In 1973, researchers from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) were led to the site of a wrecked ship by sponge diver Mehmet A??k??n, near his hometown of Bozburun, Turkey. During further monitoring over the following 21 years by INA, the site was identified as a merchant vessel dating from the 9th century AD. The excavation of the site by INA researchers and students from Texas A&M University occurred over four summer seasons, from 1995 to 1998, and yielded approximately 900 whole or nearly-whole amphorae, personal items, palynological material, and approximately 35 percent of the vessel??s wooden hull. This dissertation is a record of the curation, cataloging, analysis and re-assembly of the preserved elements of the Bozburun vessel??s hull, as well as a theoretical reconstruction of the entire vessel. The Bozburun vessel is unique as it is the only fully-excavated shipwreck from the 9th century AD, and is, indeed, a valuable source of examples of ship construction in the Mediterranean between the 7th and the 11th centuries AD. This dissertation, after discussing the methods of excavation and cataloging methods, posits the hypothesis that the techniques used to build this vessel represent a transitional stage in shipbuilding technology, combining distinctly old and new techniques. While the builders used embedded edge joinery in the ship??s planking, a very old method, they also appear to have used a conceptual framework and standards to design the vessel as well; methods evident in modified forms in Italian shipbuilding treatises from the Renaissance.

The advent of steam contributed heavily to the economic transformation of early America, facilitating trade through the transportation of goods along the country’s lakes, rivers, and canals. Serious experimentation with steam navigation began in the last quarter of the 18th century. By the turn of the 19th century, fledgling US steamboat companies vied for control of navigation rights in the country’s northern waterways. The second steamboat to be launched on Lake Champlain, Phoenix, operated as a passenger steamer between 1815 and 1819, when she caught fire and sank in the lake. The intention of this study is to advance our knowledge of early steamboat design and use in the United States through the archaeological investigation of the country’s earliest-known steamboat wreck. As little is known about the development of these early steam vessels, the study of Phoenix offers a unique opportunity to gain new information related to steamboat design in the early 19th century as well as a glimpse into life on the lakes and rivers of North America during this era. The dissertation presents detailed information on Phoenix’s construction, operation, and sinking based on historical and archaeological analysis and interpretation. In combination with the available archival record and analytical comparisons with steamboats of similar size and age, a more comprehensive understanding of the developmental phases of steam travel and its impact on early America can be gained.

Past research on eighteenth-century ships has primarily taken one of two avenues, either focusing on naval warship construction or examining the merchant shipping industry as a whole in terms of trends and economics. While these areas are important to pursue, comparatively little is known about actual construction techniques used on the ordinary merchant vessels of the period. Most modern sources emphasize hull design and lines drawings; contemporary sources take a similar direction, explaining the theory of ship design but often leaving out how to put the ship together. In recent years, however, new information has come to light through archaeological excavations regarding Anglo-American merchant ship construction. In this study, several of these shipwrecks were examined in light of economic factors and the literary evidence from the period in an attempt to gain a better understanding of colonial American merchant ship construction in the eighteenth century. While the data set was not large enough to make conclusive statements, this type of comparative analysis should begin to establish a framework for the interpretation of future shipwreck excavations.

In 1973, researchers from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) were led to the site of a wrecked ship by sponge diver Mehmet A??k??n, near his hometown of Bozburun, Turkey. During further monitoring over the following 21 years by INA, the site was identified as a merchant vessel dating from the 9th century AD. The excavation of the site by INA researchers and students from Texas A&M University occurred over four summer seasons, from 1995 to 1998, and yielded approximately 900 whole or nearly-whole amphorae, personal items, palynological material, and approximately 35 percent of the vessel??s wooden hull. This dissertation is a record of the curation, cataloging, analysis and re-assembly of the preserved elements of the Bozburun vessel??s hull, as well as a theoretical reconstruction of the entire vessel. The Bozburun vessel is unique as it is the only fully-excavated shipwreck from the 9th century AD, and is, indeed, a valuable source of examples of ship construction in the Mediterranean between the 7th and the 11th centuries AD. This dissertation, after discussing the methods of excavation and cataloging methods, posits the hypothesis that the techniques used to build this vessel represent a transitional stage in shipbuilding technology, combining distinctly old and new techniques. While the builders used embedded edge joinery in the ship??s planking, a very old method, they also appear to have used a conceptual framework and standards to design the vessel as well; methods evident in modified forms in Italian shipbuilding treatises from the Renaissance.

