Este trabalho é uma análise antropológica sobre as relações afetivas e comerciais entre mulheres que se prostituem e os demais agentes da prostituição, os chamados rufiões ou proxenetas. Através do trabalho etnográfico buscamos compreender os sentidos e representações sobre as concepções de trabalho e de exploração. Este trabalho foi construído a partir do método etnográfico e da observação participante iniciado em uma organização não-governamental de prostitutas em Porto Alegre e ampliado a outros entrevistados que participam das redes de relações dos pesquisados. Realizamos o trabalho de pesquisa através de entrevistas individuais e registros em diários de campo, estabelecendo uma interlocução com as mulheres que se prostituem e com os/as proprietários/as e gerentes de estabelecimentos onde se realiza a prostituição. Esta etnografia está organizada a partir de um debate desencadeado pela interlocução com entrevistados e em um novo cenário em que os protagonistas tecem ações políticas e reflexões sobre as possibilidades de alguma regulamentação e reconhecimento profissional da prostituição. Procuramos conhecer os relacionamentos entre agenciadores e prostitutas, em diferentes espaços de prostituição (públicos e privados) através de seus depoimentos e reflexões sobre a experiência direta e diversificada com a prostituição na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. / This work is an anthropological analysis about the affective and commercial relationships between prostitutes and their agents, the so called caftans. Using the ethnographic work we sought to understand the interactions between work and exploitation. The ethnographic work started with the prostitutes belonging to a nongovernmental organization based in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state (Brasil), and broadened to other people acquainted to them. The work was accomplished by personal interviews with the prostitutes, their managers and the owners of the places where prostitution takes place. Starting with a discussion about the nowadays situation, the people involved did present some suggestions about the possibilities for professional organization, and, at the end, a state recognition and regulation. We sought to understand the relationships between caftans and prostitutes in different environments (public and privately), based on their interviews and intimate experience and suggestions.

Human trafficking for sexual exploitation, as the most documented type of trafficking both internationally and in South Africa, was the focus of this study as it poses significant challenges to response efforts whilst remaining a crime of vast impunity. At the centre of this study was the researcher’s curiosity-infused endeavour to understand the lived experiences of multipronged stakeholders who have first-hand experience of the investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A qualitative approach and the use of hermeneutic phenomenology within a broader postmodernist and constructivist positioning served as the catalyst for generating novel insights. Numerous formal and informal conversations over the 5-year research period, site visits to multiple sex trade locations around South Africa and 91 in-depth and unstructured interviews with participants from 15 different vantage points were conducted. Five themes were identified from participants’ lived experiences as they related to the investigation of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. These were Theme 1: Sex Trade, Human Trafficking and Organised Crime; Theme 2: Combating Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 3: Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 4: Corruption and Compromise; and Theme 5: The Social Context and Scope of the Problem. A rich and in-depth presentation of participants’ lived experiences from an emic point of view was made. Knowledge generated include the revelation of problematic claims by preservationists around the nature of the sex trade in South Africa, insights into complexities intrinsic to human trafficking for sexual exploitation and multi-layered challenges associated with investigations into the crime. At the apex of the study was the deconstruction of complex systems