1 Abstract The aim is to investigate whether the distal femoral cartilage (DFC), Achilles tendon (AT) and plantar fascia (PF) were different between healthy young women wearing high-heel shoes (HHS) (> 5 cm) and flat shoes (< 1.4 cm). Measurements from aforementioned structures were obtained by using ultrasound. There were 910 measurement parameters analyzed in total. There were 34 women in the HHS group (mean age 31.1±6.4 years; BMI 21.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2 ) and 57 women in the control group (mean age; 29.5 ± 7.3 years; BMI 22.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2 ). Wearing HHS resulted in thickening of the right medial DFC (2.00 ± 0.41 mm) and left AT (4.07 ± 0.48 mm) in women wearing HHS compared to flat shoes (1.96 ± 0.35 mm, 3.76 ± 0.66 mm, respectively). This might be interpreted as secondary to chronic overload. PF thicknesses were similar both within and between group. Our findings have shown significant thickening of the right medial DFC and left AT in women wearing HHS and these changes might be interpreted as secondary to chronic overload. Further follow-up studies are definitely awaited to provide a better insight into understanding the musculoskeletal consequences of this "social" issue ever-existing in ladies lives. The secondary aim of the thesis comprises two case reports: 1. the first is describing the usefulness of MSK...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pretextuais.pdf: 263669 bytes, checksum: 070da8fd3cd81fa50a72646b62507af6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Women in love with shoes live in their own universe, very particular, and by their dedication had moved, in 2008, $ 26.3 billion. Regardless of the economic crisis, Brazilian companies expect to increase by 20% in sales in 2009. In order to evaluate the applicability of GENDERTRENDS Model to identify the factors that influence women's decisions to purchase shoes, this research was divided into two stages. In the survey interviewed 488 women over 18 years, selected a simple random sampling, the qualitative stage, 30 women, with more than 60 pairs of shoes have been selected with non-probability sampling for trial, for in-depth interviews. Data were weighted using the SPHINX software and the content analysis. Love for shoes, need, search for a sense of security, power, femininity, with the group and fashionable activate the movement by women shopping. Family, mother, boyfriend, husband and friends influence the time to think about the "ideal brand" as well as their belongings, clothes and other accessories that are already part of your reality, and fashion. Women seek more than the tangible attributes, want feelings of wholeness, fulfillment and happiness. Magazines, billboards and television are the most effective means of communicating with the female audience, who confesses love windows and indications of friends. After buying women feel relieved and happy, eager to parade with the new acquisition, wanting recognition of their good taste. However, if they find some discomfort associated with the purchased product, tend to feel sorrow, remorse and repentance. They are loyal and tend to repeat local purchase if they are certain to find what they seek will be well served, the environment will be and is cute and could negotiate freely the conditions of payment. The shoe is perfect, therefore, a mix of attributes. Want and comfort, durability and pay a fair price - on average £ 214 - the desire to feel respected and beautiful (!). Have to have attractive design and superior quality, high class finishing seams, soles and buckles. Preferably, it should be leather and durable material. Among rocks, holes, rain, mud, and a tripped possible, he must resist and get brand new, as if nothing had happened. The preferred models are the sandals, scarpins, sneakers, boots and sneakers. Among the heels favored by women is the type or Flat rasteirinha, followed by a tie preferably between jumps Anabela, 8 cm and 6 cm. The preferred location to do the shopping is the Shopping Center, which offers convenience, variety, price, a safe and pleasant environment. After interviewing 518 women, it was possible to suggest which passes through the female consumer in the "Quest for the Perfect Shoe." An evaluation of the model of buying behavior of women proposed by