Det finns många internationella krav som ställs på ett fartyg genom FN:s internationella organ IMO, i och med intågandet av en mer humanistisk syn på sjömannen samt samhällets gröna omställning regleras en styrd bransch ytterligare. I det moderna globala samhället där länder är direkt beroende utav varandra genom export och import av diverse varor så finns också en hög efterfrågan på kostnadseffektiv och välorganiserad transport – både på spotmarknad och linjefart liksom godstrafik och passagerartrafik. Att bygga ett fartyg idag är helt enkelt inte vad det var för snart ett sekel sedan, och för en amatör eller nykomling på marknaden kan det därför bli utmanande att följa processen i att ta fram och beställa ett fartyg, trots tydliga krav hos institutioner som Transportstyrelsen. Detta arbete är en kartläggning av processen och har framställts genom att bryta ned processen i delmoment med tillhörande frågeställningar. Genom att presentera dessa frågor för de etablerade jättarna i den svenska sjöfartsverksamheten och, för arbetet relaterade institutioner, har en generalisering gjorts för att tjäna som en enklare guide – målsättningar och skillnader mellan olika fartygstyper, organisationsformer och befraktningsformer har också uppdagats därtill. Rapporten resulterade i att processen för framtagandet av ett fartyg kunde presenteras stegvis – inklusive de skillnader som finns mellan en myndighet och ett privat bolag. / There are many international demands made by the UN international organ IMO, and with the embracement of a more humanitarian view of the sailor and the environmental adjustment of the society, an already directed industry is further being regulated. In the modern-day global society where countries are directly dependent on each other through export and import of various wares, there is also a high demand for cost effective and well-organized transportation – both on the spot market and charter market in terms of freighting as well as transporting passengers. To construct a ship in modern times is not quite what it used to be nearly a century ago, and for an amateur or a rookie on the market it can therefore be a challenging task to produce and order a ship despite obvious requirements from institutions like the Swedish Transport Administration. This report is a survey which has been produced by breaking down the process into steps and questions associated with each individual step. A generalization has been made to serve as guidance by presenting these questions to the larger established companies within the Swedish shipping business, and institutions relevant to the process – the differential in targets depending on different types of ships, organizations and forms of chartering have also been considered. As a result, the report could present the process of producing a ship stepwise – including some of the deviations between an authority and a private company.

Arbetet har syftat till att undersöka och problematisera flaggstatens och klassificeringssällskapens roller såsom kontrollfunktion avseende sjösäkerhet. Frågor har ställts angående vilka skyldigheter flaggstater å ena sidan, och klassificeringssällskap å andra sidan, har vad gäller fartygskonstruktion och fartygssäkerhet. Vidare har arbetet även behandlat frågan vilka sjösäkerhetsrelaterade effekter som kan uppkomma av att flaggstaten delegerar skyldigheter avseende konstruktion till klassificeringssällskap. För att besvara frågorna har en kvalitativ dokumentstudie gjorts, med vissa inslag av rättsdogmatik i de delar som avsett finna gällande rätt på området. Materialet för dokumentstudiens del har till stor del valts ut genom en bred sökning i litteratur och avhandlingar på området. På så vis har det använda materialet redan genomgått en urvalsprocess och därmed ansetts vara relevant för arbetet. Resultatet visar att det finns en viss överlappning i kontrollfunktionsrollen för både flaggstaten och klassificeringssällskapen. Att delegering av skyldigheter sker från flaggstaten till klassificeringssällskapen är inte nödvändigtvis problematiskt. Dock kan en delegering få negativa effekter på sjösäkerheten i de fall klassificeringssällskapen inte är i paritet med flaggstaten eller båda parter saknar en effektiv kontrollfunktion med högt ställda krav. Skulle delegering ske till ett klassificeringssällskap som har en god kontrollfunktion med höga krav kan brister som finns inom flaggstaten, såsom bristande resurser och kompetens, avhjälpas. Trots att systemet till stor del verkar fungera tillfredsställande finns anledning att fortsätta forska inom området för att undersöka hur de problem som belysts i detta arbete kan åtgärdas eller förhindras i framtiden. / The aim of this paper has been to investigate and problematize the roles of the flag state and the classification societies in regard to their maritime safety control function. Questions have been raised regarding what obligations flag states on one hand, and classification societies on the other hand, have regarding ship construction and ship safety. Furthermore, the paper has also addressed the question of what maritime safety-related effects may arise from the flag state delegating their duties to classification societies. To answer the questions, a qualitative document study has been conducted, with some elements of legal dogmatics in certain parts in order to find the current legal situation. The material for the document study has been selected by thorough research into literature and dissertations in the area. Therefore, the chosen material has been previously reviewed and gone through a selection process and was thus considered relevant for this paper. The result has shown that there is some overlap in the control function for both the flag state and the classification societies. Delegating obligations from the flag state to the classification societies is not necessarily problematic. However, delegation of the said duties can have negative effects on maritime safety in cases where the classification societies are not on par with the flag state or both parties lack an effective control apparatus to enforce high standards. Should delegation occur to a classification society that has a good control apparatus with high requirements, possible shortcomings that exist within the flag state, such as lack of resources and skills, can be remedied by the high standard performance of the classification society. Even though the system might seem satisfactorily at first glance, there is room for further research in the area in order to investigate how the existing problems can be managed and prevented in the future.