<p>With the fast progress of the Internet the Swedish gambling monopoly is no longer able to control the market. Gambling companies licensed in foreign countries can compete with Svenska Spel via the Internet offering lower prices. The authors investigated whether the competition has lead Svenska Spel to lower their prices. Focus has been put on the years 2000-2006 and on Svenska Spel’s sports betting section Oddset since competition here is high. To help analysing Svenska Spel’s pricing behaviour the dynamic limit pricing model of optimal pricing when faced with entry was used.</p><p>The effect on Svenska Spel´s advertising expenditures following the competition was also investigated. For this part A dynamic model of advertising and market shares was used.</p><p>The analysis indicates that when the number of firms on the market increased, prices decreased and Svenska Spel’s advertising expenses increased.</p>

Författare: Narina Bengtsson och Victor Friis-Liby Handledare: Eva BerggrenTitel: Fastighetsbolagens finansiering – En studie om fastighetsbolagens nyafinansieringsalternativ Bakgrund och problem: Kapitaltunga bolag som fastighetsbolag är ständigt i behov avkapital. Bankkredit som alltid varit det vanligaste och mest använda finanseringsalternativethar i större utsträckning ersatts med företagsobligationer och preferensaktier. Marknaden försvenska företagsobligationer har växt de senaste åren och fastighetsbolagen står idag för tvåtredjedelar av de totala preferensaktierna på Stockholmsbörsen. Efter den senaste finanskrisensvarade myndigheterna med att ta fram Basel III – regelverket, som ställer striktarekapitaltäckningskrav för bankerna. Med anledning av hur marknaden har utvecklats med nyafinansieringsalternativ och införandet av Basel III - regelverket vill vi undersöka hurfastighetsbolagen resonerar kring finansiering i nuläget. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om de svenska börsnoterade fastighetsbolagens valav finansiering har förändrats efter finanskrisen 2008.Avgränsning: Studien bortser från fastighetsbolag som inte är börsnoterade och verksamheterutanför Sverige. Studien bortser också från de delar av kapitalmarknaden som inte berörfastighetsbolag och därför inte är aktuella för studien. Studien går igenom Basel III -regelverket som en följd av finanskrisen men vi kommer inte gå in djupare på orsaken tillfinanskrisen. Metod: Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie på tre svenska börsnoterade fastighetsbolag. Slutsats: Basel III har enligt vår studie inte påverkat fastighetsbolagens tillgång till kapital pådet sättet som tidigare studier pekat på. Förändringen på marknaden beror på flera faktorer isamverkan som alla påverkat fastighetsbolagens val av finansiering. Vi kommer fram till attPecking order teorin inte är aktuell längre eftersom olika finansieringsalternativ idagkombineras för att diversifiera finansieringsrisken. Marknaden har förändrats sedan Peckingorder teorin utvecklades och det är därför inte längre möjligt att göra analyser på samma sättsom tidigare. Idag påverkas marknaden av flera faktorer samtidigt, vilket innebär attfastighetsbolagens finansieringsbeteende bara är en del av informationen att ta hänsyn till. Anledningen tros bland annat vara att vi idag är mer globalt integrerade än tidigare vilketinnebär att tillgången till information är större. Dessutom påverkas marknaden av flerstörningar nu än tidigare. Räntederivat, certifikatprogram och preferensaktier är alla nyafinansieringsalternativ som används av fastighetsbolagen och som inte tas upp i Pecking order teorin.