theory and its application to the phenomenological essence of participants’ lived experiences. A proposed application of the theory was suggested for a more agile, robust and effective multipronged investigation strategy to combat human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A strong argument is made for a ‘whole’ and non-reductionist approach to investigations that continuously considers both the complexity of the crime and the day-to-day realities of the stakeholders who contribute to the multipronged investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. / Ukurhweba ngabantu ngeenjongo zokubaxhaphaza ngokwesondo, lolona didi lorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ekubhalwe ngalo kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele nakuMzantsi Afrika. Esi sifundo sigxile kolu rhwebo njengoko lucela umngeni kwimizamo yokusabela lo gama ilulwaphulo mthetho olungalawulekiyo. Esizikithini sesi sifundo yayingumdla womphandi ukuqonda ngamava abo bathatha inxaxheba ekuphandeni ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo. Kukhethwe ufundo oluqwalasela umgangatho nokusetyenziswa kwesimbo sokutolika iimeko ezikhoyo kwilizwe elisemva kwelale mihla siphila kuyo njengeyona nqobo eya kuveza iimbono ezingaqhelekanga. Kwabanjwa inqwaba yeencoko ezisesikweni nezingekho sikweni ezenziwe kwisithuba seminyaka yophando engaphaya kwemihlanu, kwatyelelwa kwiindawo zorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondlo ezikhoyo eMzantsi Afrika, kwabanjwa nodliwano ndlebe olunzulu lungaqingqwanga olungama-91 nabantu abakwiindawo zomdla ezili-15. Kwabonakala imixholo emihlanu esuka kumava abathathi nxaxheba malunga nophando ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngesondo. Le mixholo yile: Umxholo woku-1: Urhwebo Lwesondo, Urhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu, Nolwaphulo Mthetho Olucwangcisiweyo; Umxholo wesi-2: Ukulwa Urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-3: Amaxhoba Orhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-4: Ubuqhophololo Nokunikezela; kunye noMxholo wesi-5: Imeko Yezentlalo Nomthamo Wengxaki. Kwenziwa inkcazelo enzulu netyebileyo yamava abathathi nxaxheba evelelwa ngokwendlela abantu bendawo abacinga nabazibona ngayo izinto. Ulwazi olufunyenweyo luquka izimvo eziyingxaki zabantu abakhuthaza ukugcinwa kwezinto zinjengoko zinjalo, malunga nohlolo olululo lorhwebo ngesondo eMzantsi Afrika, izimvo ngobunzima obubuthume kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo kunye nemingeni emininzi eyayanyaniswa nophando lolwaphulo mthetho. Encochoyini yesi sifundo kukuhlakaza ingcingane exhakaxhaka yeenkqubo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimeko ezikhoyo kumava abathathi nxaxheba. Kwacetyiswa indlela yokusebenzisa le ngcingane ekwenzeni icebo elinamandla nelisebenzayo lokulwa urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. Kuthethelwa indlela yokusebenza ‘epheleleyo’ nengacuthi nto ekuqhubeni uphando v olusoloko luthathela ingqalelo ubuxhakaxhaka bolwaphulo mthetho namava emihla ngemihla abathathi nxaxheba abafaka isandla kuphando oluvelela iinkalo ezininzi kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. / Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi, njengohlobo lokushushumbisa oluqoshwe phansi ngokudlula zonke ezinye izinhlobo emhlabeni wonke kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, yikona okugxilwe kukho kakhulu kulolu cwaningo njengoba kuyikona okungadala izingqinamba ezinkulu emizamweni yokubhekana nakho kube futhi kuyilona hlobo lobugebengu olungajeziswa kangako. Okunguwona mgomo walolu cwaningo yimizamo yomcwaningi egqugquzelwa ngukufuna kwakhe ukwazi ukuze aqonde lokho okubonwe ngababandakanyekayo abahlukahlukene abebebhekene ngqo nokuphenywa kodaba lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Kusetshenziswe indlela yokwenza ephathelene nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane engamaqiniso nokusetshenziswa kohlobo locwaningo olwahlukile kulolo olubheka ukwenzeka kwezinto ngokwemvelo maqondana nokuhleleka kwezinto ngokwesikhathi esilandela esezinto zesimanjemanje, nangendlela elandela umumo othize, njengegqugquzela ubukhona bokuqonda okuhlaba umxhwele ngokungajwayelekile. Kube khona