This paper aims to give a comprehensive view in which extent Swedish legislation concerning trafficking in human beings (Brottsbalken 4 kap. 1a §) is efficient. Qualitative interviews have been carried out with professionals within the judicial system in order to comprehend various aspects of efficiency relating to legislative validation of trafficking regarded human beings. Consent, coercion and control brings up miscellaneous issues. Personal observations by authorized people within the area was therefore viewed and found to be highly essential. In order to understand court reasoning in cases concerning human trafficking, various verdicts have been examined from the district court and the court of appeal. Theories of legal science have therefore been used. Results from this study shows that current legislation against trafficking in human beings is in some extent inefficient and that some adversity does appear while interpreting the concepts of consent, coercion and control. The study also implies that these are difficult to prove and that the collecting of evidence regarding this matter is complex and resource demanding. A social construction perspective and penal theories was found to be useful while analyzing and discussing the result.

人口販運是一種古老的罪惡，且係為嚴重違害基本人權之犯罪，其可能以跨國境或國家境內的方式進行，為國際社會共同關注之人權議題，並可能發生於世界各個角落，究其成因不外乎犯罪集團猖獗，貪圖低價格的勞動力及為獲取高額暴利。在全球化的趨勢使然之下，象徵人口販運的古老奴隸制度不僅沒有消失，而且已經成為全球性的威脅，其已由跨國犯罪集團整體化經營，成為非法獲益龐大可觀之犯罪事業。 澳洲是南太平洋地區最重要的國家，而且還是美國在南太平洋地區的一個重要盟友，對於南太平洋地區國際局勢的變化有著重大的影響。從地緣政治角度看，澳洲是南太平洋地區唯一的大國，對南太平洋國家有舉足輕重的影響力，而該地區又是中華民國拓展外交空間的重要著力點，澳洲可說是亞太地區最重要的西方國家代表，具有關鍵性指標地位意義。澳洲在重大國際和地區問題上，長期追隨美國政策，該國亦為美國國務院連續多年評等為打擊人口販運最佳成效之第一級國家，本論文藉由探討澳洲防制人口販運政策，了解澳洲與東南亞國家人口販運之關係，並進一步研析該國因應作為與對策，透過澳洲於區域合作或國際合作間之角色與具體之合作方式，提供未來亞太區域國際合作之作法參考。 / Human trafficking is an ancient crime and severely harms the basic human rights. It might occur worldwide, cross or within countries. As a common concern to the international society, the human right issue derives from the exchange of cheap labor to high profit which is grasped by the criminal gangs. Along with the trend of globalization, the symbol of human trafficking – the ancient slavery system – not only does not disappear but becomes of global threat and criminal business which is managed integrally by the transnational criminal gangs to gain huge illegal benefits. Australia is the most important country in South Pacific area. As a principal ally to the United States, she has paramount influence upon the international situations. From a geopolitical point of view, Australia is the only great country there and possesses decisive impact on the surrounding countries. To expand Taiwan’s diplomatic space, she is considered to be the force point and the superior representative of Western countries in Asian Pacific with the key indicator position. Following the policies of United States to her major international and regional issues over a long period of time, Australia is also ranked as Tier 1 by United States Department of State in consecutive years for the best outcomes to combat human trafficking. The main purpose of this study is to discuss the policy on combating human trafficking in Australia to understand the relationship with the human trafficking in Southeast Asian countries and further to analyze the countermeasures of regional cooperation or the role and practices of international cooperation to provide the references in Asian Pacific.

This article studies the relationship between trafficking for sexual exploitation and prostitution. The study of this relationship will focus on the positions advocating the criminalization of prostitution and/or conduct consumer / customer. This analysis leads us to analyze, first, the crime of trafficking in persons. In this line, we will discuss the issue on the legal right; and its characteristic as complex crime comprising various means, behaviors and purposes. Second, we will approach the four kinds of legislative policies prostitution: reglamentarism, prohibitionist, abolitionist and regulationism. The critical study of these models will allow us to outline a tentative conclusion on the criminalization of prostitution and consumer behavior / customer. / El presente artículo estudia la relación entre la trata con fines de explotación sexual y la prostitución. El estudio de esta relación se focalizará en las posturas que abogan por la criminalización de la prostitución y/o de la conducta del consumidor/cliente. Dicho análisis nos llevará a analizar, en primer lugar, el tipo penal de trata de personas. En esta línea, expondremos la problemática sobre el bien jurídico; y su característica como delito complejo integrado por distintos medios, comportamientos y fines. En segundo lugar, nos aproximaremos a las cuatro clases de políticas legislativas en materia de prostitución: reglamentarismo, prohibicionismo, abolicionismo y regulacionismo. El estudio crítico de estos modelos nos permitirá esbozar una conclusión provisional sobre la criminalización de la prostitución y de la conducta del consumidor/cliente.