Finansų teorijoje ir praktikoje viena iš fundamentalių problemų yra vertybinių popierių portfelio valdymas. Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjami investicinio proceso pagrindiniai etapai. Darbo tikslas gali būti apibrėžtas kaip akcijų portfelio sudarymo ir valdymo uždavinio sprendimas naudojant optimizacijos, fundamentaliosios ir techninės analizės metodus. Išnagrinėti investuotojų ir jų sudaromų portfelių tipai. Aprašyti ir palyginti investicijų portfelio sudarymo modeliai ir valdymo strategijos. Aprašoma metodika, nustatanti akcijų investicinį patrauklumą Italijos akcijų rinkos pavyzdžiu. Autorius darbe sprendžia sveikųjų skaičių optimizacijos uždavinį. Tiriamojoje darbo dalyje įvertinami pasyviosios ir aktyviosios portfelio valdymo strategijos rezultatai. Darbo pabaigoje pasiūlyti efektyvūs būdai sprendžiant investicijų portfelio valdymo uždavinį. / One of the fundamental issues in financial practice and theory is an investment portfolio construction and management. In this master thesis are presented the main stages of investment process. Thesis aim is defined as construction and management of the portfolio, that consists of stocks, using optimization methods, fundamental and technical analysis. The author analyses different types of investors and portfolios, compares portfolio construction models and management strategies. This thesis includes describing of stock investment attractiveness evaluation within the Italian market of shares. Author solves the integer-valued optimization problem. In the empirical part it is evaluated passive and active portfolio management strategies. In the conclusion there are offered effective procedures that can help investor to solve the portfolio management problem.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama optimalaus akcijų portfelio sudarymo problema OMXV rinkoje. Teorinėje darbo dalyje analizuojami portfelio sudarymo teoriniai ypatumai, nagrinėjamos fundamentaliosios ir techninės analizių derinimo galimybės, moderniųjų portfelio teorijų taikymo principai. Praktinėje dalyje atliekama fundamentali šalies, atskirų ekonomikos sektorių ir įmonių finansinė veiklos analizė. Siekiant nustatyti atrinktų akcijų kainų kitimo perspektyvas atliekama techninė akcijų kainų grafikų analizė. Techninės ir fundamentaliosios analizių sintezės pagalba taip pat įvertinus akcijų laukiamus pelningumus, riziką ir tarpusavio koreliacijos ryšius nutarta formuoti akcijų portfelį iš 4 įmonių akcijų. Taikant šiuolaikines portfelio teorijas rasti optimaliausi akcijų portfelių variantai trim investuotojų tipam: konservatyviam, nuosaikiam ir agresyviam. Siekiant tikslingai įvertinti taikytus metodus analizuojami portfelio rezultatai po 3 mėnesių laikotarpiu stebėjimo. / Undergraduate thesis provides the results of solving optimal stock portfolio construction problem in OMXV stock market. The theoretical part analysis theoretical portfolio formation internals, considered possibilities of fundamental and technical analysis combination, application of modern portfolio theories principles. The practical part of the thesis made fundamental analysis of country, individual sectors of the economy and financial performance analysis of companies. On purpose to identify perspectives of share prices changes in future made graphs technical analysis. In assistance of technical and fundamental analysis synthesis as well as assessment of the shares expected profitability, risk and internecine correlation agreed to develop a portfolio of 4 stocks. Application of modern portfolio theory found optimal portfolios versions for three different types of investors: conservative, moderate and aggressive. In order to specifically evaluate the used methods analyzed the results of the portfolio after a 3-month observation period.

This thesis focuses on types of shares in limited liability company. The concept of variability of shares was introduced by the Business Corporation Act, with a purpose to make limited liability company more attractive. There are many issues concerning this concept, preventing its effective use in practice. The aim of this thesis, is to identify current interpretational disputes and attempts to adumbrate possible outcomes and solutions. This thesis also reflects the proposal of amendment of the Business Corporation Act which was approved by the Government and passed to the Chamber of Deputies in June 2018. This diploma thesis consists of six chapters, which are further divided into subcategories. The first chapter introduces a concept of share in a limited liability company, its legal definition, understanding and related issues, The second chapter provides an overview of different types of shares, their classification as ordinary and special shares, and briefly outline the concept of variability of shares in selected foreign legal systems. The third chapter focuses on the concept of ordinary share and its unclear definition resulting in various interpretations. This section further examines and analyses different viewpoints on definition of ordinary share. The focus of the fourth chapter is the...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elaine Silvia.pdf: 1953099 bytes, checksum: 11dba01f12b78ca6dc565b229711cbaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-14 / Macroeconomical variables that interfere in the economy and contagy that came of from worldwide crisis is the main theme which worries researchers of the financing area. Since 1980, that is the studied period of this research, the Stock Market brings huge amounts of profit in the shares of the companies of open capital, at the same time in that it scares the stock market holders, due to the volatile behaviour of its outcomes. The scope of this work is to identify if there is a relation between this behaviour of these macro economical variables and the obtained outcome by the national companies, which happens because of the behaviour of the macro economical crisis. Done the analysis of the Main Components, it is concluded that the macro economical variables have a fundamental importance in the action that determines the return index BOVESPA.(AU) / Variáveis macroecômicas que interferem na economia e contágio decorrente de crises mundiais é o tema que preocupa os estudiosos da área financeira. Desde 1980, que é o período deste estudo, a bolsa de valores traz volumosos lucros nas ações das companhias de capital aberto, ao mesmo tempo em que assusta os investidores, devido ao comportamento volátil de seus resultados. O escopo deste trabalho é o de identificar se existe uma relação entre o comportamento das variáveis macroeconômicas e o resultado obtido pelas empresas nacionais, ocasionada pelo comportamento das crises macroeconômicas. Efetuada a análise de Componentes Principais, conclui-se que as variáveis macroeconômicas têm importância fundamental no desempenho que determina o índice de retorno BOVESPA.(AU)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:55:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Andre Ferreira Estacio.pdf: 4737916 bytes, checksum: c80ec5c54b7c62b576d2f11de8a5278e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The affirmative actions of place reservations on universities, also called shares, which seek to promote the principle of equality, it is found in the current agendas of political and social discussions. In Brazil, it is exacly in the beginning of the twentyfirst century, that public universities gather to discuss such actions, including in Amazon, the State University (UEA), which had its place reservation system instituted by state law Number 2894 created in May 31rd 2004, linking school records criteria (public school period), territorial and ethnic. The current study aims the comprehension and analyze the policy of affirmative action about shares, developed by the Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, from the understanding of indigenous students approved for normal education college, who joined the university in places to be filled exclusively by Indians. This research was qualitative in nature, illustrated by quantitative data, has been adopted the historical-critical method (dialectic) and the types of research were: bibliographic, documentary and field research. For data collection, it used semi-structured interviews and focus groups. It is clear that affirmative actions about shares may not even represent the best solution to the social and cultural exclusion, but it is undoubtedly the only action taken until now, with positive results capable of repairing, compensation and the inclusion of indigenous people who were eliminated from the process of acquiring knowledge for a long time in the history of this country. Plus, it is not enough creating specific places in higher education to be filled by ethnic origin candidates, but is also necessary the implementation of complementary programs and institutions, which are able to promote the permanence of the Indians in the university, and that, may be successful. / As ações afirmativas de reserva de vagas no ensino superior, também denominadas de quotas, as quais buscam promover o princípio da igualdade, encontram-se nas atuais agendas de discussões políticas e sociais. No Brasil, é exatamente no início do século XXI, que universidades públicas incluem-se para discutir tais ações, inclusive no Amazonas, a Universidade do Estado (UEA), a qual teve o seu sistema de reserva de vagas instituído por determinação da Lei Estadual n.º 2.894 de 31 de maio de 2004, associando critérios de histórico escolar (tempo de escola pública), territorial e étnico. O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender e analisar a política de ação afirmativa do tipo quotas, desenvolvida pela Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, a partir da compreensão dos alunos indígenas aprovados para os cursos da Escola Normal Superior, os quais ingressaram na universidade nas vagas destinadas para serem preenchidas, exclusivamente, por indígenas. Esta pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa, ilustrada por dados quantitativos, tendo sido adotado o método histórico-crítico (dialético) e os tipos de pesquisa foram: bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se de entrevistas semiestruturadas e do grupo focal. Compreende-se que as ações afirmativas do tipo quotas podem até não representarem a melhor solução para a exclusão social e cultural, mas é, sem dúvida, a única ação adotada, até o presente momento, com resultados positivos capazes de promover a reparação, a compensação e a inclusão de indígenas, os quais estiveram alijados do processo de aquisição de conhecimentos escolares durante muito tempo na história deste País. E mais, não basta criar vagas específicas na educação superior para serem preenchidas pelos candidatos de origem étnica, mas também se faz necessário a implementação de programas complementares e institucionais, os quais sejam capazes de promover a permanência dos índios na universidade, e que esta seja exitosa.

Datum:                    2018-01-15 Nivå:                        Kandidatuppsats Företagsekonomi, 15 hp Akademi:                Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Högskola Författare:              Rami Abbas             Simon Issa                          Kevin Landenberg              92/03/26                                 92/02/02                                       94/08/11        Titel:                        Utdelning i fåmansbolag Nyckelord:                         Utdelning, kvalificerade aktier, slopade förslaget 2017, skattebeteende Forskningsfrågor: Vilka eventuella förändringar i beteenden har det slopade förslaget             genererat vid beslutfattande hos fåmansbolag?  Vilken påverkan har skattereformer på skattebeteende? Syfte:                       Syftet med undersökningen är att skapa förståelse över om, hur och varför fåmansbolagen har agerat utefter det slopade förslaget för förändringen på 3:12- reglerna. Utöver detta är syftet också att skapa en förståelse för vilken påverkan skattereformer har på skattebeteende. Metod:                     Regleringar kring fåmansbolagsutdelningsmöjligheter har samlats in och analyserats. Teoretisk datainsamling om reformers påverkan på skattebeteende har insamlats. Utöver detta har det genomförts intervjuer med ägare för fåmansbolag samt auktoriserade revisorer. Slutsats:        Förslaget till förändringar som slopades sommaren 2017 hade ingen nämnvärd påverkan på majoriteten av delägarna i fåmansbolagen. Detta på grund av för komplicerade regleringar. I särskilda fall, när reformer är för komplicerade kräver det för berörda parter en inlärningstid för att ta in ny kunskap och därför inte har varken tid eller kunskap att agera efter reformens krav. / Date:                        2018-01-15 Level:                       Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution:                         School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors:                  Rami Abbas             Simon Issa                          Kevin Landenberg              92/03/26                                 92/02/02                                       94/08/11 Title:                        Dividend in close companies Keywords:              Dividend, qualified shares, the canceled proposition 2017, tax behavior Research Questions:               What possible changes in behavior has the cancelled proposition generated at decision making in close companies?                                  What impact do tax reforms have on tax behavior? Purpose:                  The purpose of the survey is to create an understanding about if and how close companies have acted towards the rejected proposition of change in the 3:12 rules. In addition to this, the purpose is also to create an understanding of what impact tax reforms have on tax behavior. Method:                   Regulations regarding dividend opportunities in close companies, have been collected and analyzed. Theoretical data collection on reformers' impact on tax behavior has been collected. In addition, interviews have been conducted with owners of close companies and authorized auditors. Conclusion:              The proposition of change that were rejected in the summer of 2017 had no significant impact on majority of the shareholders at close companies. This is due to complicated regulations. In specific cases, when reforms are too complicated, it requires the involved partners a learning time to acquire new knowledge and therefore do not have the time or knowledge to respond to the reform requirements.

We study some aspects of liquidity of stocks traded through the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India. Initially we examine the multi-dimensional nature of liquidity by conducting day-wise factor analysis of eleven liquidity proxies across a cross-section of stocks, using data from two periods reflecting different market conditions. Five factors emerge consistently, interpretable as depth, spread, volume, price elasticity and relative activity. Subsequently, we study execution of limit orders in the NSE from three angles. First we consider order execution probability, using 106 stock-specific logistic models. Important predictors of order execution probability are price premium followed by volatility, relative activity, bid ask spread and order imbalance. Some differences are noted when comparing companies of different sizes and between buy and sell orders. Second, we study order execution times using survival analysis. Several diagnostic tests indicate that parametric Accelerated Failure Time models using the log-logistic distribution for the survival time S(t) are suitable for current data. 100 stock-specific models are built; results are consistent with the logistic models. Additionally depth is also found to be important. Finally we build 4 combined models across stocks for both execution probabilities as well as times. These models perform well on out of sample data, suggesting their predictive utility.

The aim of this thesis is to provide the reader with basic information about doing business in Russia and about options of entering this market (entering in cooperation with a local partner, establishment of commercial representation, a subsidiary, a company and about specifics of joint ventures in Russia). The second and the main aim of this thesis is to compare the Czech and Russian regulation of the joint-stock company and this way to draw the attention of the people interested in establishment of this type of corporation to main differences compared to a well-known Czech law. After a general introduction the main part of this thesis if focused on comparison of the most important parts of the regulation which determine the functioning of the joint-stock company -- regulation of the shared issued by the company, rights and duties of the shareholders, bodies of the company.