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Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is a serious violation of the Human Rights with global and local implications. The multidimensionality of CSEC requires us to understand its historical elements, legal definitions, and psychosocial characteristics. International agencies, states, and national agencies (statutory and voluntary sectors) have agreed on an agenda of responses including research on CSEC, partnership and collaboration, legal changes and adjustment, promoting criminal prosecution, social policies and interventions for children and young people that have been made subject to CSEC. These interventions are diverse in their approaches, purposes, types of services, models, and critical points. In accordance with international agreements, the Chilean State recognised CSEC as a social problem and developed social policies, legal changes and intervention programmes across the country. In this context, practitioners have built a 'know-how' of social intervention in CSEC based on technical guidelines (social policy on CSEC), institutional directions and pragmatic decisions from fieldwork reflexivity. However, there is no clear evidence about the rationale, models, practices, strategies and critical points in the interventions and weakness in the monitoring and evaluations. Applied Discourse Analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between different levels of social intervention on CSEC: policy, intervention models and practices. The research purpose was to describe, understand, and analyse the programmes of social intervention in CSEC, the social intervention models, and the interdisciplinary practices in Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, implemented in the decade of 2004-2014 in Chile. Government and alternative documents were analysed (13 each), discussion groups with interdisciplinary professional teams in CSEC (3), and a focus group (1) composed of policymakers, academics, researchers, police and judicial representatives was undertaken. These materials were data-managed and analysed using the software dedoose. All University of Edinburgh Research Ethics procedures were followed. The findings indicate that Government documents highlight two discursive styles: Mandatory and Pragmatic, regarding the intervention and the approaches used. These discourses (1) defined the interventions as a part of a system or building a network of services, (2) established a condition of the intervention that recognised children as a subject of law or recognised the specialised character of the intervention, and (3) based interventions on guidelines and ethical principles or challenges, and evidence-based approaches. Alternative documents developed a discursive style of Monitoring and Evaluation that emphasised (1) the complexity of CSEC and the need to develop responses, (2) then recognised challenges such a making visible CSEC and problems with the interventions; and finally (3) recommended the basis for the intervention. Mixed Stakeholders group (1) emphasised CSEC characteristics, and the institutional responses (2) specified the structure of the intervention, and (3) identified tensions and challenges in the adjustments of social policies and intervention practices, methodological needs, and the judicial system rationale and practices. These findings are significant because they help us to understand the processes involved in building appropriate and situated responses for children and young people that have been made subject to CSE on a local, regional and global level.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:04:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea freitas.pdf: 1204179 bytes, checksum: 42330981ff251c4bf97e2a1f7d24fb19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / O presente trabalho procurou abordar o fenômeno da Exploração Sexual feminina na sociedade de consumo, fundamentando-se na sociologia das relações de gênero, ao tomar como estudo as situações de exploração sexual feminina e de prostituição que acontecem na fronteira Brasil/Venezuela, no período compreendido entre a última década (anos dois mil), aos dias atuais. O percurso teórico conceitual adotado considera essa temática um assunto relevante para o campo de estudos sociológicos e da dinâmica estrutura social. Ademais, utilizamos as reflexões teóricas da sociedade de consumo de Jean Baudrillard para identificar e distinguir antigas e novas formas de organização da oferta dos serviços sexuais na atualidade, acompanhadas de dimensões simbólicas que mercantilizam o sexo e o corpo feminino no mercado sexual. Uma visita rápida sobre o processo de colonização e de escravidão no Brasil permitiu conhecer um pouco da condição feminina na constituição do pensamento social do nosso país, que se manifesta nas relações sociais de gênero, ao apontar singularidades e convenções mais amplas sobre os estudos da exploração sexual feminina. Assim, a reflexão sobre o patriarcado, a violência, a pornografia e as relações de poder possibilitaram melhor compreender a redefinição dos espaços públicos e privados, rumo à elaboração de políticas públicas para as mulheres na direção de torná-las efetivamente sujeitos de direitos. Também se constatou aspectos e elementos particulares no processo de organização social e espacial da fronteira, ao identificar sujeitos empíricos entre paisagens e passagens que se (re)configuram nos discursos e repertórios vivenciados no fenômeno da exploração sexual feminina. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas, distribuídas em três grupos focais: a comunidade em geral, os prestadores de serviços voltados à problemática estudada, as das mulheres prostitutas e de duas adolescentes em situação de exploração sexual. No discorrer dessas observações e análises viu-se que os sujeitos empíricos, em especial as mulheres envolvidas na prostituição, trilham um difícil caminho em busca de melhores condições de vida e de uma vida mais feliz.

