In 2003 a proclamation of Zero Tolerance towards sexual exploitation and abuse was made by Secretary General of United Nations Kofi Annan. The policy have been around for 20 years and so has the scandals how come? To find out Bacchis (2009) What’s the problem represented to be? approach to policy analysis was chosen to find out what strategies was applied to manage zero tolerance. The identified strategies are a systemwide implementation of the principles of conduct, a victim centred approach including procedures for reporting, and finally an accountability framework. Identified silences are how to change an organisational culture of tolerance, how to restore confidence and how to manage mixed messages.

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The purpose of the United Nations (UN) peace operations is to help states navigate a path towards stability and sustainable peace, yet sexual exploitation and abuse perpetrated by the peacekeepers and other personnel is often an unintended consequence of the missions. Though the UN has employed several victim-centred measures to address the issue, peacebuilding practices often employ a simplistic discourse about the victims that recognizes only certain type of ‘ideal’ victims. It risks disregarding the different conceptualisations of justice that victims have, along with their individual wants and needs. Leaning on van Dijk’s view on social power that deems institutions as locations producing dominant discourses and influencing people’s minds, it is crucial to study which discourses the UN engages with. Thus, through a methodological combination of critical discourse analysis and policy analysis, this study scrutinizes the discourses about the victims present in the resolutions and training materials that specifically apply a victim-centred approach. The findings indicate that the discourses entail characteristics of both ideal and complex political victim discourses, and that above all, the UN positions itself as the saviour of the victims. As this discourse is likely to continue reproducing power imbalances that place victims into a dependant position, this study emphasises a serious need for re-evaluation of the UN’s own discursive positioning.

This thesis explores the impact of Western military interventions on the occurrence and motivations of female suicide bombers in Iraq, by utilizing a single case study method combined with Structured, Focused Comparison. The thesis examined the period before-and-after the 2003 U.S-led invasion of Iraq. The reserach identifies a significant increase in the use of female suicide bombers post-intervention, correlating this rise with intensified grievances, personal loss, and cases of sexual exploitation and abuse. The research analyzes the strategic, social and individual logics influencing these motivations. Findings suggest that Western military interventions exacerbate conditions leading to the radicalization and mobilization of women as suicide bombers, driven by a combination of personal trauma, societal pressure, and strategic aims to coerce foreign powers.

This thesis interrogates García Márquez’s representations of sexualities in the following selected novels: Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981); The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975); One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967); The Sad and Incredible Tale of Innocent Erendira and her Heartless Grandmother (1972); and Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004). It is argued here that García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif enables him to delve into many worldwide current concerns such as the irrelevance of some socio-cultural sexual practices; commercial sexual exploitation of children; the different manifestations of prostitution; and female powerlessness under autocratic rule. Earlier literary critics have tended to narrowly interpret García Márquez’s employment of the sexuality motif as just a metaphor for colonial exploitation of the colonised. The study also explores the writer’s artistic role and concludes that García Márquez speaks against commercial sexual exploitation of children as he concurrently speaks on behalf of children so exploited. Similarly, the writer speaks on behalf of prostituted womanhood by showing how prostitutional gains do not seem to cascade down to the prostitutes themselves. García Márquez also invests female sexual passivity as a coping mechanism against a dictator’s limitless power over the life and death of his citizens. However, the writer also constructs female agency that grows from the rejection of an initial victimhood to develop into an extremely flawed and corrupt flesh trade that co-opts and indentures children into sex work with impunity. Thus the study breaks new ground to show that García Márquez’s representations of different sexualities are not merely soft porn masquerading as art. His is a voice added to the worldwide concerns over commercial sexual exploitation of children in the main and also the recovery of a self-reliant female self-hood that was previously inextricably bound to male sexual norms. Quite clearly, García Márquez demonstrates that female prostitution is driven by a lack of social safety nets, a lack of other economically viable options and also a distinct lack of educational opportunities for female economic independence, hence the flawed female agency. / English Studies / African Languages

