Bakgrund: Nattarbete utgör en hälsorisk ur flera aspekter och har flera konsekvenser liknande de som ohälsosamma matvanor har. Bland lastbilschaufförer förekommer långa körningar där hälsosamma matvanor inte främjas. När arbetet sker under natten förskjuts sömnen och enligt dygnsrytmen infaller en naturlig trötthet vilket kan orsaka problem i form av olyckor. Dygnsrytmen styr även hunger och ämnesomsättning. Syfte: Att undersöka arbetsmåltider och det möjliga sambandet med upplevd trötthet hos lastbilschaufförer under både dagkörningar och nattkörningar. Metod: En webbaserad enkät delades ut på ett företag samt i en Facebookgrupp och besvarades av 43 lastbilschaufförer. Resultat: Resultaten visade att det var kaffe, vatten, smörgåsar och sötsaker som intogs i högst utsträckning. Majoriteten av måltider intogs i lastbilen under körning och under nattkörningen intogs måltider främst vid kl. 20 samt 02. För att motverka trötthet intogs koffein. Samband visade att den upplevda tröttheten ökade när intaget av mat och dryck i lastbilen under körning ökade. Samband visade också att den upplevda tröttheten ökade när intag av mat och dryck vid kl. 00-02 minskade. Ytterligare samband visade att den upplevda tröttheten ökade när möjligheten att själv kunna bestämma tid för mat och dryck minskade. Slutsats: Chaufförers möjligheter att lämna lastbilen samt att själv välja när de vill äta och dricka är relevant att förbättra då det finns ett samband mellan detta och den trötthet chaufförerna upplever under sina körningar, både under dag och natt. Arbetsgivare har möjlighet att utforma arbetsorganisationen så att förbättringar kan underlättas. / Aim: To investigate work meals and the possible correlation to sleepiness among truck drivers during both day driving and night driving. Method: A web-based survey was distributed at a company and in a Facebook group. 43 truck drivers responded. Results: The results showed that the most common intake was coffee, water, sandwiches, and sweets. Most of the foods and drinks were consumed inside the truck, while driving. During the night drive foods and drinks were consumed mostly at 8 pm and 2 am. Caffeine was used to counteract sleepiness. Self-reported sleepiness increased as eating or drinking inside the truck, while driving, increased. Sleepiness also increased as eating or drinking at 12 pm-2 am decreased. Another association showed that sleepiness increased as having the option to choose when to eat or drink decreased.  Conclusion: Because of the associations found, it is highly relevant to improve truck driver’s opportunities to leave the truck and to have better options in choosing when to eat or drink. Employers have the possibility to make organisational changes to make improvements easier.

The Department of Correctional Services is the South African Government Department that is responsible for the smooth running of the South African correctional system. Correctional facilities have to be staffed twenty four hours a day and therefore correctional officials have to work fixed or rotating shifts to ensure that the needs of offenders are taken care of. The number of staff members in many South African correctional centres is not sufficient to ensure proper care and management of offenders, but staff shortages during the night is even more chronic compared to staff shortages experienced during the day. It is vital that correctional officials be alert and vigilant at all times and therefore these staff shortages contribute to high levels of stress, lack of motivation and feelings of being overwhelmed by the work load. Shift work is a phenomenon that is increasing worldwide. It is important to understand the impact of work schedules as more people seem to be working shifts that do not conform to the standard work week. Shift workers seem very healthy when their illnesses are compared to that of the general public. Many health problems have been detected in shift workers, including stress related conditions, as any work schedule can act as a stressor if the needs of the individual worker are not taken into consideration. Sleeping patterns during the day differ from sleeping patterns at night. Shift work disrupts a person’s circadian rhythms and therefore contributes to poorer physical and psychological health. It further causes poorer productivity and increases the possibility of becoming involved in accidents. Working night duty is very stressful to the night shift worker who has to cope with challenges at work and at home. There is a variety of common stressors at work that affect shift workers physiologically (cardiovascular, stroke, digestive problems, back pain and arthritis, headaches, increased blood pressure and hormonal), psychologically (burnout, depression, anxiety, family problems, sleep problems and job dissatisfaction) and behaviouraly (absence, tardiness, substance abuse, accidents, sabotage / violence, poor decision making, poor job performance and a high personnel turnover). This study focused on understanding the positive and negative impact of working permanent night duty on correctional officials. The findings of this study will be helpful to correctional officials who work permanent night duty in addressing employee workplace support. / Dissertation (MSW (Health Care))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Social Work and Criminology / MSW (Health Care) / Unrestricted

This thesis presents a case study of mathematical production scheduling optimization applied on Arla Foods AB’s production of dairy products. The scheduling was performed as a possible remedy for problems caused by overcrowded finished goods warehouse. Based on the scheduling, conclusions were made on whether the existing two-shift production is sufficient or if an additional night shift should be introduced. In parallel, an empirical and theoretical analysis on the perceived effects of night shift work on employees was conducted. For the optimization, mixed integer programming was used to model the production context through a discrete time scheduling lot-sizing model developed in this thesis. The model developed and implemented on Arla Foods AB contributes to the research field through its feature of relatively low complexity enabling scheduling of extensive production systems when applied in industrial contexts where products may be categorized. The thesis concludes that mathematical production scheduling can solve Arla Foods AB’s production problematics and suggests reallocation of the existing shifts for the purpose of reduced costs and acceptable warehouse levels. This reallocation would incur production during inconvenient hours whereas management remedies reducing negative effects of night shift work are identified. / Denna avhandling innefattar en studie av matematisk optimering av produktionsscheman applicerad på Arla Foods ABs produktion av mejeriprodukter. Schemaläggningen utfördes som en möjlig lösning på produktionsproblematik orsakad av överfyllda färdigvarulager. Utifrån de optimerade produktionsschemana drogs slutsatser kring om dagens produktionsstruktur på två skift är tillräcklig eller om introduktion av ett andra nattskift skulle vara fördelaktig. Parallellt med detta presenteras en empirisk och teoretisk studie kring de produktionsanställdas uppfattning kring effekter av att arbeta nattskift. För optimeringen har heltalsoptimering (eng: mixed integer programming) använts för modellering av produktionen genom en produktionsplaneringsmodell med diskret tidsrepresentation (eng: discrete time scheduling lot-sizing model ) som utvecklas i denna avhandling. Denna model, som även appliceras på Arla Foods ABs produktion, presenteras i detalj och karaktäriseras av låg komplexitet vilket möjliggör schemaoptimering av omfattande produktionssystem givet att produktportföljen kan kategoriseras i produktgrupper med liknande egenskaper ur ett produktionsperspektiv. Avhandlingen fastslår att matematisk optimering av produktionsscheman har potential att lösa produktionsproblematiken på Arla Foods AB och föreslår en reallokering av den nuvarande produktionen för minskade kostnader och utjämnade nivåer i färdigvarulager. Produktionsomläggningen skulle innebära produktion under obekväm arbetstid vilket föranleder en analys av initiativ som har potential att minska de negativa effekterna av nattskiftarbete för de produktionsanställda.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Undersköterskor är en stor yrkesgrupp men många är sjukskrivna, ofta relaterat till stress. Att arbeta natt, vilket många undersköterskor gör, är ytterligare en faktor som kan ge upphov till arbetsrelaterad stress. Nattarbetet medför även andra hälsorisker, exempelvis depression, övervikt och kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Få studier går att finna gällande undersköterskor och nattarbete. Syftet: Syftet var att undersöka hur nattarbetande undersköterskor upplever nattarbetet och på vilket sätt nattarbetet påverkar deras hälsa. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats. För rekrytering av deltagare användes snöbollsprincipen. Deltagarna intervjuades via telefon och spelades in. Datamaterialet bearbetades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Undersköterskorna upplevde att det var lugnare att jobba nattpass än dag – och kvällspass. Det var extra viktigt med bra samarbete. Nattarbetet var skört när någonting extra, akut, inträffade. De upplevde att de fick försämrad sömn och blev trötta av att arbeta natt. De åt på ett annat sätt än om de enbart arbetade dag- eller kvällspass. Något som ansågs som positivt var att nattarbetet kunde bidra till längre ledigheter vilket uppfattades öka livskvaliteten. Slutsats: De flesta undersköterskor upplevde nattarbetet positivt trots att det påverkade deras hälsa negativt. Fler nattarbetande undersköterskor behövs. Kunskap om undersköterskors sömn och matvanor i förhållande till nattarbete, samt hur nattarbetande undersköterskor upplever sin arbetsmiljö, är viktigt för att motivera förebyggande åtgärder i form av exempelvis medicinska kontroller och utbildning. / Abstract Background: Many assistant nurses are on sick leave due to stress. Some need to work at night, which can be a stress factor. Night shift workers also tend to have problems with obesity and depression. There are few studies about assistant nurses and night shift work. Aim: The aim was to investigate how assistant nurses experience night work and their health. Method: A qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. The snowball principle was used to recruit participants. Data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis approach. Results: Assistant nurses reported that it was calmer to work at night and that cooperation was even more important compared with day or evening- shifts. Working conditions were fragile if something urgent happened. Participants suffered from lack of sleep and had a change in eating habits due to the night- shift work. Night shifts resulted in longer periods of free time which increased quality of life. Conclusion: Most assistant nurses experienced positive experiences of night shift-work, even though it had a negative effect on their health. More night-working assistant nurses are needed. Knowledge about sleep and eating habits, as well as work environment during night shifts, is important to motivate preventive measures, for example medical check-ups and education.