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is the sexual exploitation of minors for commercial profit. The intersection between sex trafficking victimization and substance use has not yet been explored in clinical research and is not reflected in current clinical treatment of survivors when they exit their exploitation. The research question explored in this study focused on the substance use treatment considerations and challenges clinical social workers face when treating survivors of CSEC living in Massachusetts. Subquestions included understanding how cumulative trauma from CSEC impacts substance use treatment and how the coercive use of substances aimed at maintaining victim submission impacts substance use treatment. Contemporary trauma theory was the theoretical basis that informed this action research study. The sample included 5 clinical social work practitioners who had experience working with victims and survivors of CSEC. Data collected through a focus group was coded, compared, and analyzed for major and emergent themes using the constant comparison method. The key findings of the study include the lack of training and experience specific to the population, the impact of trauma, the effect of CSEC on substance use treatment, and the need for specialized treatment services. The findings of the study may create positive social change by increasing knowledge of the dynamics of substance use treatment with CSEC survivors, informing best practices for social worker professionals working with this population, and advising the development of trauma-informed substance use treatment for CSEC survivors.

There are different reasons why women enter the sex industry; many of them were sexually abused as children and have been psychologically deceived, which is indicative of their vulnerable state and complex needs. Today, many studies show that the amount of women involved in sex work continues to rise. As a result more strip clubs have surfaced in the United States, and more and more females continue to obtain employment from these adult establishments. The purpose of this study is to get more information about the recovery process for women who have exited the sex industry. The methods used for this study were qualitative in-depth interviews with ex sex workers. Six participants were recruited through a snowball method, and after interviews were recorded, they were transcribed and analyzed using Grounded Theory Approach. The findings indicated that sexual abuse, and drug and alcohol abuse had been experienced at very high rates by women in the sex industry. The findings also revealed that the participants in study displayed a great amount of resiliency, as five out of six participants had obtained higher education degrees at the bachelor’s and master’s level after exiting the sex industry. In addition, the study found that there was a serious lack of social services being offered to this population of women, which if offered services, women transitioning out of the sex industry could have benefited from mental health services, housing, and career planning. In the area of policy recommendations, social work school students and faculty are encouraged to advocate for classes on sexuality to prepare students to deal effectively with sexual abuse and sex workers, considering we are in a time where more women earn a living by working in the sex industry. It is also recommended that social workers develop ways to reach out to this disenfranchised population.

Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is a significant issue that affects children, families, and communities throughout the United States. Due to the illegal nature of the problem, it is difficult for law enforcement to identify victims of DMST and when they are identified it is challenging to provide them with services. Because law enforcement often encounter DMST victims through first response calls or within juvenile hall, it is important to understand the collaboration efforts between social workers and law enforcement in order to provide effective services for this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the perceptions of law enforcement officers regarding the involvement of social workers in DMST cases. This study used a qualitative design by collecting data through face-to-face interviews with 10 law enforcement officers from Los Angeles County and San Bernardino County. This design allowed participants the opportunity to provide a more in-depth explanation regarding the involvement of social workers in DMST cases. The study found that there is a need for social workers to collaborate with law enforcement agencies to provide and advocate for services for victims of DMST. The study also indicated the need for transitional housing or other placement options for youth because the current alternative is incarceration.

This pilot study used photovoice methodology to explore the current health needs of youth who were trafficked for sex and are now living in an alternative family care setting. The goals of this study were to add to the current literature regarding the health needs of victims of domestic minor sex trafficking and to add a qualitative aspect to the evaluation of the Citrus Helping Adolescents Negatively Impacted by Commercial Exploitation (CHANCE) program. Disposable cameras were distributed to a group of adolescent girls enrolled in the program who were then tasked with taking pictures of things that made them feel safe and healthy and things that made them feel unsafe and unhealthy. Five youth then participated in a focus group to discuss these photographs. Qualitative analysis of the focus group transcript revealed that youth were able to identify several emotional health coping mechanisms and that participants craved stability in their relationships with others. Youth felt that the police made them feel unsafe and they also struggled with learning how to drive. This pilot study revealed a need for emotional support systems for youth who are trafficked for sex. The study also emphasized that fact that many youth who are trafficked for sex are still dealing with everyday teenage issues, including learning to drive and navigating social media websites