This text demonstrates that my work on young people who are exploited through prostitution and young people involved in problematic drug use in Britain at the end ofthe twentieth and beginning ofthe twenty-first century constitutes a significant contribution to advancing our knowledge ofthese inter-related issues. The text demonstrates that, in Britain, at the end of the twentieth and beginning ofthe twenty-first century, young people exploited through prostitution and young people involved in problematic drug use share in common lived experiences in poverty at the margins of society. The common theme demonstrated here is that, as a result ofthe poverty generated by social and economic policies adopted in Britain in response to gIobalisation, 'street cultures' play an important role in the development and maintenance of survival strategies adopted by socially marginalised and economically disadvantaged young people. The discussion argues that these cultures perform important functions in time and space for socially and economically marginal young people. They do so in different ways for different young people. At the same time, however, they serve to further entrench their social and economic exclusion and disadvantage.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-12-14T12:34:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lélia Júlia de Carvalho_.pdf: 3792308 bytes, checksum: 2f6326924961b0e1ff0fe4c0b999021e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T12:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lélia Júlia de Carvalho_.pdf: 3792308 bytes, checksum: 2f6326924961b0e1ff0fe4c0b999021e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-26 / Nenhuma / O tráfico transnacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual é praticado por organizações criminosas que agem em âmbito transnacional, atingindo milhares de mulheres todos os anos. Suas origens retomam a idade da escravidão, e com o passar dos séculos desenvolveu-se alcançando a estrutura e a hierarquia de organizações criminosas que se tem atualmente. Esse crime se beneficia de alguns aspectos, a saber: a globalização, a vulnerabilidade de algumas mulheres, a forma de aliciamento das vítimas, as redes que se formam com o tráfico, o lucro bilionário que advém de suas atividades e, inclusive, as rotas que são utilizadas e alteradas constantemente dificultando sua descoberta. Diante dessa realidade faz-se imprescindível a atuação do Estado, para o combate, a repressão e a prevenção dessa prática delituosa, através de políticas públicas efetivas. Destaca-se que para atuar no combate a um crime de proporções transnacionais, sua realização deve-se dar de forma cooperada com demais países afetados pela ação desse crime. Dessa maneira, tem-se uma atuação mais ampla, o que possibilita maior efetividade na proteção das mulheres contra o tráfico, assim, garantindo a efetivação de seus direitos à vida, à liberdade, inclusive sexual, e à dignidade da pessoa humana. Pensando nesses objetivos, desenvolveram-se tratados e convenções internacionais, bem como ações internas, pelo Estado Brasileiro, que foram fundamentais ao combate do tráfico internacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual comercial. Em meio a essas ações, ressaltam-se o Protocolo de Palermo, a Política Nacional e os Planos Nacionais de Enfrentamento ao Tráfico de Pessoas. Sendo assim, para a realização desta pesquisa utilizar-se-á da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental para a coleta de dados, e aplicar-se-á o método qualitativo objetivado pela análise de conteúdo para a análise desses dados, com o objetivo de verificar se as políticas públicas brasileiras de combate, prevenção e repressão do tráfico transnacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual comercial são efetivas em sua atuação e resultados, justificando ainda qual a importância da intervenção cooperada em âmbito nacional, entre os estados brasileiros, e internacionalmente, entre os demais países que também sofrem com a atuação desse crime, para o combate ao presente delito. Portanto, ao se indagar se são as políticas públicas brasileiras internas efetivas no combate ao tráfico transnacional de mulheres para fins de exploração sexual comercial, diante do suporte na atuação cooperada internacional, observou-se que apesar dos esforços do Brasil para o combate, repressão e prevenção ao tráfico, ainda não é o suficiente diante do avanço e estrutura que possuem as organizações criminosas que atuam nessa área, de forma que se o Brasil pretende estabelecer políticas públicas que sejam efetivas em seus objetivos diante do tráfico de mulheres, é preciso maiores investimentos; maior atenção às vítimas, inibindo sua vulnerabilidade; o estabelecimento de um banco de dados compartilhados; a atuação cooperada interna e internacionalmente. Ou seja, é necessário maior comprometimento do Brasil e do ambiente internacional no controle dos dados sobre o tráfico internacional de mulheres. / The transnational traffic of women for sexual exploitation is practiced by criminal organizations that act in transnational scope, reaching thousands of women every year. Its origins retake the age of slavery, and over the centuries it has developed reaching the structure and hierarchy of criminal organizations which now exists.This crime benefits from some aspects: globalization, the vulnerability of some women, the way victims are groomed, the networks formed with traffic, billion-dollar profit that comes from their activities and even the routes which are constantly used and altered making it difficult to discover. Therefore, it is essential that the State act to combat, repress and prevent this criminal practice through effective public policies.It should be emphasized that in order to act against a crime of transnational proportions, its accomplishment must be given in a cooperative way with other countries affected by the action of this crime.In this way, there is a broader action, which allows greater effectiveness in the protection of women against traffic, ensuring their rights to life, freedom (including sexual), and person dignity. Considering these objectives, international treaties and conventions, as well as internal actions, were developed by the Brazilian State, which were fundamental to combat the international traffic of women for sexual exploitation.Among these actions there are the Palermo Protocol, the National Policy and the National Plans to Combat Traffic of Persons.Thus, for the accomplishment of this research will be used the bibliographical and documentary technique for the data collection, and will be applied the qualitative method objectified by the analysis of content for the analysis of these data, with the objective to verify if the Brazilian public policies of combat, prevention and repression of the transnational traffic of women for sexual exploitation are effective in their performance and results, justifying also the importance of the cooperative intervention at national level, between the Brazilian states, and internationally , among other countries that also suffer with the performance of this crime, to combat this crime. Therefore, when it is questioned whether domestic Brazilian public policies are effective in combating transnational traffic of women for sexual exploitation, in the face of international cooperative support, it was observed that despite Brazil's efforts to combat and repress trafficit is still not enough considering the progress and structure of criminal organizations that operate in this area, thus, if Brazil intends to establish public policies that are effective in their goals to face trafficof women, it is necessary greater investments; attention to victims, inhibiting their vulnerability; the establishment of a shared database; national and international cooperated work.