<p>Validerat; 20130617 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

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This bachelor’s thesis is written in collaboration with Skanska. The purpose of this thesis is to implement a time and cost analysis to compare the standard working week with five variations of work arrangements to investigate which is the most profitable. The thesis also examines which factors affects profitability and whether shift work is a good alternative in the construction industry. Depending on choice of working arrangement, it is possible to reduce both time and cost for a project.A calculation model has been created to be able to compare the different working arrangements. The purpose of the model is to clarify how the total price is affected by shorter production time and increased costs due to staff. The model uses a standard project as reference which is based on real figures from four completed projects within house building.The result of the calculation model is that a 53-hour week yields a cost saving of 3,8%. Two-shift yields a cost saving of 3,3%, a 60-hour week 1,9% and three-shift 1,1%. By working with shifts or longer workdays, projects can be completed faster and with, for example, three shifts it is possible to complete a project almost three times as fast. With two shifts it is possible to reduce construction time by half and with the a 60 and 53-hour week the construction time can be shortened by one third and one quarter. This confirms that a shorter construction time leads to a lower final cost despite increased costs due to staff. This since a shorter construction time leads to reduced time-dependent costs.As part of the thesis work a diagram has been created showing how much of the costs that should be time-dependent for the working time alternatives to be profitable. If time-dependent costs accounts for over 50% of the total cost of the project, all working time arrangements in the study are a better alternative than the normal 40-hour week.The conclusion is that a 53-hour week is the most profitable in terms of financial gain. A three shift yields the lowest cost saving, but is the most profitable when it comes to saving time. A shorter construction time provides an economic gain but is also valuable in other ways. It can provide both economic benefit and contribute to benefiting society, which is positive for both companies, customers and third parties. In addition, all work arrangements compared to a 40-hour week also generates a higher cost saving due to the time saving effect.Whether shift work is a good alternative in the construction industry is a difficult question with several different aspects to consider. This thesis only provides an answer from a time and cost perspective, but the thesis also discusses other aspects that are important in choosing work arrangement.

Nurses are largely unaware of the problems of night-shift-nurse sleepiness and available strategies to manage night-shift sleepiness. The purpose of this project was to examine nurses' self-perception, awareness of sleepiness, and current strategies to manage this problem in the emergency medicine department of a major academic hospital in the western United States. The validated de-identified Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) was used to measure the prevalence and intensity of night shift nurses' sleepiness prior to the development of an educational program on strategies to manage sleepiness. Of the 164 registered nurses surveyed, 72 (43.9%) reported sleepiness greater than 7 on the KSS. An educational program was developed and evaluated by a panel of 6 experts who were selected on their clinical, educational, quality improvement, and research in sleep studies. Expert reviews indicated that the education program was 100% relevant, appropriate, and understandable, and provided adequate information on the topic with no recommended changes. The education program was presented to 16 night shift nurses with a pre/posttest survey completed by 14 nurses. Results indicated that participating nurses increased their knowledge of managing strategies for sleepiness from 69% (agree or strongly agree) preintervention to 92% postintervention. Postintervention, there was a 50% increase in the number of nurses who reported benefits from the education intervention. The findings of this project contribute to positive social change by improving nurses' health and quality patient care by advancing nurses' awareness of night shift sleepiness and countermeasure management strategies.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The Benefield Anechoic Facility (BAF), Edwards Air Force Base, California, is the largest anechoic military test facility in the world for testing developmental and operational electromagnetic equipment. Supervisors must often extend employees' work hours considerably in order to meet mission (i.e., test) timelines. Supervisors at the BAF currently have no accurate means of identifying when an employee's work performance is at risk of decreasing due to sleep deprivation, unbalanced circadian rhythms, and/or fatigue. Therefore, the focus of this research was to create a method for supervisors to effectively gauge the work performance levels of employees placed at risk for sleep deprivation. Thus, individual sleep data were collected for one week on eight volunteers at the BAF using assigned sleep monitoring devices known as Actigraphs. Extensive questionnaires were developed to determine volunteers' sleep pattern, demographics, and sleep history. For analysis purposes, the Fast Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST), based on the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) model was used to determine how the performance level of each volunteer differed based on the amount of sleep acquired. The results demonstrated that as the week progressed and the volunteers' sleep decreased, the effectiveness of their work performance correspondingly decreased to a level where the safety of the test and the volunteers were both at risk. / Civilian, United States Air Force