Due to the popularization of Internet technologies in the last two decades, public attention has been directed to issues surrounding online sexual exploitation of minors in Canadian Newspapers. Specifically, newspaper articles have assisted in shaping public perceptions of the nature and scope of Internet child luring. A mixed quantitative/qualitative content analysis methodology is applied to the study’s four Canadian-based newspapers to examine how Internet child luring is constructed between the 1st of January, 2002 and December 31st, 2010. The study highlights the possible influences Canadian print media might have on the perceptions of parents and legal guardians regarding crime prevention and the dangers associated with Internet use by minors. Canadian print media has been instrumental in constructing the perception of Internet technology and its use by minors as harmful, intrusive, and unavoidable while designating parents and legal guardians as primary watchdogs of their children’s online behaviours. / UOIT

Denna studie är en kartläggning av prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål i Värmland. Den gjordes på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Värmland. Syftet med kartläggningen var att få en uppfattning om förekomsten av prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål i Värmland, att undersöka om och hur myndigheter, frivilligorganisationer och näringsidkare arbetar mot prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål samt att se vilka resurser som finns tillgängliga för detta arbete. För att undersöka detta gjorde vi inledningsvis en förstudie i form av en observationsstudie på Internet för att få en uppfattning om det överhuvudtaget förekom försäljning av sexuella tjänster i Värmland. Denna följdes sedan upp av en enkätundersökning som skickades till myndigheter, frivilligorganisationer, bostadsbolag samt privata näringsidkare. När resultatet sammanställdes kunde vi konstatera att det förekommer både prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål i Värmland och att både män, kvinnor, unga och barn kan vara utsatta för den sexuella exploateringen. Vad gäller det arbete som bedrivs mot denna exploatering kunde vi konstatera att den sker endast i begränsad utsträckning och att samverkan mellan berörda verksamheter är bristfällig. I kartläggningen kunde vi även se att kunskapen hos de yrkesverksamma inom de berörda verksamheterna är begränsad samt att myndigheterna saknar resurser för arbetet mot prostitution och människohandel för sexuella ändamål. / This study is a survey of prostitution and trafficking for sexual purposes in Värmland. This was done as an assignment from the County Authorities of Värmland. The purpose of this survey was to get a comprehension of the presence of prostitution and trafficking for sexual purposes in Värmland, to examine if and how the authorities, the voluntary organizations and associations working against prostitution and people trade as well as seeing which resources are available for this work. To examine this we did initially do a preparatory study in form of an observation study through the Internet to get an idea if overall it exists. This was then followed up with an official survey that was sent to the authorities, the voluntary organizations, the housing authority as well as private sectors. When the result was compiled we were able to state that both prostitution and trafficking for sexual purposes does exist in Värmland and that both men, women, adolescents and children can be exposed to sexual exploitation. In consideration of the work that is being done against this exploitation we were able to state that it happens only in moderate scale and that the cooperation between the involved parties is lacking. In the survey we were also able to see the knowledge of the different working officials within the involved authorities is limited, as well as the authorities are lacking the resources for the work against prostitution and trafficking for sexual purposes.

The trade in human beings, or Trafficking in Persons (TiP) is global and affecting every country. In the last years, increasing attention has been paid to TiP for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This led to a growing need to tackle this phenomenon. Only recently, the relationship between TiP and armed conflict has been acknowledged but remains under-studied. Cameron and Newman (2008) have outlined a framework in which structural factors linked to proximate factors could have explanatory value on the relationship between armed conflict and TiP. This thesis analyzes two cases of armed conflict, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sierra Leone, attempting to explain the increase in TiP of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation by applying this theoretical framework. In this qualitative research a comparative method is used in applying the framework to two case studies, aiming to identify the explanatory value of Cameron and Newman’s (2008) framework. It is found that the general explanatory value of the framework is high and the proximate factors can be classified as: a fully explanatory proximate factor, case dependent proximate factors, and conflict-phase proximate factors. In addition, this thesis is identifying some elements that could influence TiP of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation during conflict and post-conflict that could be of added value to this framework, namely: the implementation of government strategies, corruption of non-government officials, economic deterioration as a consequence of migration, and involvement of peacekeepers and members of the international community in TiP of women and girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation.