Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-04-20T12:04:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karla Miky.pdf: 833137 bytes, checksum: 4aac692850a86aaeabe93d6bbcf5af02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T12:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karla Miky.pdf: 833137 bytes, checksum: 4aac692850a86aaeabe93d6bbcf5af02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O óleo de linhaça tem se destacado como alimento funcional para humanos, sendo a fonte mais rica de ácido graxo α-linolênico. Quatro dietas isentas de farinha de peixe foram formuladas para serem isoproteicas (321,2 g/kg de proteína brua), isocalóricas (17,1 Mcal/kg de energia bruta) e isolipídicas (73,1 g/kg de lipídios totais), contendo duas fontes de óleos vegetais (óleo de soja ou óleo de linhaça) suplementadas em dois níveis (15 ou 30 g / kg). Foram distribuídos ao acaso 144 peixes (1076,3 ± 37,2 g) em esquema fatorial 2x2, em 12 gaiolas flutuantes de 1000 L cada, alimentadas manualmente até saciedade aparente. Observou-se maior aumento de peso, consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar em peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça em comparação com peixes alimentados com 15 e 30 g/kg de óleo de soja. O rendimento de filé foi maior em peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça em relação aos peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de soja. Não foram observadas diferenças no peso corporal inicial, índice hepatosomático e composição próxima dos filés. Peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça apresentaram maior teor de 18: 3 n-3 e menor teor de 18:2n-6 nos filés em comparação com peixes alimentados com 15 e 30 g/kg de óleo de soja. As maiores somas de SFA, MUFA e AG n-3 foram observados em filés de peixes alimentados com 15 g/kg de óleo de soja. Peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de linhaça apresentaram maiores somas de ácidos graxos PUFA e de ácidos graxos n-3 nos filés. Filés de peixes alimentados com óleo de linhaça apresentaram menor relação de ácidos graxos n-6/n-3 em comparação com peixes alimentados com óleo de soja. A cor, capacidade de retenção de água, pH e a dureza dos filés não foram afetados. A adesividade dos filés analisada um e sete dias pós mortem foi maior em peixes alimentados com óleo de linhaça, enquanto observou-se menor mastigabilidade em filés de peixes alimentados com 30 g/kg de óleo de soja e de linhaça em relação aos peixes alimentados com 15 g/kg de óleo de soja e linhaça. Em conclusão, o óleo de linhaça demonstrou ser um alimento funcional como fonte de AG α-linolênico e para aumentar a relação de ácidos graxos n-6/n-3 nos filés. Além disso, recomenda-se 30 g/kg de óleo de 8 linhaça em dietas de terminação para melhorar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo em terminação. / Linseed oil has emerging as functional food for human being one richest source of α-linolenic fatty acid. Four fishmeal-free diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (321.2 g/kg of crude protein), isocaloric (17.1 Mcal/kg of gross energy) and isolipidic (73.1 g/kg of total lipids), containing two sources of vegetable oils (soybean oil or linseed oil) supplemented at two levels (15 or 30 g/kg). A hundred and forty-four fish (1076.3 ± 37.2 g) were distributed in a completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme, into twelve 1000 L each floating cage, hand fed until apparent satiety and reared at 18 to 24 oC, during 6 wk. Higher weight gain, feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil compared to fish fed 15 and 30 g/kg of soybean oil. Fillet yield of fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil was higher compared to observed in fish fed 30 g/kg of soybean oil. No differences on initial body weight, hepatosomatic index and