The aim of this work is to analyze the factors that contribute to increase the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the state of Alagoas and Maceió, both in relation to aspects of macro-structural modernization as compared to the sector modernization in the field of tourism development, giving visibility to institutional silences that block the formulation and implementation of adequate public policies to the monitoring and defense of this population segment. The investigation involves historical analysis, bibliographic search and document analysis for understanding processes related to modernization and its impact on the phenomenon of sex tourism and sexual exploitation of children and adolescents at the federal level and in the State of Alagoas. The research identified problems and gaps in the Tourism Development Program in the Northeast - Prodetur I and II and gaps in the Strategic Plan for Tourism Development in the State of Alagoas for the formulation of structural policies to contain the negative effects of modernization on vulnerable segments of the population, especially children and adolescents. The results of the documentary research presented here are restricted exclusively to the formal content of the analyzed documents. / O objetivo desta dissertação é evidenciar os fatores que concorrem para a proliferação da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes no Estado de Alagoas e em Maceió, tanto em relação aos aspectos ligados à modernização macroestrutural como em relação à modernização setorial no campo do desenvolvimento turístico e dar visibilidade aos silêncios institucionais que bloqueiam a formulação e execução de políticas públicas adequadas ao monitoramento e defesa desse segmento populacional. A investigação envolve análise histórica, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental de processos relacionados à modernização e seus impactos sobre o fenômeno do turismo sexual e da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes no âmbito federal e no Estado de Alagoas. A pesquisa identificou problemas e lacunas nos Programas de Desenvolvimento do Turismo no Nordeste – Prodetur I e II e lacunas no Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Turismo no Estado de Alagoas com relação à elaboração de políticas públicas estruturantes para conter os efeitos negativos da modernização sobre segmentos vulneráveis da população, em especial crianças e adolescentes. Os resultados da pesquisa documental aqui apresentados restringem-se exclusivamente ao conteúdo formal dos documentos analisados.

The Rohingya, an ethnic minority group that traditionally have lived in Rakhine State, Myanmar, are facing severe structural discrimination from the Myanmar state. Rohingya women and girls have experienced horrific acts of gender-based violence from the Myanmar army in Rakhine State before they fled to Bangladesh and the refugee camps in Cox Bazar area. In these refugee camps gender-based violence continues to be widespread, much like other refugee camps in other parts of the world. Rohingya women and girls are vulnerable because of their gender, refugee status and ethnic affiliation. In addition they become even more vulnerable because family and community structures have broken down. These intersecting vulnerabilities make them exposed to gender-based violence from a number of different perpetrators. In addition these intersecting vulnerabilities lead to a lack of access to sexual and reproductive health services. Overall the humanitarian organisations operating in Cox Bazar did not manage to deliver these sexual and reproductive health services to the amount of Rohingya women and girls that needed them. Although gender-based violence was identified to be widespread in the refugee camps preventive measures were few. The unequal power relationships are identified as an underpinning reason for gender-based violence. In addition, the underlying causes of gender-based violence are connected with beliefs, norms, attitudes and structures that promote and/or tolerate gender-based discrimination and unequal power relationships.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1112901 bytes, checksum: 6263de1e85a1b32b1df759be0640023c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sexual and commercial explotation of children and adolescents is a social phenomenon which, nowadays, has found vast regulation in Brazilian law. According to the article 244-A of Child and Adolescent Statute and the article 218-B of Brazilian Penal Code it is considered a crime the conduct of submitting or favoring children and adolescents to prostitution or other forms of exploitation. However, there is a great controversy both in terms of doctrine and jurisprudence from the Brazilian Court of Justice in relation to establishing if the criminal responsibility in these cases would not only be upon the agents and allucers who intermediate the sexual practice, as ponces and ruffians, but if it would also extend to those users who, without the intermediation of others, keep sexual contact with children and adolescents who are included in a context of prostitution. Thus, the object of this study consists in the analyses of the criminal responsibility of the violations related to sexual exploitation of prostituted children and adolescents. Our aim is to understand the present mainstream legal argument in the jurisprudence of Brazilian Superior Court of Justice in order to establish the extent of the penal norm as well as the criminal responsibility of the agents involved. The understanding of the factors which favor the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, such as social inequality, sexual mercantilization and the asymmetrical genders