Barletta (2003), several points in this study received support, and some had apparent limitation, as attention to the after-sales service and price / Mulheres apaixonadas por sapatos vivem em universo próprio, muito particular, e por sua dedicação movimentaram, em 2008, R$ 26,3 bilhões. Independentemente da crise econômica, empresas brasileiras esperam aumentar em até 20% o faturamento no mercado interno no ano de 2009. Com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicabilidade do Modelo GENDERTRENDS para identificação dos fatores que influenciam as mulheres nas decisões de compra de calçados, esta pesquisa dividiu-se em duas etapas. Na survey entrevistou 488 mulheres acima de 18 anos, selecionadas com uma amostragem probabilística simples; na etapa qualitativa, 30 mulheres, com mais de 60 pares de calçados, foram selecionadas com amostragem não probabilística por julgamento, para as entrevistas em profundidade. Os dados foram ponderados com a utilização do software SPHINX e, pela análise de conteúdo. Amor por sapatos, necessidade, busca de sensações de segurança, poder, feminilidade, aceitação pelo grupo e estar na moda ativam o movimento de compra pelas mulheres. Familiares, mãe, namorado, marido e amigas influenciam no momento de pensar na marca ideal , bem como seus pertences, roupas e outros acessórios que já fazem parte da sua realidade, e a moda. Mulheres buscam mais do que atributos tangíveis, desejam sensações de realização e felicidade. Revistas, outdoors e televisão são os meios mais efetivos de se comunicar com o público feminino, que confessa adorar vitrines e indicações de amigas. Depois de comprar, mulheres sentem-se aliviadas e felizes, ansiosas para desfilar com a nova aquisição, querendo reconhecimento do seu bom gosto. Entretanto, se descobrirem algum desconforto associado ao produto adquirido, tendem a sentir tristeza, remorso e arrependimento. São leais e costumam repetir locais de compra se estiverem certas que encontrarão o que procuram, serão bem atendidas, o ambiente estará e é bonito e poderão negociar livremente as condições de pagamento. O sapato perfeito é, portanto, um mix de atributos. Querem além de conforto, durabilidade e pagar um preço justo em média R$ 214 pelo desejo de sentirem-se respeitadas, e lindas(!). Tem que ter design atraente e qualidade superior, com acabamento refinado nas costuras, solado e fivelas. De preferência, deve ser de couro e com material resistente. Entre pedras, buracos, chuva, barro e uma tropeçada eventual, precisa resistir e sair novo em folha, como se nada tivesse acontecido. Os modelos preferidos são as sandálias, scarpins, tênis, botas e sapatilhas. Entre os saltos preferidos pelas mulheres está o do tipo Flat ou rasteirinha, seguidos pelo empate de preferência entre os saltos Anabela, 8 cm e 6 cm. O local preferido para se fazer as compras é o Shopping Center, que oferece comodidade, variedade, preço, um ambiente seguro e agradável. Após entrevistar 518 mulheres, foi possível sugerir qual caminho percorre a mulher consumidora na Busca pelo Sapato Perfeito . Numa avaliação do modelo de comportamento de compra de mulheres proposto por Barletta (2003), diversos pontos receberam sustentação nesta pesquisa, e alguns apresentaram aparente limitação, como atenção para o pós-venda, preço e atendimento

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-10T18:30:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DAVID BASTIDA SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGDesign) 2017_1.pdf: 297968 bytes, checksum: 29f24d81565b93abe073f90fa4cb938d (MD5) DAVID BASTIDA SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGDesign) 2017_2.pdf: 3462186 bytes, checksum: 96bf05bf455fd70682e7843efb5015b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T18:30:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DAVID BASTIDA SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGDesign) 2017_1.pdf: 297968 bytes, checksum: 29f24d81565b93abe073f90fa4cb938d (MD5) DAVID BASTIDA SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGDesign) 2017_2.pdf: 3462186 bytes, checksum: 96bf05bf455fd70682e7843efb5015b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-22 / Este estudo teve como objetivo propor um padrão antropométrico para as empresas de calçados da cidade de Campina Grande baseado em medidas específicas de mulheres idosas