Contextualização: Na última década, o expressivo aumento da taxa e do tempo de desemprego resultou no surgimento de grupos que há mais de um ano se encontram sem nenhum tipo de vínculo empregatício — desemprego prolongado. Os homens em idade produtiva e de baixa e média escolaridade; têm sido particularmente atingidos. Referencial Teórico: Os discursos normativos referentes à masculinidade e à feminilidade mantêm estreita relação com os lugares construídos para o homem, no mundo da produção; e para a mulher, no universo doméstico. As recentes mudanças nas formas de trabalho possivelmente estão promovendo aberturas para o surgimento de construções discursivas mais pluralizadas. Assim, a linguagem assume relevância enquanto uma instância possível de construção e transformação dos sentidos, em que estão implicados tanto os eventos sociais como os diferentes sujeitos. Objetivos: Investigar o lugar ocupado pelo trabalho e pela divisão sexual do trabalho nas subjetividades de homens atingidos pelo desemprego de longa duração. Método: Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e individuais, com quinze homens casados e desempregados há mais de um ano, residentes nos municípios de Diadema (SP) e São Bernardo do Campo (SP). Procedeu-se à Análise do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Considerações: Os homens entrevistados conhecem e realizam várias formas de trabalho; contudo apresentam como referencial de vida o trabalho assalariado — emprego. Quanto à divisão sexual do trabalho, foram encontrados discursos que atribuem papéis diferenciados ao homem e à mulher, justificando-os a partir das características biológicas. Porém, foram identificados outros discursos que revelam um processo de transformação: a mulher realizando trabalhos com conteúdos masculinos e sustentando a família e os homens exercendo o cuidado dos filhos como exercício da paternidade. / Contextualization: In the past decade the marked increase in rate and length of unemployment led to emergence of groups that have had no type of employment relationship for over one year, that is, prolonged unemployment. Men at working age, with low and medium schooling levels, have been the most affected individuals. Theoretical Reference: The normative discourse regarding masculinity and femininity keep close relation with spaces built for men - the production world, and for women - the domestic universe. The recent changes in labor relations are possibly promoting space for emergence of more pluralized discursive constructions. Therefore, language assumes importance as an eventual dimension for establishing and transforming meanings, in which both social events and different subjects are involved. Objectives: To investigate the place occupied by work and by sexual division of labor in male subjectivities affected by long-lasting unemployment. Method: Individual, semi-structured interviews with 15 men, married, unemployed for over one year, and residing in the cities of Diadema and São Bernardo do Campo (SP). A collective discourse analysis was performed. Considerations: The males interviewed know and perform several types of work; however their life reference is waged work - employment. As to sexual division of labor, there were discourses attributing different roles to man and woman based on biological characteristics. Nevertheless, other discourses were identified showing a transformation process: women performing jobs with male features and earning the living for the family, and men taking care of children as a paternity exercise.

Thesis (M.Admin. (Development)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Feminist studies show that gender inequality is an impediment for livelihoods diversification among rural households. Whereas women are understood to be the designers, planners and managers of livelihoods for household survival, their roles in diversification of the means of earning a living are generally undermined through a myriad of social and cultural laws, values, norms and beliefs. Despite the publicity, attempts and efforts in redressing gender inequality in a demographic South Africa, the dissertation argues that gender inequality in rural areas has remained persistent, posing an obstacle to the capacity of households to diversify their livelihoods. The study uses survey results from Sebayeng Village in order to demonstrate that the community’s perceptions of women’s roles perpetuate the status quo wherein women’s capacity to diversify livelihoods are undermined. The survey involved 200 households that were sampled through the simple random design. The respondents consisted of 56.5% females and 43.5% males. The survey results demonstrate that gender inequality remains deep in Sebayeng Village and that such inequality negatively affects the ability of households to diversify their livelihoods. Therefore, this study tends to confirm the general principle that gender inequality renders women as unexplored resources in rural development. To that extent, the study concludes that one of the tests for the success in gender transformation in South Africa is in releasing the energies of women in the sphere of livelihoods diversification.

This thesis seeks to identify the mosaic, rather than the monolithic, nature of culture contact by integrating historical and archaeological sources relating to the concept of gender roles, as they influence response within a contact situation. Specifically, I examine how the Inuit gender system structured artifact patterning in Inuit-European contact situations through the investigation of three Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. These date from the 16th, 19th and early 20th centuries and represent a variety of seasonal occupations and dwelling forms. / The ethnographic data suggest that Inuit gender relations were egalitarian and complementary. On this basis I hypothesize that European goods and materials were used equally by men and women. Within each gendered set of tasks, European goods and materials were differently used, according to empirically functional criteria such as the nature of the tasks. / Opportunities for and responses to European contact differed depending on the types of tasks in which Inuit women and men engaged and the social roles they played. Seasonality of occupation bears upon the archaeological visibility of gender activities. / Sixteenth-century Elizabethan contact did not alter Nugumiut gender roles, tasks, authority or status but served primarily as a source of raw material, namely wood and iron. Based on the analysis of slotted tools I suggest a refinement to take account of the overlap in blade thickness that occurs for metal and slate, and which depends on the function of the tool. I conclude that there was much more metal use by Thule Inuit than previously believed. However, during Elizabethan contact and shortly afterwards there was actually less metal use by the Nugumiut than in the prehistoric era. / Little archaeological evidence was recovered for 19th-century commercial whaling contact, (suggesting geographic marginality to European influence), or for 19th century Inuit occupation in the area. This is partly because of immigration to Cumberland Sound and because of subsequent structural remodelling of the dwellings by later occupants. / By the early 20th century, the archaeological record showed not only equal use of European material across gender but a near-ubiquitous distribution across most activity classes, even though commercial trapping never replaced traditional subsistence pursuits but only supplemented them.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Murdoch University, 1998. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [275]-290).