relationships in our society are presented as important instruments for analyses of the legal argument in the scope of the courts as well as for the strength of the child and adolescent protection system in this country. This research has an empirical nature and has been based on a legislation and specialized literature review about this theme. / A exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno social que encontra atualmente no sistema jurídico brasileiro intensa repressão no campo normativo, sendo considerada crime a conduta de submeter ou favorecer crianças e adolescentes à prostituição ou outra forma de exploração, conforme estabelecem os art. 244-A do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e o art. 218-B do Código Penal Brasileiro. Entretanto, existe uma grande controvérsia tanto no âmbito da doutrina quanto na jurisprudência dos Tribunais de Justiça do país em relação a estabelecer se a responsabilização criminal nestes casos recairia tão somente aos agenciadores e aliciadores que intermediam a prática sexual, como cafetões e rufiões, mas se também se estenderia àqueles usuários que, sem a intermediação de terceiros, mantêm contatos sexuais com crianças e adolescentes inseridas em um contexto de prostituição. Neste cenário, estariam crianças e adolescentes protegidas pela tutela da norma penal? Assim, o objeto de estudo deste trabalho consiste na análise da responsabilização criminal nos delitos relacionados à exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes em situação de prostituição. Busca-se compreender a orientação jurídica que atualmente prevalece na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça STJ para se estabelecer o alcance da norma penal e a responsabilização criminal dos agentes envolvidos. A compreensão dos fatores que favorecem a exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes, dentre os quais as desigualdades sociais, a mercantilização do sexo e as relações assimétricas de gênero na sociedade, se apresentam como importantes instrumentos para análise do posicionamento jurídico no âmbito dos tribunais, como também para o fortalecimento do sistema de proteção de crianças e adolescentes no país. Esta pesquisa é de caráter empírico, sendo realizada a partir da revisão da legislação e da literatura especializada sobre o tema.

An extensive review of research and policy literature revealed that links are made between: going missing and forced marriage; going missing and child sexual exploitation; and forced marriage and child sexual exploitation. However, despite these overlaps, no links are made between all three issues. Given that some South Asian young women will run away from home in order to avoid being forced into marriage and that young people who run away or go missing from home are at risk of, or abused, through child sexual exploitation a research proposition was developed on the basis that a three way link was theoretically possible. A case study methodology was developed to test the research proposition. Eight cases were identified in which South Asian young people (under 18 years of age) had experienced some combination of all three issues. However, the pattern identified within the research proposition was not the ‘final explanation’. Analysis of the research findings revealed that variation existed within the pattern proposed. Moreover, a second pattern was identified in which forced marriage emerged as a parental response to young people who were already being sexually exploited and going missing in this context. The patterns identified were confirmed through analysis of interviews undertaken with twelve subject experts (key informants) and resonated with a specifically selected group of nine young people who were presented with a composite case study during focus group discussion. I argue that awareness of patterns linking all three issues will help practitioners to identify and respond appropriately to cases where the issues of going missing, forced marriage and child sexual exploitation overlap. That said the complexity of the cases highlighted risks associated with overlooking diversities: social divisions related to age, gender, ethnicity, class, sexuality and disability were explored to see how they shaped the young people’s experiences. This process revealed that they were located within complex axes of power which then intersected with social systems, including family, community and public institutions. As a consequence, young people lacked relational support and had limited access to safe accommodation and economic resources. This resulted in some young people making attempts to try and self-manage the competing harms that they were facing. The practitioners who supported the young people highlighted the challenges involved in working with them. Analysis of practitioners’ accounts further revealed how power dynamics within multi-agency working arrangements also impacted their efforts to respond to the needs of young people. Through testing the research proposition, I addressed a recognised need for more focused research into the issue of going missing as it relates to young people from different ethnic backgrounds (Berelowitz et al. 2012; Berelowitz et al., 2013; OCC, 2012; Patel, 1994; Safe on the Streets Research Team, 1999; Stein et al. 1994) as well as furthering knowledge about how child sexual exploitation is experienced by young people from black and minority ethnic (BME) communities (Chase & Statham, 2004; CEOP, 2011b; Jago et al., 2011; Berelowitz et al., 2013; Thiara & Gill, 2010; Kelly, 2013; Ward & Patel, 2006). The development of a typology of patterns linking going missing, forced marriage and child sexual exploitation provides a unique contribution to the scholarly literature.