proximate composition of fillets were observed. Fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil showed higher 18:3 n-3 and lower 18:2 n-6 content in the fillets compared to fish fed 15 and 30 g/kg of soybean oil. Higher sum of SFA, MUFA and n-3 FA were observed in fillets of fish fed 15 g/kg of soybean oil. Fish fed 30 g/kg of linseed oil showed higher sum of PUFA and sum of n-3 fatty acids in the fillets. Fillet of fish fed linseed oil showed lower ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids compared to fish fed soybean oil. Color, water holding capacity, pH and hardness of fillets were not affected. The adhesiveness of fillets analyzed at one and seven days post-mortem was increased in fish fed linseed oil, while lower chewiness was observed in fillet of fish fed 30 g/kg of soybean or linseed oil compared to observed in fish fed 15 g/kg of soybean or linseel oil. In conclusion, linseed oil was demonstrated to be functional food as α-linolenic source to enhance n-6/n-3 ratio of the fillets. In addition, linseed oil at 30 g/kg is recommended in finishing diets

A indústria da carne é um setor de alimentos de grande importância para a economia do agronegócio mundial. Dentro deste contexto, as embalagens desempenham um papel fundamental para manter a qualidade das carnes por maior período, o que permite uma ampliação do alcance do sistema de distribuição destes produtos perecíveis. Com o intuito de evitar a deterioração do produto e aumentar a vida de prateleira podem ser utilizadas as embalagens com atmosfera modificada, que consiste na retirada total do ar (embalagens a vácuo) ou substituição do ar por uma composição específica de gases. Dessa maneira, este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a qualidade sensorial, físico-química e microbiológica de carne bovina resfriada em diferentes formas de apresentação (bifes e moída) embaladas sob atmosfera modificada. O uso de embalagem em atmosfera modificada demonstrou–se mais atrativa ao consumidor, representando um nicho de mercado para ser explorado e agregar valor à indústria da carne bovina. Apesar de instrumentalmente o uso de atmosfera modificada ter demonstrado menor maciez no presente estudo, o mesmo fato não foi detectado através de análise sensorial com consumidores. / The meat industry is a major food industry to the economy of global agribusiness. In this context, packaging plays a key role in maintaining the quality of the meat for a longer period allowing for expansion of the scope of the distribution system of these perishable products. To prevent product spoilage and increase the shelf life may be used in modified atmosphere packaging may be used in, which is the total removal of the air (vacuum packaging) or replacing the air with a specific gas composition. This study aimed to determine the sensory quality physicochemical and microbiological chilled beef in different forms of presentation (steaks and ground) submitted to packaging under modified atmosphere and determine the shelf life submitted chilled beef packaging under modified atmosphere and assess the quality of meat through sensory analysis (sensory panel), physico-chemical analysis (colorimetry, shear force, pH) and microbiological, and also determine the perception of the consumer front organoleptic characteristics of beef cold stored in modified atmosphere package. The use of modified atmosphere packaging, although demonstrated a life slower shelf - life (p <0.05) than the vacuum packaging, proved to be more attractive to consumers when assessing the buying decision of the above product in the consumer retail representing a niche market to be explored and add value to the beef industry. Although instrumentally using modified atmosphere have demonstrated less tenderness in this study (p <0.05), the same was not detected by sensory analysis to consumers.

O aproveitamento de proteína de pescado como coprodutos do processo de industrialização, constitui-se em uma alternativa para a elaboração de produtos com elevada qualidade nutricional. A carne mecanicamente separada (CMS), produzida a partir de carcaças do descarte do processamento de tilápia híbrida vermelha (CMSV), Oreochromis niloticus var. Red Stirling e de tilápia preta (CMSP), Oreochromis niloticus, foram caracterizadas física, química, microbiológica e sensorialmente. Em um primeiro estudo avaliou-se a eficiência de dois tipos de equipamentos de extração mecânica da CMS, rosca- sem-fim e cinta-tambor. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a qualidade da CMS congelada durante 90 dias de armazenamento. Em seguida avaliou-se os atributos sensoriais de cor, odor e aparência da CMSV e CMSP congelada. Para a avaliação do sabor da CMS, foi adicionado ao molho de tomate com CMSV armazenada por 15 e 90 dias e a aceitação avaliada por consumidores. Foi realizado um estudo para avaliação das características de funcionalidade da CMS reestruturada da tilápia híbrida vermelha. O separador tipo rosca-sem-fim apresentou melhor rendimento de extração e controle da temperatura do processo, quando comparado ao separador do tipo cinta-tambor, embora ambos os processos tenham permitido a obtenção de CMS com teores de umidade, proteína e lipídeo adequados para o processamento de coprodutos. A avaliação da vida útil indicou que coprodutos da tilápia híbrida vermelha (CMSV) e tilápia preta (CMSP) apresentaram padrões microbiológicos, valores de pH e oxidação lipídica aceitáveis ao longo do estudo, mesmo apresentado uma descoloração ao longo do armazenamento. A avaliação sensorial para o estabelecimento da vida útil (teste de diferença do controle com provador treinado) foi realizada em períodos até 90 dias. Aos 15 dias de armazenamento, os provadores detectaram diferença significativa, porém o limite sensorial estabelecido pelos provadores (moderadamente diferente do controle) foi atingido aos 60 dias para a CMS da tilápia preta e aos 90 dias para a CMS de tilápia vermelha. A aceitação teve boa resposta, porém a intenção de compra apresentou queda de 19% para o molho adicionado de CMS estocada durante 90 dias. A CMSV é uma matéria prima, com elevado teor proteico (12%) e elevado teor lipídico (15%) e pode ser utilizada para elaboração de diferentes coprodutos. Foi possível obter produto reestruturado com boa funcionalidade tecnológica com adição de 100% de CMS de tilápia híbrida vermelha, o que demonstra a viabilidade de sua utilização, onde apresentaram respostas satisfatórias de rendimento, capacidade de retenção de água e força de penetração no reestruturado. Conclui-se que a CMS das variedades de tilápia estudadas representam um coproduto de qualidade a ser aproveitado pela indústria. Além de contribuir para para fornecer dados, junto a outros trabalhos, para se criar um padrão de identidade e qualidade da CMS de pescado, o que é de suma importância para o controle de qualidade da indústria processadora do coproduto. / The use of fish protein resulting from the industrial process constitutes an alternative to the development of co-products with nutritional quality. Mechanically recovered meat (MRM), produced from carcasses of Red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus var. Red Stirling and black tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were characterized in terms of physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory aspects. The first study evaluated the efficiency of two mechanical extraction devices of MRM, the screw type and the belt and drum type. Later assessed the quality of frozen MRM for 90 days of storage. Then it was evaluated the sensory attributes of color, odor and appearance of defrozen MRM. The resulting MRM was used in the development of a tomato sauce and its acceptance with consumers was analyzed. A performance study of MRM restructured of red hybrid tilapia was conducted. The worm screw-type separator presented better extraction yield when compared to belt-drum type separator, but both processes allowed obtaining MRM with levels of moisture, protein and lipids suitable for processing co-products. Both MRM presented microbiological and oxidative stability after 90 days of storage. The sensory analysis of control difference for up to 90 days showed significant difference to that at 15 days of storage. The team of tasters set the value 4 (appearance, color and odor moderately different from the control) as limiting MRM shelf life to 60 days for MRM of the Nile tilapia and 90 days for MRM of the red tilapia. The tomato sauce with the addition of tilapia formulated with MRM of the red tilapia stored for 15 and 90 days was well accepted by consumers, but purchase intent dropped 19% for the product obtained from MRM with 90 days of storage. The MRM from the red hybrid tilapia is a raw material with high protein content, average 12%, and high lipid content, average 15%, and can be used to prepare different co-products of tilapia. It was possible to obtain restructured product with addition of 100% of MRM from the red hybrid tilapia with good processing characteristics, which shows viability of production with satisfactory responses of performance, water retention capacity and penetration force of restructured fish meat. We conclude that the CMS of the studied tilapia varieties represent a quality co-product to be used by the industry. Besides contributing to to provide data , along with other works , to create a standard of identity and quality of fish CMS , which is of paramount importance for the quality control of the co-product processing industry.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-02-23T13:55:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2018-01-07 16h04min-MS-TESE Versão FINAL.pdf: 5381905 bytes, checksum: 7dbc7dc9b2123e87817635d09f0f8f0e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-03-05T20:50:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 2018-01-07 16h04min-MS-TESE Versão FINAL.pdf: 5381905 bytes, checksum: 7dbc7dc9b2123e87817635d09f0f8f0e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T20:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 2018-01-07 16h04min-MS-TESE Versão FINAL.pdf: 5381905 bytes, checksum: 7dbc7dc9b2123e87817635d09f0f8f0e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A maçã, após sofrer dano mecânico, inclusive após o corte no processamento mínimo, sofre rápida degradação das características físico-químicas e sensoriais, podendo tornar-se inapropriada para o consumo. Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito do tempo de armazenamento refrigerado de maçã in natura; combinado com o efeito de aplicação de antioxidante e de coberturas comestíveis, imediatamente após o corte para obtenção de fatias em forma de gomo, com epiderme. Maçã cv. ‘Gala’, proveniente de Vacaria, RS, colhida no ano de 2015, selecionada, higienizada, sanitizada, tratada com 1-MCP, e refrigerada (1 °C ± 1 °C e 90 % ± 5 % de UR), conforme procedimento padrão da Empresa RASIP, foi transportada até o laboratório de Fisiologia Pós-colheita da Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas, RS, e armazenadas in natura, sob refrigeração, por 60 d, 120 d e 180 d. Ao final do armazenamento a maçã foi novamente sanitizada, cortada longitudinalmente em oito fatias, imersa por 1 min em solução de cloreto de cálcio (1,0 % m/v), com ou sem o antioxidante eritorbato de sódio (5,0 % m/v), drenada, e imediatamente imersa por 1 min em solução de fécula de mandioca (3,0 %, m/v), alginato de sódio (2,0 %, m/v) ou quitosana (1,5 %, m/v), para formação da cobertura comestível, e finalmente secagem com ar forçado (4,3 m/s, a 16 °C ± 1 °C e 65 % ± 5 %, por 20 min). A unidade experimental consistiu em oito fatias de maçã colocadas em uma bandeja de polietileno, seladas com camada única de filme de PVC, com espessura de 9 μm, e armazenadas por 0 d, 3 d, 6 d e 9 d, a 4 °C ± 1 °C e 90 % ± 5 % de UR. Após cada período de armazenamento foram avaliadas variáveis físico-químicas e sensoriais, e também atividade enzimática. Empregou-se o teste F (p ≤ 0,05) na análise de variância, o teste DMS (Diferença Mínima Significativa) (p ≤ 0,05) na comparação de médias de tratamento e análise fatorial de correlação entre variáveis. Na fruta in natura observou-se aumento na variável ratio (sólidos solúveis totais / acidez total titulável) ao longo do armazenamento. O efeito do tempo de armazenamento da maçã in natura foi significativo em algumas variáveis físico-químicas, mas sem repercussão na análise sensorial. A aplicação de eritorbato de sódio, combinada com aplicação de 8 fécula de mandioca, proporcionou os melhores resultados, tanto na avaliação sensorial quanto nas características físico-químicas, inclusive no retardamento de escurecimento de polpa. / The apple, following mechanical damage, such as cutting for the production of the minimally processed fruit, undergoes rapid degradation of the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics, and may become inappropriate for consumption. In this work, the effect of refrigerated storage time of fresh apple; combined with the effect of applying antioxidant and edible toppings, immediately after cutting the fruit into eight slices with wedge shape, was studied. Apple cv. 'Gala', from Vacaria, RS, harvested in the year of 2015, selected, sanitized, treated with MCP, and refrigerated (temperature of 1 °C ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 90 % ± 5 %), according to standard procedures used by RASIP Company, was transported to the Postharvest Physiology Laboratory of Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Pelotas, RS, and stored in natura, under refrigeration, for 60 d, 120 d and 180 d. At the end of each period of storage, the apple was re-sanitized, cut longitudinally into eight slices of same size and with wedge shape, immersed for 1 min in calcium chloride solution (1.0% w/v), with or without the antioxidant sodium erythorbate (5.0% w/v), drained, and immediately immersed for 1 min in cassava starch solution (3.0%, w/v), sodium alginate (2.0%, w/v) or chitosan (1.5% w/v), to form the edible cover, and finally dried with forced air (4.3 m / s at 16 ° C ± 1 ° C and 65% ± 5% RH, for 20 min). The experimental unit consisted of eight slices of apple placed in a polyethylene tray, sealed with a single layer of PVC film, 9 μm thick, and stored for 0 d, 3 d, 6 d at 4 °C ± 1 C and 90% ± 5% RH. After each storage period, physicochemical and sensory variables were evaluated, as well as enzymatic activity. The F test (p ≤ 0.05) was used in the analysis of variance, the DMS test (p ≤ 0.05) in the comparison of means of treatment and factorial correlation analysis between variables. In the in natura fruit it was observed an increase in the variable ratio (soluble solids / acidity) throughout the storage. The effect of the storage time of the apple in natura was significant in some physical-chemical variables, but without repercussion in the sensorial analysis. The application of sodium erythorbate, combined with the application of cassava topping, provided the best results, both in 10 the sensorial evaluation and in the physicochemical characteristics, including the delay of darkening of pulp.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-22T18:57:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioSilva.pdf: 1636302 bytes, checksum: 2d6a8473ae527d2c774587fbf3fd6f4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T18:57:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioSilva.pdf: 1636302 bytes, checksum: 2d6a8473ae527d2c774587fbf3fd6f4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / This study aimed to develop a scheme based on the Quality Index Method (QIM) to tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) raw stored in ice that determines its shelf life. It was studied 96 specimens of tambaqui captured with fishing net and slaughtered (killed) by hypothermia in ice and water , it was packed in ice boxes and kept on ice in a 1:1 (Kg fish/ice) ratio at a controlled temperature of 0 ± 1 ° C for 24 days. Fishes were evaluated at time 01 , 03 , 05 , 08 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 22 , 24 day of ice storage. After sensory, physical-chemistry and microbiological analyses the developed scheme presented 04 quality attributes with a total of 30 points. The pH showed little variation from 6.52 to 6.71, from the beginning to end of the experiment. The average content of BVT changed from 15.23 mg N.100g- 1 to 23.17 mg N.100g- 1 and it did not reach the amount considered unsafe for consumption. Mesophilic, and Psicotrophic bacteria remained with their values below log 106. The experiments with Pseudomonas and Enterobacterias showed their values below the limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) that is log 107, and it was demonstrated by producer bacteria H2S a growth of values reduced throughout the experiment. Then the method proved to be efficient to assess the loss of sensory quality related to the length of time in storage and it indicated an expiration date of 22 days which determine the shelf life of tambaqui. Microbiological analyzes with specific bacterial counts of deteriorating organisms strengthen the sensory results and it suggests the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) raw stored in ice is fit for consumption until the 22nd day. / Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um protocolo baseado no Método de Índice de Qualidade (MIQ) para o tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) inteiro armazenado em gelo e determinar sua vida de prateleira. Foram utilizados 96 exemplares capturados com rede de despesca e abatidos por hipotermia em água com gelo, acondicionados em caixas isotérmicas mantidas em gelo na proporção de 1:1(Kg peixe/gelo), a uma temperatura controlada de 0±1 °C durante 24 dias. Os peixes foram avaliados nos tempos 01, 03, 05, 08, 10, 12, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24 dias de armazenamento em gelo. Realizadas análises sensoriais, físico-químicas e microbiológicas. O protocolo desenvolvido apresentou 04 atributos de qualidade, cuja soma totalizou 30 pontos. O pH mostrou pequena variação média de 6,52 a 6,71, do início ao final do experimento. O teor médio de BVT variou de 15,23 mg N.100g-1 a 23,17 mg N.100g-1 não atingindo o valor considerado impróprio para o consumo. As bactérias Mesófilas, Psicrófilas e Psicotróficas mantiveram-se com seus valores médios abaixo de log 106. As bactérias Pseudomonas e Enterobactérias apresentaram seus valores médios entre os experimentos próximos abaixo do limite máximo preconizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) que é log 107 e valores reduzidos de crescimento foram demonstrados por bactérias produtoras de H2S durante todo o experimento. Para determinação da vida de prateleira o método mostrou-se eficiente para avaliar a perda de qualidade sensorial relacionada com o tempo de armazenamento, indicando um prazo de validade de 22 dias. As análises microbiológicas, com a contagem bacteriana de organismos deterioradores específicos, reforçam os resultados sensoriais, sugerindo que o tempo de vida de prateleira para o tambaqui inteiro armazenado em gelo é de 22 dias.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sidiane_Coltro.pdf: 604676 bytes, checksum: eccb769c94921f8082441892d38b80d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The strawberry is a fruit that is highly perishable and are very susceptible to physical damage and fungal attack. The use of fungicides has been the primary method for reducing post-harvest diseases. Accordingly, alternative methods free of chemicals must be used in post-harvest to maintain the quality and prolong the life reduce the incidence of fungi. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and post-harvest salicylic acid in the response of strawberry-related activities of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, the contents of total phenols, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid and the incidence of pathogens during storage of fruits. This study was divided into two experiments. In the first experiment, Dover strawberries were treated thermally in an oven at 45°C for 3 hours and stored at 5°C for 1, 7 and 14 days and analyzed. After these periods, the fruit were removed and transferred to the cooling environment at 20°C for 2 days to be analyzed again. We used a completely randomized in factorial scheme (2x6), with 12 treatments and four replicates of 10 berries per tray. In the second experiment, strawberries Dover were heat treated in an oven with forced air at 45°C for 3 hours and after immersed in a solution of salicylic acid 2.0 mM L-1 for 5 minutes; then they were stored under refrigeration (5°C) and after 1,7 and 14 days and transferred to a room at 20°C for 2 days and the be analyzed. The design was completely randomized in factorial scheme (4x3), with 12 treatments and four replications. Were evaluated the activity of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the incidence of fungi, total phenols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solid and weight loss. It was found that the metabolism postharvest Dover cv. strawberry has been modified by application of heat treatment, because the results showed that the activity of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and ascorbic acid, total phenols and anthocyanins, and the incidence of fungi were lower in heat-treated strawberries. The heat treatment resulted in higher acidity, higher soluble solids and lower mass loss. The heat treatment is not provided, according to the incidence of fungi and weight loss, increased shelf life of strawberries, being limited to seven days of storage. However, the addition of salicylic acid to heat treatment was less effective than other treatments for most variables, indicating that it is disadvantageous. However, heat shock alone was more effective in reducing the activity of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase showed lower activity compared to the control at 7 +2 days and did not differ from other treatments at 14 +2 days, was effective in maintaining high levels phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid up to 7 +2 days / O morango é um fruto que apresenta alta perecibilidade e, são bastante suscetíveis a danos físicos e ataque de fungos. O uso de fungicidas químicos tem sido o principal método para reduzir as doenças pós-colheita. Nesse sentido, métodos alternativos livres de produtos químicos devem ser utilizados em pós-colheita para manter a qualidade, prolongar a vida útil e diminuir a incidência de fungos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico pós-colheita e do ácido salicílico na resposta do morango relacionada à atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase, aos conteúdos de fenóis totais, antocianinas e ácido ascórbico e à incidência de patógenos durante o armazenamento dos frutos. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento, morangos cultivar Dover, foram tratados termicamente em estufa a 45°C por 3 horas e armazenados a 5 ºC por 1, 7 e 14 dias e analisados. Após esses períodos, os frutos foram retirados da refrigeração e transferidos para ambiente a 20 ºC por 2 dias para serem analisados novamente. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (2x6), com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições com 10 morangos por bandeja. No segundo experimento, morangos cultivar Dover foram tratados termicamente em estufa com circulação forçada de ar com 45°C por 3 horas e depois imergidos em solução de ácido salicílico 2,0 mMol L-1 por 5 minutos, depois foram armazenados sob refrigeração (5°C) e após 1, 7 e 14 dias foram transferidos para ambiente a 20 ºC por 2 dias para então serem analisados. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (4x3), com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a atividade de polifenoloxidase, peroxidase, fenilalanina amônia-liase, incidência de fungos, fenóis totais, antocianinas, ácido ascórbico, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e perda de massa. Foi constatado que, o metabolismo pós-colheita de morangos cv. Dover foi modificado pela aplicação de tratamento térmico, pois os resultados mostraram que a atividade de polifenoloxidase, peroxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase e os teores de ácido ascórbico, fenóis totais e antocianinas e a incidência de fungos foram inferiores em morangos tratados termicamente. O tratamento térmico resultou em maior acidez titulável, maior teor de sólidos solúveis e menor perda de massa. O tratamento térmico não proporcionou, segundo a incidência de fungos e a perda de massa, aumento da vida útil dos morangos, ficando limitado aos sete dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Entretanto, a adição de ácido salicílico ao tratamento térmico, se mostrou menos efetivo que os demais tratamentos para a maioria das variáveis analisadas, indicando ser desvantajoso. Porém, o choque térmico isolado mostrou-se mais efetivo em reduzir a atividade de peroxidase, apresentou atividade inferior de polifenoloxidase comparado ao controle aos 7+2 dias e não diferiu dos demais tratamentos aos 14+2 dias, se mostrou efetivo em manter níveis elevados de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e ácido ascórbico até 7+2 dias

A new product, pork sticks, was developed. Optimum shelf life and safety were major concerns associated with this product. Potassium lactate (3%) or citric acid (0.5%, 0.56%, 0.60% or 0.66%) was added to pork sticks to determine their effects on microbial growth, sensory evaluation, and shelf life when stored frozen (-20°C), refrigerated (2°C), or at room temperature (22°C). Two raw materials, pork blade meat (shoulder meat; 91% lean, 9% fat) and regular 80:20 pork trim (80% lean, 20% fat) were used. The consumer panel preferred lean pork sticks made from blade meat over high-fat pork sticks made from regular 80:20 pork trim, regardless of the addition of potassium lactate (3%) or citric acid (0.5%). Pork sticks vacuum-packaged and held at 2°C or -20°C did not develop bacterial spoilage during six months storage. However, bacterial spoilage and oxidative rancidity occurred in the unpackaged control samples held at 22°C for one month. Incorporation of potassium lactate (3%) or citric acid (0.5%) decreased the color uniformity and red color intensity and increased the brown color intensity of the pork sticks made from blade meat. Vacuum-packaged pork sticks with added citric acid (0.56%, 0.60% and 0.66%) stored at 22°C did not develop bacterial spoilage, but discoloration occurred after one month storage.

<p>The methods HPLC, microcalorimetry and FTIR together with chemometry, provide good analytical tools to follow the degradation of nitro-cellulose.</p><p>The degradation products formed from diphenylamine (DPA) during storage can be followed with HPLC. FTIR, together with chemometry, also gives the precision needed for safety control of propellants.</p><p>Nitro-cellulose (NC) containing DPA obtained a green colour already after 1 day storage at 70°C. About 10% of the stabilizer, and its derivatives, added were not extractable giving an extended time to autocatalysis. This time could be extended up to 70 days at 70°C for an extracted sample compared to about 3 days for non-stabilized NC. This was not shown before.</p><p>Aged and extracted NC samples contained a non-extractable nitro compound. The most likely compound is 2,4´-dinitroDPA, probably bonded to NC via the amine nitrogen. The bonding to NC occurs after the formation of NNODPA. This is something not described before.</p><p>Using another batch of nitro-cellulose to find out if a chemical bonding occurs gave inconclusive results as a blue NC was formed. Low molecular NC with high stability was obtained. A chemical bonding probably occurs when using NNODPA as a stabilizer, indicating NNODPA plays a key role.</p><p>The use of FTIR/chemometry is a promising method to use when studying small chemical changes. The described methodology should be used to find out more about the compound(s) being bonded to NC.</p>

The methods HPLC, microcalorimetry and FTIR together with chemometry, provide good analytical tools to follow the degradation of nitro-cellulose. The degradation products formed from diphenylamine (DPA) during storage can be followed with HPLC. FTIR, together with chemometry, also gives the precision needed for safety control of propellants. Nitro-cellulose (NC) containing DPA obtained a green colour already after 1 day storage at 70°C. About 10% of the stabilizer, and its derivatives, added were not extractable giving an extended time to autocatalysis. This time could be extended up to 70 days at 70°C for an extracted sample compared to about 3 days for non-stabilized NC. This was not shown before. Aged and extracted NC samples contained a non-extractable nitro compound. The most likely compound is 2,4´-dinitroDPA, probably bonded to NC via the amine nitrogen. The bonding to NC occurs after the formation of NNODPA. This is something not described before. Using another batch of nitro-cellulose to find out if a chemical bonding occurs gave inconclusive results as a blue NC was formed. Low molecular NC with high stability was obtained. A chemical bonding probably occurs when using NNODPA as a stabilizer, indicating NNODPA plays a key role. The use of FTIR/chemometry is a promising method to use when studying small chemical changes. The described methodology should be used to find out more about the compound(s) being bonded to NC.

We hypothesized that carcass subcutaneous fat location would affect sensory and quality traits. Five carcass fat sources were tested: brisket, chuck, plate, flank, and round. Ground beef was formulated using each fat source and extra-lean beef trim (>95% lean) to contain 80% lean trim and 20% fat trim. Patties (100 g) were evaluated for color, lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition and consumer evaluation. Flavor was analyzed using a Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on the headspace above a cooked (74 degrees C) patty in a heated (60 degrees C) 473 mL glass jar with a solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) fiber. Color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay (TBARS), consumer sensory, and cook/freezer loss data showed no differences (P > 0.05) among carcass locations. Percentage stearic acid was lower (P = 0.044) in the brisket than in the chuck and flank. The brisket was higher in percentage cis-vaccenic acid (P = 0.016) and in the saturated fatty acid to monounsaturated fatty acid ratio (P = 0.018), and lower (P = 0.004) in the percentage of total saturated fatty acids than all other sources of subcutaneous fat. Butanedione was highest (P = 0.013) in the flank and plate fat. Brisket tended to be higher (P = 0.054) than flank, plate, and round in 1-octen-3-ol. Brisket was higher (P = 0.008) than chuck, flank, and round, but not different (P > 0.05) than plate in octanedione. Brisket was higher (P = 0.003) than all other sources for beefy aroma. Flank was higher (P = 0.047) than chuck and round for chemical aroma. Brisket was higher (P = 0.004) than all other sources except flank for floral aromas. Plate was higher (P = 0.029) than all other sources for heated oil aromas. For secondary aroma descriptor, round was higher (P < 0.001) than flank, plate, and chuck for dairy. While differences in some key fatty acids and aromatics existed among carcass locations, when the fat was diluted with a common lean source, fat source did not have a negative effect on sensory or quality traits. Therefore, formulating ground beef using subcutaneous fat from specific locations on a carcass may improve the beef aromatics without negatively affecting sensory or quality traits.