geradas pela simheurística. Além disso, análise de risco foram desenvolvidas utilizando as conhecidas métricas de risco: value at risk e conditional value at risk. / [en] This master s thesis analyzes the Permutation Flow-shop Scheduling Problem with Delivery Dates and Cumulative Payoffs under uncertainty conditions. In particular, the work considers the realistic situation in which processing times and release dates are stochastics. The main goal is to solve this Permutation Flow-shop problem in the stochastic environment and analyze the relationship between different levels of uncertainty and the expected payoff. In order to achieve this goal, first a biased-randomized heuristic is proposed for the deterministic version of the problem. Then, this heuristic is extended into a metaheuristic by encapsulating it into a variable neighborhood descent framework. Finally, the metaheuristic is extended into a simheuristic by incorporating Monte Carlo simulation. According to the computational experiments, the level of uncertainty has a direct impact on the solutions provided by the simheuristic. Moreover, a risk analysis is performed using two well-known metrics: the value at risk and the conditional value at risk.

[pt] Esta dissertação irá discutir a série de televisão A Grande Família, exibida na TV Globo em dois períodos distintos, 1972-1975 e 2001-2014. O objetivo é avaliar como se relacionam os elementos cômicos e melodramáticos na série e o quanto estes são afetados pela ideologia individualista e pelo sentido atribuído à maternidade na sociedade ocidental moderna e contemporânea. Para esse fim, vou examinar a personagem Nenê, que representa na série a mítica mãe de uma grande família, sempre agindo para o bem comum em detrimento de seus desejos individuais. No percurso de análise foram separados seis roteiros, um do primeiro período e cinco do segundo período da série, que permitem um aprofundamento da questão enunciada. / [en] This dissertation will discuss the television series A Grande Família, broadcasted by TV Globo during two distinct timepoints, 1972-1975 and 2001-2014. The objective is to evaluate the comical and melodramatic elements of this series, how they are impacted by individualist ideology and by the meaning attributed to the notion of motherhood in a modern and contemporary Western society. For this purpose, I will examine a character called Nenê, who represents the mythical protective mother of a big family, always prioritizing the greater good over her personal desires. Throughout this analysis, six scripts were assessed, one of the first period and the other five of the second period of this series, allowing for an in-depth analysis of the main question of this dissertation.

Entertainment media, specifically television, plays a big part in the construction of ideas and thoughts within a society. Television is a form of popular culture which can be used as a source of entertainment but can also promote certain ideologies and values to its audience. Sex Education is a Netflix series released in 2019 with a primary focus on knowledge around sexuality. This study aims to investigate how the Netflix-show Sex Education constructs knowledge around sexuality and how it conveys values and ideologies through this construction of knowledge. The study is different from other studies about the show as it focuses explicitly on the knowledge and conversations around sexuality, not how the knowledge is constructed in sex scenes or through other relations and characterizations in the show. The study specifically interests itself with the conversational and articulated elements of sex education. It is important to study how Sex Education portrays knowledge about sexuality as it reflects values and ideologies within a western society, and can be helpful in exploring the discourse around sex education that prevails within this type of society. This construction will have an effect on the audience which consumes it and will showcase the boundaries which sex education presents and articulates itself within. The discourse within the show sets the grounds for how the topic of sex education is spoken about within their given culture. The study uses a poststructuralist discourse analysis to approach the research and finds similar elements within twelve selected scenes from the show to explore how knowledge about sexuality is constructed in the material. Important factors of the analysis are power, ideology, status and values. These are explored in connection to characters' subject positions and the context in which the factors exist: a fictional exaggerated version of western society. The study finds that the selected scenes create a power struggle between a hegemonic, traditional and progressive discourse around sex education. The suggested discourse in their fictional world is the progressive discourse which includes a positive attitude towards diversity and social aspects of sex education. It also highlights a difference in characters' attitudes depending on their subject positions.