La explotación sexual comercial es una actividad constante y extendida en varias partes del Amazonía peruana. en los alre- dedores del puerto fluvial de Pucallpa, en la región ucayali, esa práctica aparece sistemáticamente: las adolescentes que atienden las precarias tabernas alrededor del puerto y aquellas dedicadas a las labores de cocina en los campamentos madereros son víctimas de explotación constante, y muchas de ellas también de trata de personas. este artículo se dirige a reconstruir la trayectoria de vida y el ciclo de reproducción de las formas de explotación en una muestra de veinte mujeres, y se concentra en: (i) la evidencia de formas de explotación estacionales; (ii) la trayectoria de vida de estas mujeres que muestra pasos en una cadena de explotación de varias etapas y en diferentes áreas de trabajo; (iii) en ese contexto, la explotación sexual y la trata parecen no ser fenómenos permanentes sino estar concentrados en un momento de la trayectoria y detenerse con la maternidad, entre los 19 y 25 años, y (iv) con la maternidad y el asentamiento matrilocal, las hijas e hijos repitenel ciclo y reproducen la cadena. / The commercial sexual exploitation is a constant activity in the Peruvian Amazon. Around the river port of Pucallpa in ucayali region, the practice appears systematically: teenage attend taverns around the port, and those dedicated to the work of cooking camps logging, are victims of constant exploitation and many also of trafficking. this article aims to reconstruct the path of life and reproductive cycle of the forms of exploitation in a sample of 20 women, and focuses on: (i) evidence of seasonal forms of exploitation; (ii) the path of life of these women showing steps in a chain holding several stages and in different work areas; (iii) in this context, sexual exploitation and trafficking are not permanent phenomena, are concentrated in one point in the path and stopped to motherhood, between 19 and 25 years; (iv) with motherhood and matrilocal settlement, daughters and sons repeat the cycle and reproduce the chain.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-05T13:14:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTACAO EDVALDO PEDRO - MESTRADO PPGDH.pdf: 2336285 bytes, checksum: c869d1e4a8685ac6ce889be65b9303c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T13:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTACAO EDVALDO PEDRO - MESTRADO PPGDH.pdf: 2336285 bytes, checksum: c869d1e4a8685ac6ce889be65b9303c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-29 / No Brasil, verifica-se a violação diária dos Direitos Humanos fundamentais de milhares de crianças por uma chaga social que responde pelo extenso nome de Exploração Sexual Comercial de Crianças e Adolescentes (ESCCA), gênero que possui como espécies a "prostituição", o turismo sexual, a pornografia e o tráfico de pessoas para fins sexuais. Dentre tais modalidades, demos enfoque à exploração infanto-juvenil que ocorre nas rodovias federais brasileiras, as BRs, com ênfase no enfrentamento dado a esse tipo de crime pela Polícia Rodoviária Federal (PRF). Objetivamos demonstrar a necessidade de estudar, analisar e compreender as ações de enfrentamento ao fenômeno, no intuito de verificar a eficiência ou não dessa ação repressiva frente à Exploração Sexual Comercial de Crianças e Adolescentes. No decorrer dessa pesquisa verificamos a legislação que ampara as crianças dentro do substrato dos Direitos Humanos, traçamos um breve histórico dessa infância tão vitimada, identificamos as políticas públicas voltadas para o enfrentamento dessa prática violadora dos direitos humanos dos impúberes e analisamos as ações da PRF contra a exploração sexual de crianças. O tema Políticas Públicas foi introduzido na pesquisa com o intuito de subsidiar o entendimento de um dos instrumentos de trabalho utilizado pelos servidores policiais na aferição do problema: o projeto Mapear (Mapeamento dos Pontos Vulneráveis à Exploração Sexual de Crianças e Adolescentes), programa esse que tem o condão de contribuir com o fomento de Políticas Públicas voltadas para a proteção das crianças em situação de risco. Quanto aos aspectos metodológicos utilizados para se alcançar os objetivos, essa pesquisa tem método indutivo e o delineamento da pesquisa desenvolveuse a partir de uma