The psychological and physiological effects of work-related stress on law enforcement causes high morbidity and mortality rates and rates of alcoholism, substance abuse, domestic violence, and suicide higher than the national average. The purpose of this explanatory sequential mixed-methods study was to examine whether work-related stress experienced by child sexual exploitation (CSE) and child sexual abuse (CSA) investigators differ from that of other duty assigned subgroups. I used Karasek's job demands-control model as the theoretical framework for this study. I conducted the study within a medium sized law enforcement agency in eastern Washington State. The sample in the quantitative study consisted of 27 law enforcement officers from 17 duty-assigned subgroups who completed McCreary and Thompson's Operational Police Stress Survey (PSQ-Op) and Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Org). The sample in the qualitative study consisted of 7 law enforcement officers who answered 5 researcher developed questions during a telephone interview. Descriptive statistics, a Pearson's correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis of the PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org revealed no significant difference in reported work-related stress experienced within the duty-assigned subgroups, revealing no correlative difference of stress experienced by CSE and CSA investigators and the other duty assigned subgroups due to job demands and job control. Content analysis of the qualitative interviews revealed themes that supported the finding of the quantitative study. The findings of this study support the need for law enforcement leaders to take preemptive measures to mitigate the effects of work-related stress on all law enforcement officers.

<p>This paper aims to give a comprehensive view in which extent Swedish legislation concerning trafficking in human beings (Brottsbalken 4 kap. 1a §) is efficient. Qualitative interviews have been carried out with professionals within the judicial system in order to comprehend various aspects of efficiency relating to legislative validation of trafficking regarded human beings. Consent, coercion and control brings up miscellaneous issues. Personal observations by authorized people within the area was therefore viewed and found to be highly essential. In order to understand court reasoning in cases concerning human trafficking, various verdicts have been examined from the district court and the court of appeal. Theories of legal science have therefore been used. Results from this study shows that current legislation against trafficking in human beings is in some extent inefficient and that some adversity does appear while interpreting the concepts of consent, coercion and control. The study also implies that these are difficult to prove and that the collecting of evidence regarding this matter is complex and resource demanding. A social construction perspective and penal theories was found to be useful while analyzing and discussing the result.</p>