residentes neste local, com idade entre 60 e 90 anos. O referido padrão baseou-se no ponto de vista perceptivo e antropométrico, em comparação com os calçados desenvolvidos a partir do sistema de medidas baseado no ponto francês. A partir do banco de dados do Projeto “Mais Calce”, desenvolvido pelo SENAI, que determinou o perfil antropométrico do idoso da Paraíba, foram selecionadas 51 usuárias para a realização da pesquisa. Calçados da tipologia sapatilha com essas medidas específicas foram projetados e submetidos a testes de conforto segundo as normas da ABNT NBR14834 (2015), NBR14835 (2013) e NBR14840 (2011). Os calçados desenvolvidos a partir do ponto francês já existentes no mercado, bem como aqueles desenvolvidos a partir das medidas antropométricas específicas, foram analisados através dos procedimentos técnicos que as normas determinam como padrão, para analisar o conforto sob o ponto ergonômico. Os procedimentos submetidos foram os ensaios de massa do calçado e da percepção do calce e da presença de marcas e lesões. Os resultados obtidos contribuíram com um padrão antropométrico específico para a indústria calçadista, apresentando níveis de conforto 25% superiores aos calçados desenvolvidos a partir do ponto francês, segundo o olhar metodológico das normas da ABNT utilizadas. A validação dessas novas medidas antropométricas contribui de maneira relevante para com a indústria no desenvolvimento de novos produtos, com os consumidores na maneira em que os utiliza e com a área acadêmica onde é apresentada uma pesquisa científica de campo com dados e metodologia passíveis de estudo e replicação. / This study intended to propose an anthropometric pattern for the footwear companies of Campina Grande based on specific measures of its inhabitant elderly women, aged between 60 and 90 years. Such pattern was based on the perceptual and anthropometric point of view in comparison with the footwear developed regarding the Paris point. For this research, 51 users were selected from the database of the Project "Mais Calce" developed by SENAI, which determined the anthropometric profile of the elderly from Paraíba. The flat shoes type following these specific measures were designed and submitted to comfort tests according to the norms by ABNT NBR14834 (2015), NBR14835 (2013) and NBR14840 (2011). Both the already known footwear developed by using the Paris point and those developed from the specific anthropometric measures were analyzed through technical procedures determined as standard by the norms in order to analyze their comfort under the ergonomic point. The procedures undertaken were the testing of shoe mass, perception of its wearing and presence of spots and injuries. The results contributed a specific anthropometric pattern to the footwear industry, demonstrating comfort levels 25% higher than the footwear produced when adopting the Paris point, in accordance with the utilized methodological ABNT norms. The validation of these new anthropometric measures contributes, in a relevant manner, to the industry for the development of new products, to the consumers who wear them and to the academic area, in which scientific field research is presented with data and methodology capable of being studied and replicated.

Este trabalho aborda o desempenho térmico obtido em edifícios industriais do setor calçadista, perante a importância em obter condições ambientais favoráveis à execução das atividades através de uma arquitetura adequada ao contexto climático. Assim, o objetivo nesta pesquisa é avaliar as condições de conforto térmico oferecidas pelos edifícios das indústrias calçadistas do município de Jaú, um importante pólo industrial do setor no interior de São Paulo. Caracterizam-se as tipologias construtivas dos edifícios quanto à geometria, materiais e sistema de ventilação. As estratégias passivas para obtenção de conforto térmico nos galpões fabris são identificadas e avaliadas utilizando as recomendações presentes na NBR 15220. Para avaliar as condições de conforto térmico, foram medidas as variáveis ambientais, sendo que a temperatura foi analisada sob condições de aceitabilidade térmica, conforme estabelecido pela ASHRAE 55-2010. Para estimar a sensação térmica dos usuários, são utilizados os índices PMV e PPD. Também foi aplicado um questionário para verificar o nível de satisfação dos funcionários com o ambiente de trabalho. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos edifícios apresenta uma tipologia semelhante, com geometria retangular e ventilação realizada através de esquadrias nas fachadas. A ausência de diversas estratégias passivas resulta em um edifício com baixa inércia térmica e vulnerável às condições climáticas externas, sendo que em períodos quentes a temperatura interna foi superior a 30ºC, e em períodos frios inferior a 15ºC. A sensação térmica dos usuários na maior parte do período do expediente corresponde ao desconforto térmico para o calor, principalmente no período vespertino, sendo que a porcentagem de insatisfeitos ultrapassa 80%. Deste modo, há necessidade de otimizar a adoção de estratégias passivas, para proporcionar melhores condições térmicas de trabalho. Para isto, são indicadas soluções simples, que propiciam melhorias ao desempenho térmico dos edifícios, exemplificando: o uso de sistemas que possibilitem o resfriamento evaporativo e ampliação das áreas de aberturas destinadas à ventilação do edifício. / This paper discusses the thermal performance obtained in industrial buildings in the footwear sector, given the importance of obtaining favorable environmental conditions for the execution of activities through an architecture suited to the climate context. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the buildings of the footwear industries of Jaú city, an important industrial pole. It is characterized the typologies of building\'s construction regarding its geometry, materials and ventilation system. The passive strategies for achieving thermal comfort in the factory sheds are identified and evaluated using the recommendations present in the NBR 15220. To evaluate the thermal comfort conditions it was measured the environmental variables, and the temperature was examined under conditions of thermal acceptability, as established by ASHRAE 55-2010. In order to estimate the thermal sensation of the users, the PMV and PPD indices were used. Also, a questionnaire was applied in order to check the level of employee satisfaction with the working environment. The results show that most of the buildings presents a typology similar with a rectangular geometry and ventilation obtained through frames at the facades. The absence of different passive strategies results in a building with a low thermal inertia and vulnerable to the external weather conditions, and in hot periods, the internal temperature was above 30°C, and during colder periods it was lower than 15°C. The thermal sensation of users in most of the period of the working shift matches the thermal discomfort to the heat, especially in the afternoon, and the percentage of discontentment exceeds 80%. This way, there is a need to optimize the adoption of passive strategies, to provide better thermal conditions of work. For this purpose, simple solutions that provide improvements to the thermal performance of buildings are given, examples: the use of systems which allows evaporative cooling and expansion of openings areas for the ventilation of the building.

Die Fortbewegung des Menschen – ob gehend oder laufend – war und ist bis zum heutigen Tag im Fokus des wissenschaftlichen Interesses. Dabei gehört die Durchführung von etwaigen Studien im Labor zu einer anerkannten methodischen Verfahrensweise. Durch die stete technologische Weiterentwicklung von Messsystemen, bestehen nunmehr veränderte Möglichkeiten, wodurch das Laufen des Menschen in seinem natürlichen Bewegungsraum quantifiziert werden kann. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluss des Experimentalraums auf das Laufen zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich wurde dabei die Rolle von drei Laufschuhen unterschiedlicher Kategorien genauer betrachtet. Für die Erhebung der zum Vergleich notwendigen Messgrößen diente zum einen ein Inertialsensor-System, um die Kinematik der Läufer zu erfassen und zum anderen EMG-System, um Rückschlüsse auf deren muskulären Status ziehen zu können. In den Ergebnissen zeigte sich, dass nicht nur der Laufschuh sondern auch der Experimentalraum mit seinen jeweiligen Gegebenheiten Einfluss auf den Laufstil der Probanden nahmen. Generell kann aus den Ergebnissen abgeleitet werden, dass auf Grund der besseren Laufrhythmik im Feld, die Läufer einen messbar effizienteren Laufstil aufwiesen.

Se presenta la propuesta de un factor probabilístico para determinar el porcentaje de falla que se puede presentar en cimentaciones superficiales, en nuestro caso zapatas. En este articulo presentaremos una comparación entre el factor de seguridad (F.S), definido por la norma E050 Suelos y Cimentaciones, y la probabilidad de falla. Este método se ejecutará a través de la simulación de datos de entrada, tales como peso específico, cohesión, ángulo de fricción y solicitación de carga. Para este proceso de simulación se aplicará el método Monte Carlo. Una vez obtenido los valores de la resistencia del suelo, teniendo en cuenta su distribución normal, y la solicitación, se comenzará a analizar las probabilidades de fallar mediante las curvas de densidad de la resistencia y solicitación. Finalmente analizaremos la relación que se dará entre el F.S y la probabilidad de falla para observar su comportamiento al aumentar los parámetros para la resistencia. / The proposal of a probabilistic factor is presented to determine the percentage of failure that can occur in shallow foundations, in our case footings. In this article we will present a comparison between the safety factor (F.S), defined by the standard E050 Soils and Foundations, and the probability of failure. This method will be executed through the simulation of input data, such as specific weight, cohesion, angle of friction and load stress. For this simulation process, the Monte Carlo method will be applied. Once the soil resistance values ​​have been obtained, considering its normal distribution and the stress, the probabilities of failure will begin to be analyzed using the strength and stress density curves. Finally, we will analyze the relationship that will occur between the F.S and the probability of failure to observe the behavior when increasing the parameters for resistance. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad realizar un análisis del impacto en el servicio dentro del punto de venta en la satisfacción y la lealtad del consumidor en la categoría de zapatos femeninos. Se tomarán en cuenta papers relacionados con la calidad del servicio en el punto de venta para poder analizarlos y plantear una visión integradora de sus conceptos. Para su realización además se contará con un estudio cuantitativo que consiste en una encuesta realizada a 400 personas que cumplen con las características de ser mujeres de entre 25 y 40 años de edad que han comprado zapatos dentro del punto de venta en el último año que servirán de gran ayuda para responder a las hipótesis y objetivos planteados por parte de los autores. / The present document aims to carry out an analysis between the impact on the service within the point of sale on consumer satisfaction and loyalty in the category of women's shoes. Papers related to the quality of the service at the point of sale will be taken into account in order to analyze them and propose an integrative vision of their concepts. To carry it out, there will also be a quantitative study consisting of a survey of 400 people that meet the characteristics of being women between 25 and 40 years of age who have bought shoes at the point of sale in the last year that will be of great help in responding to the hypotheses and objectives proposed by the authors. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis is an attempt to de-construct the linear way in which I describe my work. I am attempting to deal with my family’s background in the theater and identity as a Texan. In addition I am attempting to address my interest in phenomenological concerns. This document was created in Microsoft Word 2000. The video portions of the video were edited on Imovie HD and Final Cut Pro, while the audio text was recorded from TextEdit’s text to speech program.

<p>Ispitivanu grupu činilo je 1247 ispitanika sa povredama prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena koji su operativno lečeni u periodu 2012.-2017. godina na Klinici za ortopedsku hirurgiju i traumatologiju Kliničkog centra Vojvodine. Ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrđivanje uticaja nivoa sportske aktivnosti i mehanizama povređivanja na nastanak povreda prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena, zatim uticaj spolja&scaron;njih faktora rizika (vrsta sporta, rang takmičenja, vrsta podloge, trening ili utakmica, period treninga) na nastanak povreda prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze kolena, odnosno uticaj unutra&scaron;njih faktora rizika (pol, starost, BMI) na nastanak povreda ove strukture kolena. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika njih 517 (41,5%) su činili aktivni sportisti, a 730 (58,5%) rekreativci. Značajnu većinu u posmatranom uzorku su činili mu&scaron;karci (82,6%), osobe starosti od 16 do 25 godina (62,6%) i normalno uhranjenje osobe (62%). Do povrede prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze do&scaron;lo je kod njih 504 (40,5%) prilikom aktivnog bavljenja sportom, dok su se povrede prilikom rekreativnog bavljenja sportom dogodile kod 741 ispitanika (59,5%). Među aktivnim sportistima, vi&scaron;e od dve trećine se takmičilo na internacionalnom ili republičkom nivou, odnosno u najvi&scaron;im rangovima takmičenja. Kontaktnim kolektivnim sportovima (fudbal, ko&scaron;arka i rukomet) bavilo se 77,9% ispitanika. Nekontaktnim sportovima kao &scaron;to su odbojka, borilački sportovi i skijanje bavilo se 22,1% ispitanika, pri čemu je najveći broj povreda nastao prilikom igranja fudbala (51,3%). Statistički značajno vi&scaron;e povreda (i prilikom aktivnog i prilikom rekreativnog bavljenja sportom) je nastalo bez direktnog kontakta (nekontaktne povrede koje su činile 78,7% povreda), pri čemu je najveći broj povreda nastao usled promene pravca i ritma kretanja. Kod aktivnih sportista najvi&scaron;e povreda dogodilo se na utakmicama (73,8%), slede povrede na treningu (24,1%), dok se na rekreaciji povredilo svega 2,1% ispitanika. Značajno vi&scaron;e povreda dogodilo se na sredini bavljenja sportskom aktivno&scaron;ću (47,4%) u odnosu na povrede na zagrevanju, početku, odnosno kraju sportske aktivnosti. Povrede su značajno če&scaron;će nastajale na travi (42%) i parketu (28%), nego na drugim vrstama podloge. Najveći broj ispitanika povredio se noseći patike prilikom bavljenja sportskom aktivno&scaron;ću. Postoje značajne razlike u kontekstu povređivanja u zavisnosti od pola ispitanika. Žene su u značajno većem procentu povređivane prikom aktivnog bavljenja sportom, dok su se mu&scaron;karci če&scaron;će povređivali na rekreaciji. Žene su se najče&scaron;će povređivale na rukometu, mu&scaron;karci na fudbalu. U odnosu na mu&scaron;karce, kod žena su povrede znatno ređe nastajale prilikom direktnog kontakta, a kad je u pitanju mesto povređivanja, žene su se če&scaron;će nego mu&scaron;karci povređivale na treningu. Preko 50% žena je povređeno na parketu, dok se najveći broj mu&scaron;karaca povredio na travi. Ispitanici sa prekomernom telesnom masom značajno če&scaron;će su se povređivali prilikom rekreacije, dok su se normalno uhranjeni če&scaron;će povređivali prilikom aktivnog bavljenja sportom. Faktori rizika za nastanak povreda prednje ukr&scaron;tene veze su brojni i specifični, odnosno da za svaku populacionu kategoriju postoje rizici, ali se uočava da su u svim sportovima, na svim podlogama i kod svih ispitanika povrede najče&scaron;će nastajale nekontaknim mehanizmom povređivanja. Formiranjem registra povređenih omogućilo bi se bolje razumevanje faktora rizika i njihovog međusobnog uticaja, kao i definisanje profila osoba pod najvećim rizikom za nastanak povrede prednje ukr&scaron;ene veze kolena. Na taj način obezbedile bi se potrebne informacije za planiranje preventivnih programa usmerenih na smanjenje rizika od povređivanja i omogućilo bi se sprovođenje odgovarajućih mera selektivne prevencije.</p> / <p>The study group consisted of 1247 respondents with anterior cruciate ligament injuries who were surgically treated in the period 2012-2017. at the Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina. The objectives of the study were to determine the impact of sports activity levels and injury mechanisms on the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries, then the impact of external risk factors (type of sport, competition rank, type of surface, training or match, training period) on the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and the influence of internal risk factors (gender, age, BMI) on the occurrence of injuries of this knee structure. Out of the total number of respondents 517 (41.5%) were active athletes, and 730 (58.5%) were recreational athletes. A significant majority in the observed group were men (82.6%), persons aged 16 to 25 years (62.6%) and normal BMI respondents (62%). Anterior cruciate ligament injury occurred in 504 of them (40.5%) during active sports, while injuries during recreational sports occurred in 741 respondents (59.5%). Among active athletes, more than two thirds competed at the international or national level- in the highest ranks of the competition. Contact collective sports (football, basketball and handball) were practiced by 77.9% of respondents. 