abordagem predominantemente qualitativa. Além do levantamento bibliográfico e documental, foi executada uma pesquisa de campo com aplicação de questionários e entrevistas a dezesseis servidores da Superintendência Regional da Polícia Rodoviária em Pernambuco. O referencial teórico desse estudo foi baseado em autores como: ARIÈS (2006), BARDIN (2004), PIOVESAN (2012, 2013) e SOUZA (2006). Assim, podemos concluir que, apesar de alguns avanços significativos nos últimos anos, a ESCCA é uma realidade cruel que tende a permanecer presente por muito tempo em nossa sociedade. / In Brazil, the daily violation of the fundamental human rights of thousands of children by a social disease with the name of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (CSECA), genre that has "prostitution", sex tourism, pornography and trafficking of persons for sexual purposes as species, are things that can be seen on an everyday basis. In this research we focused on children and youth exploitation that occurs on the Brazilian federal highways, with emphasis on the actions that Brazil´s Federal Highway Police (PRF) is taking to cope with this problem. We aimed to demonstrate the need to study, analyze and understand the actions against the phenomenon in order to assess the effectiveness or not of this repressive action against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents. The Public Policy theme was introduced in this survey to help us understand one of the actions taken by police officers in order to better gauge the problem: The Map Project (Mapping of Vulnerable Points of Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents). This project contributes to the development of public policies intended to protect children at risk. As for the methodological aspects used to achieve the goals, this research used an inductive method. The survey design was developed from a qualitative approach. In addition to the bibliographical and documentary survey, a field survey was carried out with questionnaires and interviews of sixteen police officers of the Federal Highway Police in the State of Pernambuco. The theoretical framework of this study was based on authors such as: ARIÈS (2006), BARDIN (2004), PIOVESAN (2012, 2013) and SOUZA (2006). We can conclude that, despite some significant advances in recent years, CSECA is a cruel reality that tends to stay present in our society.

Esta dissertaÃÃo estabelece como objetivo central a anÃlise do programa da secretaria de turismo de Fortaleza no enfrentamento a exploraÃÃo sexual de crianÃas e adolescentes. Considerando a relevÃncia dessa temÃtica no contexto de polÃticas pÃblicas, privilegio uma metodologia qualitativa em articulaÃÃo com a quantitativa ao analisar as aÃÃes desenvolvidas da secretaria por meio dos resultados obtidos nessa pesquisa. Como resultado foi identificado a necessidade de uma maior articulaÃÃo com a iniciativa privada, aqui me refiro ao trade turÃstico, bem como ao ÃrgÃo de turismo do estado, no sentido de promover reflexÃes estabelecendo parcerias para o desenvolvimento das aÃÃes em conjunto. Outra questÃo, embora admita-se que exista a exploraÃÃo sexual em Fortaleza os atores entrevistados ârepudiamâ a ostensiva inserÃÃo da mÃdia sobre essa temÃtica, seja ela nacional ou internacional, interpretando como uma aÃÃo da âconcorrÃnciaâ de outros destinos turÃsticos. / This thesis stablishes as the main objective (goal) the analysis of the Fortaleza Tourism Secretary program that takes on children and youth sexual exploitation. Considering the importance of this theme in the public politics I used a qualitative methodology in articulation to a quantitative methodology to analyze the actions developed by the Tourism Secretary through the results obtained from this especifc research. As a result, it was identified the necessity of a more intensive articulation with the tourism âtradeâ as well as whit the State Tourism Secretary in order to promote reflections to stablish partnership for the development of actions in group. Even thou ones admit the existence of the children and youth sexual exploitation in Fortaleza, those who were interviewed repudiate the great importance that is given by the national and international press to that theme, considering that as a âbusiness competitionâ of other tourist where â abouts.