izingxoxo eziningi ezihleliwe nezingahlelwanga ezenzeke esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu yocwaningo, kwavakashelwa izizinda eziningi ezindaweni okuhwetshelwana kuzo ngocansi eziseNingizimu Afrika, kwaphinde kwaba nezingxoxo ezingama-91 ezijulile ngokuphonsa imibuzo engahleliwe ngokusemthethweni kubabambiqhaza abavela ezindaweni eziyi-15 ezilungele lolu cwaningo. Kuhlonzwe izingqikithi ezinhlanu eziqhamuke kulokho okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokuhlobana kwabo nophenyo lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Yilezi, Ingqikithi 1: Ukuhweba Ngocansi, Ukushushumbiswa Kwabantu Nobugebengu Obuhleliwe; Ingqikithi 2: Ukulwisana Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Ukuze Baxhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 3: Izisulu Zokushushumbiswa Ukuze Zixhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 4: Inkohlakalo Nokwenza Okungahambisani Nawe; neNgqikithi 5: Indikimba Kwezenhlalo Nobubanzi Benkinga. Kube sekwethulwa ngokucebile nangokujulile okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokwencazelo ehambisana nohlobo lwesifundo. Ulwazi olutholakele lubandakanya ukuvela kwalokho okuyinkinga okushiwo yilabo abalwela ubukhona bohwebo lwezocansi eNingizimu Afrika, ukuqondwa kwalokho okungekho lula ukukuqonda okuphathelene vii nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi kanye nezingqinamba ezishiyana ngokwezigaba ezihambisana nophenyo lwalobu bugebengu. Ekujuleni kocwaningo kube khona ukuhlaziya okubanzi ngokuhlakaza izinhlelo zezinzululwazi okungekho lula ukuziqonda nokusetshenziswa kwazo kulokho okusemqoka okubonwe ngababambiqhaza. Kuhlongozwe ukuba kusetshenziswe isu elisheshayo, elishubile nelizosebenza ngempumelelo elihlukene izigaba eziningi ezibheka konke elizolwisana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Ukudingida kabanzi ngendlela 'ephelele' nengancike ndawo okumele ilandelwe uma kuphenywa nezobheka kokubili ukungabi lula kobugebengu okubhekenwe nabo kanye nokubonwa imihla ngemihla ngababambiqhaza abasiza ngokuthile ophenyweni olubheka okuningi okwahlukahlukene maqondana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. / Criminology and Security Science

Este estudo teve como objetivo abordar aspectos comparativos de cooperação internacional focando o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual. Inicíase a abordagem refletindo sobre a dignidade da pessoa humana e as questões socioculturais que permitem que a exploração sexual continue a existir e necessite uma investigação e persecução diferenciada de outras modalidades criminosas. A cooperação internacional, entre órgãos governamentais e não governamentais, é discutida em razão da transnacionalidade do crime de tráfico internacional de pessoas e atuação de organizações criminosas. O estudo comparativo de legislações e melhores práticas implementadas pelos Estados é realizado principalmente em relação aos países membros da União Europeia e do MERCOSUL e busca apontar pontos positivos e deficiências a fim de sugerir ações que devem ser implementadas ou melhoradas para que o tráfico internacional de pessoas para exploração sexual possa tornar-se cada vez mais difícil de ser realizado / This work aims to address comparative aspects of international cooperation focusing on international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation. The approach initiates reflecting on the dignity of the human person and the socio-cultural issues that allow the sexual exploitation to continue to exist and to require an investigation and prosecution that differs from other criminal procedures. International cooperation, between governmental and non-governmental organizations, is discussed because of the transnational nature of the crime of international trafficking in persons and of the activities of criminal organizations. The comparative study of legislation and best practices implemented by the States addresses mainly the European Union and MERCOSUR member States and seeks to identify strengths and weaknesses in order to suggest actions that should be implemented or improved so that the international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation may become increasingly difficult to realize.

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar aspectos relacionados à juventude brasileira e trabalho através da identificação de fatores de proteção e de risco em dois estudos independentes. Os referenciais teóricos da Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Psicologia do Trabalho embasaram estes estudos. O Estudo I teve como foco a exploração sexual como trabalho. O objetivo foi investigar o caso de uma menina de 14 anos, em situação de exploração sexual comercial, que informava ser esta a sua atividade laboral. Utilizou-se um delineamento de estudo de caso único. Constatou-se que a jovem percebia a atividade como um trabalho que lhe proporcionava autonomia, subsistência e sobrevivência. O Estudo II teve como foco a comparação das características de jovens trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. Seu objetivo foi investigar aspectos relacionados ao mundo do trabalho na vida de jovens brasileiros de nível sócio econômico baixo. Foi realizado um recorte transversal de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório descritivo sobre Fatores de Risco e Proteção da Juventude Brasileira, realizada em sete cidades do país. Participam 7425 jovens, com idade entre 14 a 24 anos (m = 16,19; SD = 1,821), de ambos os sexos (masculino, n = 3397, 45,8%; feminino n = 4014, 54,2%) e nível sócio econômico baixo. Foi utilizado um questionário para levantamento de fatores de risco e proteção. Para análise dos dados, foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, qui-quadrado e teste t de Student, comparando um grupo de jovens trabalhadores e um grupo de jovens não trabalhadores. Algumas constatações revelaram que, apesar de haver um número relativamente elevado de jovens trabalhando, a remuneração desta mão de obra foi considerada baixa, sendo que 47,9% trabalham entre cindo e oito horas diárias. Além disso, o fato de trabalhar na juventude mostrou-se relacionado ao número de reprovações. Os resultados indicaram que, quanto maior o nível educacional dos pais, menor o percentual de jovens trabalhando. Jovens não trabalhadores apresentaram média de escolaridade superior e estudam prioritariamente nos turnos da manhã e da tarde em relação aos jovens trabalhadores, cujo turno escolar concentra-se à noite. Jovens trabalhadores registraram auxiliar na renda doméstica, enquanto os jovens não trabalhadores registraram contar com o apoio financeiro familiar. Jovens trabalhadores apresentaram um percentual maior de uso de todas as drogas, maior risco de suicídio em relação aos jovens não trabalhadores. Além disso, a exposição à violência doméstica e na comunidade foi superior no caso dos jovens trabalhadores. O Estudo I e o Estudo II revelaram os efeitos negativos do trabalho sobre a saúde dos jovens trabalhadores, somado às dificuldades de administrar a competição que se estabeleceu entre o trabalho e outras tarefas. O trabalho juvenil pode ser considerado um fator de risco, principalmente quando as condições laborais não se dão de forma adequada e protegida. / The aim of the study was to investigate aspects related to brazilian youth and work, identifying protective and risk factors through two independent studies. The Biological Human Development Approach and the Psychology of Work were used as frameworks. In the first study the focus was the sexual exploitation as a job. The objective was to investigate the case of a 14 years old girl, in the situation of commercial sexual exploitation, who considered this situation her labor activity. It was used a single case study delineation. The girl perceived the activity as a job that provided autonomy and her survival. The second study focused on the comparison of a group of youth workers and a group of youth non-workers. Its objective was to investigate aspects related to the world of work in the life of young brazilians of low economic level. It was a cross-sectional study based on a national descriptive exploratory research about risk and protective factors in brazilian youth, developed in seven different cities. There were 7425 participants, aged between 14 and 24 years old (m = 16,19; SD = 1,821), both genders (male, n = 3397, 45,8%; female n = 4014, 54,2%), of low economic level. The instrument was a questionnaire about risk and protective factors, containing 109 questions. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square and Student t test comparing a group of youth workers and a group of youth non-workers. Some results showed that although there is a relatively high number of youth workers, their income is low, considering that 47.9% work between five and eight a day. Concerning education, working during youth is related to a high failure rate at school. The results show that the higher the educational level of parents, the lower the percentage of youth workers. Non-workers group showed a greater average of educational level and with priority studies in the morning and the afternoon shifts in relation the young workers, whose scholar shift is at night. Young workers had registered to assist in the domestic income, while the non-workers group had registered to count on the familiar financial support. The youth workers' group had a greater percentage of use of all the investigated drugs and a higher risk of suicide in comparison to the youth nonworkers group. Moreover, the exposition to domestic violence and community violence was superior in the case of youth workers. Study I and Study II revealed that the negative effects of working during youth period can bring consequences to youth health and generate difficulties in managing the competition between work and other tasks. Youth work can be defined as a risk factor, especially when the labour conditions are not adequate and protected.

Este estudo teve como objetivo abordar aspectos comparativos de cooperação internacional focando o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual. Inicíase a abordagem refletindo sobre a dignidade da pessoa humana e as questões socioculturais que permitem que a exploração sexual continue a existir e necessite uma investigação e persecução diferenciada de outras modalidades criminosas. A cooperação internacional, entre órgãos governamentais e não governamentais, é discutida em razão da transnacionalidade do crime de tráfico internacional de pessoas e atuação de organizações criminosas. O estudo comparativo de legislações e melhores práticas implementadas pelos Estados é realizado principalmente em relação aos países membros da União Europeia e do MERCOSUL e busca apontar pontos positivos e deficiências a fim de sugerir ações que devem ser implementadas ou melhoradas para que o tráfico internacional de pessoas para exploração sexual possa tornar-se cada vez mais difícil de ser realizado / This work aims to address comparative aspects of international cooperation focusing on international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation. The approach initiates reflecting on the dignity of the human person and the socio-cultural issues that allow the sexual exploitation to continue to exist and to require an investigation and prosecution that differs from other criminal procedures. International cooperation, between governmental and non-governmental organizations, is discussed because of the transnational nature of the crime of international trafficking in persons and of the activities of criminal organizations. The comparative study of legislation and best practices implemented by the States addresses mainly the European Union and MERCOSUR member States and seeks to identify strengths and weaknesses in order to suggest actions that should be implemented or improved so that the international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation may become increasingly difficult to realize.

A presente dissertação, pautada no direito penal mínimo e no princípio da dignidade humana, discorre sobre o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fim de exploração sexual, tendo em vista o consentimento da vítima maior e capaz. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise introdutória do direito penal sexual e da prostituição, buscando identificar o bem jurídico tutelado hodiernamente sem a influência de conteúdo estritamente moral, pois no tráfico de pessoas deve prevalecer a proteção da liberdade sexual. Foram examinados os principais acordos internacionais afeitos à matéria, em especial o Protocolo de Palermo, e também a legislação de países como Alemanha, Portugal, Espanha, Itália, Estados Unidos e Argentina. Neste contexto, fez-se uma leitura crítica da legislação brasileira (mormente o art. 231 do Código Penal), que está em falta com a agenda internacional por se limitar a tutelar o tráfico internacional quando se trata de exploração de índole sexual. Além disso, o dispositivo se mostra falho em sua essência, por não enxergar o tráfico como um fenômeno, um processo delitivo complexo e multifacetado. À ineficácia legislativa se soma a insuficiência das políticas públicas nesta seara para o efetivo enfrentamento do tráfico de pessoas, visando a sua prevenção, punição e também a proteção às vítimas. / This paper which is based on the principles of minimum criminal law and human dignity, talks about the international human trafficking for sexual purposes, considering the consent of the adult and capable victim. For this, a preliminary analysis of the criminal sex and prostitution law was made, in order to identify the legal protected property, without the influence of the strictly moral context, because the protection of sexual freedom shall prevail in human trafficking. This paper also evaluates the more important international treaties with regard to this issue, with special regard to the Palermo Protocol as well as the legislation of countries such as Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy, United States of America and Argentina. A comparative analyses of the Brazilian law was developed (Article 231 of the Brazilian Criminal Code), concluding that the Brazilian law is more restricted than the international rules, because it legislates that Human trafficking is only for sexual purposes and does not consider any other. Besides that, the aforementioned article has a flaw as it does not consider the traffic as a phenomenon, a complex and multifaceted wrongful process. The inefficient Brazilian legislative process is attributed to the insufficiency of public policies in this area to effectively face human trafficking, focusing on its prevention and punishment as well as the protection of the victims.