22.1% of respondents practiced non-contact sports such as volleyball, martial arts sports and skiing. The largest number of injuries occurring while playing football (51.3%). Statistically significantly more injuries (both during active and recreational sports) occurred without direct contact (noncontact injuries-78,7% of total injuries number), with the largest number of injuries caused by changes in the direction and rhythm of movement. Among active athletes, most injuries occurred in matches (73.8%), followed by injuries in training (24.1%), while only 2.1% of respondents were injured in recreation. Significantly more injuries occurred in the middle of engaging in sports activity (47.4%) compared to injuries during the warm-up, beginning and end of sports activity. Injuries occurred significantly more often on grass (42%) and floor (28%) than on other types of surfaces. Most of the respondents were injured wearing sneakers while doing sports. There are significant differences in the context of injury depending on the gender of the respondents. A significantly higher percentage of women were injured during active sports, while men were more often injured during recreational sport activities. Women were most often injured in handball, men in football. Compared to men, injuries were much less common in women during direct contact, and when it comes to the place of injury, women were injured more often than men during training acitivities. Over 50% of women were injured on the floor, while the largest number of men were injured on the grass. Subjects with overweight were significantly more likely to be injured during recreational sport acitivites, while those with normal BMI were more likely to be injured during active sports. Risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injuries are numerous and specific and there are risks for each population category, but it is noticed that in all sports, on all surfaces and in all subjects, injuries were most often caused by a noncontact injury mechanism. The formation of a Register of injuries would enable a better understanding of risk factors and their mutual influence, as well as the definition of the profile of persons at greatest risk for the occurrence of an anterior cruciate ligament injury. This would provide the necessary information for planning prevention programs aimed at reducing the risk of injury and would enable the implementation of appropriate selective prevention measures.</p>

Fragestellung der Arbeit: Aus der Literaturbetrachtung wird deutlich, dass unterschiedlichste Testverfahren zur Ermittlung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Laufschuhen eingesetzt. Bisher gibt es kein standardisiertes und allgemein anerkanntes mechanisches Testverfahren. Im Gegensatz zu biomechanischen Untersuchungen verwendet bei mechanischen Messungen nahezu jeder Autor ein anderes Prüfverfahren. Wichtige Entscheidungsprozesse, welche zur Entwicklung des jeweiligen Prüfverfahrens führen, werden gar nicht oder nur unzureichend erläutert. Daher ist es nicht möglich eine generelle Vorgehensweise zur Erstellung eines neuen Prüfverfahrens abzuleiten. Aus den diskutierten Studien kann man schlussfolgern, dass bisherige mechanische Testverfahren die biomechanischen Zusammenhänge nur ungenügend abbilden können. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, ein allgemeingültiges mechanisches Prüfverfahren zu entwickeln, welches es ermöglicht, die Materialeigenschaften eines Laufschuhs im Rückfußbereich zu untersuchen. Ein wesentlicher Punkt dieser Arbeit ist es dabei, die mechanischen Eingabeparameter auf eine möglichst breite Basis von biomechanischen Messdaten aufzubauen. Dazu werden verschiedene biomechanische Messungen durchgeführt und mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien verglichen. Durch diese Vorgehensweise soll dem Anspruch der Allgemeingültigkeit Rechnung getragen werden. Ein wesentliches Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist darüber hinaus die Dokumentation und Diskussion aller wichtigen Entscheidungsschritte, die zu diesem Prüfverfahren führen. Um die gesetzten Ziele zu erreichen, werden folgende Fragestellungen beantwortet: F1 - Welche Stempelgeometrie muss für das zu entwickelnde Testverfahren verwendet werden um der anatomischen Belastungsfläche zu entsprechen? F2 - Wie muss der Stempel ausgerichtet werden um die Kraft in das Material einleiten zu können? F3 - Wie hoch sind die verwendeten Kräfte zur Belastung des Rückfußbereiches beim Laufen? F4 - Ermöglicht das mechanische Prüfverfahren eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der mechanischen Laufschuheigenschaften? F5 - Ermöglicht das mechanische Prüfverfahren eine Bestimmung funktionaler Laufschuheigenschaften?:1 Einführung - S.1 2 Forschungsstand - S.5 3 Fragestellung der Arbeit - S.86 4 Methodisches Verfahren - S.88 5 Erstellung des mechanischen Testverfahrens - S.96 6 Evaluierung des Testverfahrens - S.126 7 Anwendungsmöglichkeiten - S.172 8 Reflektion der Ergebnisse - S.178 9 Literatur - S.180 10 Anhang - S.191 Danksagung - S.196 Lebenslauf - S.198 Erklärung - S.200