Thèse (M.E.I.R.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. [151]-155. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.L.S.)--Eastern Michigan University, 2000. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).

Thesis (M.L.S.)--Eastern Michigan University, 2000. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. / Description based on PDF t.p. (viewed June 30, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-71).

À partir d’une enquête qualitative menée auprès de femmes ayant avorté dans les dixdernières années en France et au Québec, cette recherche met en évidence la normecontraceptive dans ces deux sociétés et révèle l’opposition forte faite par l’ensemble desfemmes – et même celles qui avortent plusieurs fois – entre les « bonnes » pratiques enmatière de contrôle des naissances – la contraception – et la « mauvaise » pratique –l’avortement. Bien qu’il soit une donnée structurelle des trajectoires reproductives desfemmes, une pratique aujourd’hui sans risque pour leur santé et un acte ordinaire lorsqu’on ledéfait de la charge morale qui lui est associé, l’IVG continue d’être l’objet d’un ensemble dereprésentations sociales stigmatisantes. Aussi, l’analyse des expériences des femmes rendcompte de l’ensemble des éléments qui teintent le vécu d’une ou de plusieurs interruptions degrossesse. Si la décision d’avorter est une évidence pour l’ensemble des femmes, lorsqu’ellessont impliquées dans des activités concurrentes (études, carrière ou élevage et allaitementd’un enfant en bas âge), elle peut devenir plus difficile lorsqu’elle correspond au refus de leurpartenaire d’investir un projet parental qu’elles portent seules. Enfin, la mise en perspectivedes modalités de la prise en charge énoncée par les femmes à Paris et à Montréal, révèle lesnombreux obstacles qui peuvent rendre cet épisode plus compliqué voire douloureux,témoignant des réticences dans ces deux sociétés à penser cette pratique comme un acteordinaire de planification des naissances relevant principalement du champ de la santé. / Based on a sociological survey about women who had an abortion during the last ten years inFrance and Quebec, this research reveals the weight of contraceptive norm in both societies,especially the strong opposition that all women make – even those who aborted several times– between “good” birth control practices (contraception) and “bad” ones (abortion). Abortionis a structural element of women’s reproductive trajectories, that is to say without today riskto their health; moreover, it is an ordinary act when the moral burden that is currentlyassociated with is defeated. Nevertheless, termination of pregnancy continues to be subject toa set of social representations which still stigmatize it. That’s why the analysis of women'sexperiences accounts for the set of elements that influence the experience of one or moreabortions. Even if the decision to abort is obvious to all women, especially as they areinvolved in competing activities (education, career or breeding and feeding of a child), it canbecome more difficult when it corresponds to the partner’s refusal to invest a parental projectwomen thus carry up alone. Finally, by putting into perspective the terms of the support thatwomen receive in Paris and Montreal, the thesis reveals the numerous obstacles that can makeabortion a more complicated or painful episode. These impediments show the reluctance ofboth societies to think this practice as an ordinary act of birth planning that falls mainly withinthe health field.

[pt] Pensar hoje na questão da emancipação feminina talvez possa parecer em um primeiro momento, para muitas mulheres, uma tarefa mais fácil do que há algumas décadas anteriores, na medida em que a entrada da mulher no mercado de trabalho e a conquista de direitos até então não reconhecidos, trazem uma sensação de maior liberdade e controle sobre suas vidas e escolhas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar se a inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho pode ser considerada um caminho de sua emancipação e relativa autonomia. De fato, para muitas mulheres, a entrada no mercado de trabalho lhes possibilitou concretamente uma maior inserção como consumidoras, e de certa forma sua independência econômica. Porém, ao analisarmos essa inserção podemos constatar que em grande parte as mulheres vivenciam cargos, funções e salários inferiores aos dos homens, sendo muitas vezes submetidas a situações precárias de trabalho. Assim, percebemos que ao longo das últimas décadas, ocorreu de fato uma crescente feminização da pobreza, acentuada pela cor de sua pele, classe social e as assimétricas relações patriarcais de gênero, traduzidas na imputação de duplas e triplas jornadas de trabalho, reforçando a divisão sexual do trabalho. Tais condições sociais se agravam quando essas mulheres têm de enfrentar condições insalubres e de violência para a reprodução de sua vida e de sua família como as existentes nos espaços segregados de nosso país. / [en] Today, thinking about the issue of women s emancipation may, at first, seem for many women, an easier task than a few decades ago, since the entry of women into the labor market and the conquer of non recognized wrights bring a sense of greater freedom and control over their lives and choices. The present study aims to analyze if the insertion of women into the labor market can be considered a path of their emancipation and relative autonomy. In fact, for many women, entering the labor market has concretely enabled them to become more involved as consumers, and to a certain extent their economic independence. However, when analyzing this insertion, we can see that in large part, women do experience lower positions, functions and salaries than men, and are often subjected to precarious work situations. Thus, we perceive that over the last decades there has indeed been a growing feminization of poverty, accentuated by the color of their skin, social class and the asymmetrical patriarchal gender relations, translated into imputation of double and triple working hours, reinforcing the division of work. Such social conditions are aggravated when these women have to face unhealthy conditions and violence for the reproduction of their life and their family as those existing in the segregated spaces of our country.