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar aspectos relacionados à juventude brasileira e trabalho através da identificação de fatores de proteção e de risco em dois estudos independentes. Os referenciais teóricos da Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Psicologia do Trabalho embasaram estes estudos. O Estudo I teve como foco a exploração sexual como trabalho. O objetivo foi investigar o caso de uma menina de 14 anos, em situação de exploração sexual comercial, que informava ser esta a sua atividade laboral. Utilizou-se um delineamento de estudo de caso único. Constatou-se que a jovem percebia a atividade como um trabalho que lhe proporcionava autonomia, subsistência e sobrevivência. O Estudo II teve como foco a comparação das características de jovens trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. Seu objetivo foi investigar aspectos relacionados ao mundo do trabalho na vida de jovens brasileiros de nível sócio econômico baixo. Foi realizado um recorte transversal de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório descritivo sobre Fatores de Risco e Proteção da Juventude Brasileira, realizada em sete cidades do país. Participam 7425 jovens, com idade entre 14 a 24 anos (m = 16,19; SD = 1,821), de ambos os sexos (masculino, n = 3397, 45,8%; feminino n = 4014, 54,2%) e nível sócio econômico baixo. Foi utilizado um questionário para levantamento de fatores de risco e proteção. Para análise dos dados, foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, qui-quadrado e teste t de Student, comparando um grupo de jovens trabalhadores e um grupo de jovens não trabalhadores. Algumas constatações revelaram que, apesar de haver um número relativamente elevado de jovens trabalhando, a remuneração desta mão de obra foi considerada baixa, sendo que 47,9% trabalham entre cindo e oito horas diárias. Além disso, o fato de trabalhar na juventude mostrou-se relacionado ao número de reprovações. Os resultados indicaram que, quanto maior o nível educacional dos pais, menor o percentual de jovens trabalhando. Jovens não trabalhadores apresentaram média de escolaridade superior e estudam prioritariamente nos turnos da manhã e da tarde em relação aos jovens trabalhadores, cujo turno escolar concentra-se à noite. Jovens trabalhadores registraram auxiliar na renda doméstica, enquanto os jovens não trabalhadores registraram contar com o apoio financeiro familiar. Jovens trabalhadores apresentaram um percentual maior de uso de todas as drogas, maior risco de suicídio em relação aos jovens não trabalhadores. Além disso, a exposição à violência doméstica e na comunidade foi superior no caso dos jovens trabalhadores. O Estudo I e o Estudo II revelaram os efeitos negativos do trabalho sobre a saúde dos jovens trabalhadores, somado às dificuldades de administrar a competição que se estabeleceu entre o trabalho e outras tarefas. O trabalho juvenil pode ser considerado um fator de risco, principalmente quando as condições laborais não se dão de forma adequada e protegida. / The aim of the study was to investigate aspects related to brazilian youth and work, identifying protective and risk factors through two independent studies. The Biological Human Development Approach and the Psychology of Work were used as frameworks. In the first study the focus was the sexual exploitation as a job. The objective was to investigate the case of a 14 years old girl, in the situation of commercial sexual exploitation, who considered this situation her labor activity. It was used a single case study delineation. The girl perceived the activity as a job that provided autonomy and her survival. The second study focused on the comparison of a group of youth workers and a group of youth non-workers. Its objective was to investigate aspects related to the world of work in the life of young brazilians of low economic level. It was a cross-sectional study based on a national descriptive exploratory research about risk and protective factors in brazilian youth, developed in seven different cities. There were 7425 participants, aged between 14 and 24 years old (m = 16,19; SD = 1,821), both genders (male, n = 3397, 45,8%; female n = 4014, 54,2%), of low economic level. The instrument was a questionnaire about risk and protective factors, containing 109 questions. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square and Student t test comparing a group of youth workers and a group of youth non-workers. Some results showed that although there is a relatively high number of youth workers, their income is low, considering that 47.9% work between five and eight a day. Concerning education, working during youth is related to a high failure rate at school. The results show that the higher the educational level of parents, the lower the percentage of youth workers. Non-workers group showed a greater average of educational level and with priority studies in the morning and the afternoon shifts in relation the young workers, whose scholar shift is at night. Young workers had registered to assist in the domestic income, while the non-workers group had registered to count on the familiar financial support. The youth workers' group had a greater percentage of use of all the investigated drugs and a higher risk of suicide in comparison to the youth nonworkers group. Moreover, the exposition to domestic violence and community violence was superior in the case of youth workers. Study I and Study II revealed that the negative effects of working during youth period can bring consequences to youth health and generate difficulties in managing the competition between work and other tasks. Youth work can be defined as a risk factor, especially when the labour conditions are not adequate and protected.

En 2019, le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle continue de générer une importante polarisation des opinions sur les places publiques et politiques. Même si les écrits entourant ce phénomène sont nombreux, celui-ci reste mal défini. Le manque de recherches bâties sur une méthodologie rigoureuse demeure une entrave importante à l’élaboration de connaissances fiables autant en ce qui concerne le paradigme du passage à l’acte que celui de la réaction sociale. Pourtant, la gravité des impacts de ce crime sur la vie des victimes mérite de s’y attarder consciencieusement. La présente recherche souhaite poursuivre l’exploration empirique du phénomène. L’objectif est de décrire le processus du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Pour ce faire, l’approche des scripts a été retenu comme cadre théorique. C’est une approche utilisée dans de nombreuses études de phénomènes complexes et pourtant rarement appliquée au trafic humain. L’approche du script nous permet de considérer le trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle dans sa globalité tout en permettant de mettre en lumière les éléments spécifiques nécessaires qui composent le processus. Vingt-deux cas, tirés de jugements canadiens ayant des accusations sous l’article 279.01 du Code criminel, ont été retenus pour créer le script général du trafic humain à des fins d’exploitation sexuelle. Le résultat est un script en huit étapes, du recrutement à la distribution des bénéfices. Deux étapes additionnelles ont été ajoutées. En amont, le contexte initial est soulevé pour, notamment, établir les motivations individuelles des travailleuses et, en aval, la fin de la carrière est décrite pour aborder les causes du désengagement. Le script identifié rapporte un trafic national, peu structuré et opportuniste. / In 2019, human trafficking for sexual exploitation still generate important public and political debates. Even if the literature is growing on the subject, the latter stays ill-defined. Indeed, the lack of researches based on a rigorous methodology is, still today, a major impediment to the development of reliable knowledge on the phenomenon itself as well as on the social reaction to it. This research aims at pursuing the empirical exploration of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The objective is to describe the global process from the recruitment up to the sexual exploitation and beyond. In order to achieve this, the script methodological approach will be applied. It is an efficient approach that has been used in numerous studies to improve the understanding of complex phenomenon yet, it has been rarely applied to human trafficking. The script enables the researchers to consider the whole process of human trafficking for sexual exploitation while highlighting the key elements that are required to allow the chain of events that build up to the exploitation. Twenty-two individual cases from Canadian judgments having accusations under the article 279.01 of the Criminal Code were retained to create the general script of the human trafficking for sexual exploitation. The result is a script in eight steps, from the recruitment of the sex worker to the distribution of the gains. Two steps were added in order to expand the knowledge around the process of the phenomenon. Before the process, the initial context is presented in order, notably, to raise the individual motivations of the workers. After the process, the end of the career is also added to explore the factors that bring them to quit the sex work. Moreover, the general script exposes a national, loosely structured and opportunistic traffic.

L’avancement des technologies a permis aux agresseurs sexuels de mineurs d’avoir de nouvelles opportunités de commettre des infractions à caractère sexuel en ligne (Fortin, Paquette, & Dupont, 2018; Seto, Hanson, & Babchishin, 2011). Avec un nombre de plaintes criminelles croissant (Wolak, Finkelhor, & Mitchell, 2012), le phénomène du leurre informatique pose de nombreux défis pour les enquêteurs qui doivent développer des méthodes d'enquête pour distinguer les dossiers ayant le plus de risque de passage à l’acte afin d’assurer la protection du public. Le projet de recherche vise à distinguer les différents types de cyber-relations basées sur les stratégies utilisées dans les discours d’auteurs de leurre. En analysant les différences entre les auteurs de leurre qui ne demande pas un contact hors ligne, ceux qui n’ont pas été capables d’obtenir un contact et ceux qui ont obtenu un contact hors ligne, on vise à identifier les stratégies associées aux discoures des interactions menant aux contacts hors ligne. L’étude utilise une combinaison d’approche qualitative et quantitative. L’analyse des conversations en ligne a été faite à partir de données policières de la Surêté du Québec . La transformation des données qualitatives en quantitative a été fait pour conduire les analyses statistiques. Les résultats suggèrent que les stratégies associées aux interactions qui ont mené au passage hors ligne sont : la persistance, la pratique en ligne des fantaisies sexuelles et d’avoir des opportunités à risque limité de détection d’une figure faisant autorité. Les auteurs de leurre avec contact ont utilisé ces stratégies de manière plus récurrente que les auteurs de leurre sans contact. En outre, les victimes qui participent plus et qui résistent le plus ont été associées à des relations menant au contact hors ligne. Les auteurs de leurre ayant eu un contact hors ligne