Denna uppsats utforskar förhållandet mellan filmtekniska aspekter av klipptempo och en mors ilska i avsnitt 6 Fishes av TV-serien The Bear. Genom en kvalitativ analys, med en kvantitativ tabell som bas, granskas avsnittet med hjälp av semiotisk teori om symboler och genusteori om mom rage för att upptäcka kopplingar mellan timern som symbol och mammans ilska. Resultaten visar på en medveten användning av tempo och timer för att gestalta mammans stress och ilska. Användningen av tempo och timer i köksscenerna i The Bear bidrar till att skapa en känsla av intensitet och stress som speglar mammans upplevelse av händelserna.  Detta dokument inkluderar även en designdokumentation vid namn Stranger Things - en titelsekvens som var en del av examensarbetet för Visuell kommunikation. Projektet är en animation på hur en titelsekvens till TV-serien Stranger Things hade kunnat se ut. Designdokumentationen börjar från sida 31. / This paper explores the relationship between filmic aspects of editing pace and a mother's anger in Episode 6, Fishes, of the TV series The Bear. Through a qualitative analysis, supported by a quantitative table, the episode is examined using semiotic theory of symbols and gender theory of mom rage to uncover connections between the timer as a symbol and the mother's anger. The findings demonstrate a deliberate use of tempo and timer to portray the mother's stress and anger. The utilization of tempo and timer in the kitchen scenes of The Bear contributes to creating a sense of intensity and stress that mirrors the mother's experience of the events.

Alstom wanted to investigate the possibility of adapting its light emitting diode (LED) technology for shunting signals in train traffic. The LED technology uses 50V, but Alstom wants to adapt it for 12V. The LED technology is energy efficient but needs to be adapted for existing signal interlocking by drawing a higher current. This meant that the possibility of reactive power compensation was investigated to obtain lower thermal dissipation in dwarf signal. The essay presents a couple of possible solutions. One of the solutions is to raise the voltage by using a booster converter to use the existing 50V LED unit. Capacitors were reviewed to be used in reactive power compensation to increase current supply. One of the solutions then became a capacitor bank. Simulations indicated that a booster converter and a capacitor bank can be used to adapt the circuit. However, some modifications must be made. / Alstom ville undersöka möjligheten att anpassa sin lysdiodsteknik för dvärgsignaler i tågtrafiken. Lysdiodstekniken använder 50V men Alstom vill anpassa den för 12V. Lysdiodtekniken är strömsnål och behöver anpassas för befintliga signalställverk genom att dra en högre ström. Detta innebar att möjligheten för reaktiv kompensering undersöktes för att få en låg värmeutvecklingen i dvärgsignalen. I uppsatsen presenteras ett par möjliga lösningar. En av lösningarna för spänningen är en step-up omvandlare för att nyttja 50Vs enheten. Det gjordes också en genomgång av kondensatorer för att nyttjas i reaktivkompensering för att öka strömförbrukningen. En av lösningarna blev då ett kondensatorbatteri. Det kunde konstateras med matematisk simulering att step-up omvandlare och ett kondensatorbatteri kan användas för att anpassa kretsen dock måste vissa modifieringar utföras.

Uppsatsen undersöker feministisk argumentation i två artiklar publicerade av Expressen. Syftet har varit att ta reda på hur diskussionen om ett slags normerande feministisk kvinnlighet tar form. Analysen är uppdelad i två delar: i den första används Lloyd Bitzers teori om den retoriska situationen samt en pragmadialektisk teori och metod. Den information som utvinns i analysens första del kontextualiseras sedan med hjälp av olika genusvetenskapliga ingångar.  I den första delen skisseras argumentationens utgångspunkter och sedan dess argumentationsstruktur. I analysens andra del knyts den ena artikelförfattarens argumentation till en radikalfeministisk tradition, och den andra till en mer postmodern feministisk hållning. Argumentationsstrukturen var till stor nytta för att identifiera hur den första artikelförfattaren räknar upp flera egenskaper som ett kvinnligt subjekt inte kan inneha om hon ska erhålla rätten att kalla sig för feminist. Uppsatsen diskuterar sedan feministers möjligheter att skava, göra fel, och på så sätt tänja gränserna för vad som anses vara respektabelt. Också möjligheter för en bredare feminism som kan inkludera fler och en eventuell dekonstruktion av begreppet feminism är ämnen som uppsatsen argumenterar för. Slutligen resoneras kring de faktorer som samverkar för att skapa normer som både inkluderar och exkluderar kvinnliga subjekt.