avec leurs victimes avaient un plus grand nombre de conversations, en moyenne. Donc, ils avaient plus de temps pour utiliser différentes stratégies pour surpasser les résistances des victimes. Les implications de cette recherche suggèrent que les typologies identifiées dans la littérature scientifique n’ont pas trouver les caractéristiques scientifiquement associées à chacun des types. / The advancement of technology created new opportunities for online sex solicitors to cyber victimize minors online (Fortin et al., 2018; Seto et al., 2011). With the increasing number of police reports (Wolak et al., 2012), online sex solicitors pose numerous challenges for police practices. This research project aims to distinguish the differences between the types of interactions that seek offline contact based on the strategies seen in their discourses. By analyzing the differences between the strategies used by various types of interactions, we aimed to identify the strategies which are associated with offline contact interaction group. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to achieve the research goal. We used a qualitative methodology to do a thematic analysis and codify the chatlogs. The strategies used for codification were taken from previous studies and observation of the police data from the Sûreté du Québec . After the codification, we transformed the thematic results into quantitative data. The quantitative research methodology was employed to test the differences in frequency of each strategy between types of interactions. The results demonstrate that the strategies associated with offline contact are persistence, fantasy rehearsal and the presence of opportunities with limited risk of exposure. Contact group used more frequently these strategies compared to the noncontact group. Moreover, contact victims showed more participatory and oppositional behaviours. Offenders who met their victims offline showed longer interactions, on average. Consequentially, offenders from the contact group had more time to use the various strategies to surpass the victims' resistances. The implication of this research lays in the contradiction of these results compared to literature's results. The particularities of each types are not associated with previous typologies.

Cambodia is a destination, transit, and source country for child sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and has become particularly vulnerable due to growing tourism, increasing geographic accessibility, and widespread poverty. In the aftermath of SEA, repeated violations of children's rights and deprivation of their childhood occur. This Minor Field Study was conducted on-site in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to examine the main factors that affect the general perception of child victims exposed to SEA, in the opinion of Action Pour Les Enfants (APLE) professionals. In addition, it highlights the main issue, raised by APLE staff, regarding the absence of legitimate status of victims of SEA in Cambodia. Finally, it assesses the ideal victim theory’s explanatory power when applied to child SEA victimisation in Cambodia. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with APLE employees, followed by a thematic analysis. Four main themes were identified: cultural aspects, lack of education, absence of intervention, and offender characteristics. The findings of this study suggest that the assignment of legitimate victim status is highly influenced by cultural aspects and lack of education. This study further identifies the absence of intervention as the key issue of not being assigned legitimate victim status. Finally, the findings suggest that the ideal victim theory overall offers great explanatory value to the absence of legitimate status of child victims of SEA in Cambodia. However, some theoretical limitations are evident. / Kambodja är ett destinations-, transit- och ursprungsland för sexuellt utnyttjande och övergrepp (SEA) av barn. Till följd av växande turism, ökad geografisk tillgänglighet och utbredd fattigdom har barnen i landet blivit särskilt sårbara för SEA. Utsattheten medför upprepade kränkningar av barns rättigheter och berövar dem på deras barndom. Den förevarande mindre fältstudien genomfördes på plats i Phnom Penh, Kambodja. Studien syftar dels till att undersöka vilka huvudsakliga faktorer som påverkar samhällets uppfattningar om barn som utsatts för SEA, enligt anställda på organisationen Actions Pour Les Enfants (APLE). Dessutom ämnar studien, baserat på APLE-anställdas upplevelser, undersöka vilka problem som uppstår till följd av en avsaknad legitim offerroll. Slutligen avser studien att undersöka förklaringsvärdet av den ideala offer-teorin då den appliceras på fenomenet SEA av barn i Kambodja. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med anställda vid organisationen APLE. Därefter tillämpades en tematisk analys på det insamlade materialet. Fyra huvudteman identifierades: kulturella aspekter, avsaknad utbildning, utebliven intervention och förövares egenskaper. Resultaten av studien tyder på att tilldelningen av den legitima offerrollen i hög grad påverkas av kulturella aspekter och en avsaknad utbildning. Studien fann vidare att utebliven intervention är det främsta problemet som uppstår till följd av en avsaknad legitim offerroll. Slutligen antyder studiens resultat att teorin om ideala offer innehar ett stort förklaringsvärde vid applicering på offer av SEA i Kambodja. Dock framkom vissa teoretiska begränsningar.