This study presents a comparative approach between the time of the Belgic Confession and of the Korean Church under Japanese rule. Both the early Low Countries and Korea received Protestantism through martyrdom and persecution. During the sixteen century the Low Countries were under the Spanish rule. The Low Countries were deeply influenced by the Reformation. Many historians have noted that the people in the Low Countries suffered persecutions on the basis of their nationality and religious beliefs by the Roman Catholic Church and the Spanish government. The heroes of the Low Countries were William of Orange, the political leader of his native country, and Guido de Bres a religious leader. William of Orange, and his son, Maurice of Orange, accomplished their country’s political independence with outstanding leadership. Guido de Bres was a travelling preacher who preached the gospel in the Low Countries. He drafted the Belgic Confession. It is authorized as one of the most wonderful Reformed confessions. Korea received the gospel through the Western missionary R. J. Thmoas. Korea was under Japanese rule since the end of the nineteen century. Korean Christianity helped the Korean people when the Koreans were oppressed. From the late 1920s, the Japanese forced Koreans in Shinto Shrine Worship. Shinto Shrine Worship was the worship of the King of Japan. The Korean people could not accept Shinto Shrine Worship. Korean Christians judged Shinto Shrine Worship to be idol worship and opposed it. However, Korean Protestants abandoned their faith, due to the Japanese’ threat of military power. Some pastors resisted Shinto Shrine Worship. Pastor Joo Ki-Chul was a leader of the resistance and died for his faith. There are similarities and differences between the struggle of the Low Countries and Korea. Both the early Low Countries and early Korean Church produced spiritual martyrs like Guido de Bres and Joo Ki-Chul. They were martyrs, patriots and preachers. In both countries Christians faced horrible persecutions by the ruling tyrants. But while the Low Countries struggled for their independence to the end, most Korean Christians had to desert their faith in the face of continued pressure from the Japanese. In spite of this some Korean Christians remained strong till the bitter end. The Low Countries’ religious persecution came to an end, but North Korea’s Christians are still suffering under the communist regime. In spite of terrible persecution by the communist government, there are many Christians in underground churches who long for religious and political freedom. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Church History and Church Policy / unrestricted

Dans un paysage religieux québécois qui s'est profondément transformé, même si l’on constate une désaffection des églises catholiques, certaines formes de dévotion restent importantes, en particulier la dévotion au Saint Frère André. Canonisé par le Pape Benoît XVI en octobre 2010, Saint Frère André est le premier Saint homme natif du Canada. Il est à l’origine de la construction de l’Oratoire Saint-Joseph du Mont-Royal, le plus grand Sanctuaire dédié à Saint Joseph au monde. Il est un personnage important au Québec. Selon les données du Sanctuaire, chaque année, deux millions de visiteurs se rendent à l'Oratoire. Ces visiteurs ont plusieurs profils. Ce sont soit des personnes dévotes venant de Montréal ou des environs, des touristes religieux ou des pèlerins. Cette thèse traite de la dévotion au Saint Frère André à l’Oratoire. L’objectif principal est de comprendre les expressions et pratiques de cette dévotion populaire ainsi que l'expérience vécue par les dévots dans ce lieu de pèlerinage, à l’aide d’une approche ethnographique combinée à une étude d’archives des billets d’intentions recueillis à l’Oratoire au cours de l’année 2010 et 2018. Les dix observations réalisées dans les cinq lieux de recueillement dédiés au Saint Frère André, les cinquante entrevues menées auprès de personnes dévotes et l’étude de mille billets d’intentions mettent en évidence la relation de confiance et d’amitié que les personnes entretiennent avec le Saint. Cette relation est entretenue par la perception de manifestations attribuées au divin, telles que des miracles de guérison, des apparitions et des visions qui, pour les dévots, attestent de l’existence d’un échange de biens de charité entre ciel et terre. Il ressort de cette thèse l’importance du rôle d’intercesseur de Saint Frère André dans les pratiques de dévotion ainsi que son rôle dans la mémoire collective québécoise comme en témoignent les relations historiques que bon nombre de familles ont développées avec le Saint. La prière est le lieu premier de la rencontre, le véhicule par lequel les dévots rencontrés communiquent avec Saint Frère André. Quant aux pratiques de dévotion, elles s’expriment sous de multiples formes : reliques, espaces de dévotions, statues, objets de piété, huile de Saint Joseph, images, culte, pèlerinages, etc. La dévotion populaire n’étant pas contrôlée par l’institution religieuse, elle donne libre cours aux expressions religieuses spontanées tant dans les rituels que dans l’écriture votive. / The religious landscape in Quebec has changed profoundly, even though the disaffection of the Catholic churches, some forms of devotion remain important, especially the devotion to Saint Brother André. Canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in October 2010, Saint Brother André is the first Canadian-born male Saint. He is responsible for the construction of Saint Joseph’s Oratory, the largest shrine dedicated to Saint Joseph in the world, and he is an important figure in Quebec. According to the Sanctuary’s data, every year, two million visitors visit the Oratory. These visitors have several profiles, they are either devout people from Montreal or the surrounding area, religious tourists, or pilgrims. This thesis deals with the devotion to Saint Brother André at the Saint Joseph Oratory of Mount Royal. The main objective is to understand the expressions and practices of this popular devotion as well as the experience lived by the devotees in this place of pilgrimage, using an ethnographic approach, which is based on a combined archival study of prayer intentions collected at the Oratory during the years 2010 and 2018. The ten observations made in the five places of prayer dedicated to Saint Brother André, the fifty interviews conducted with devotees and the study of about a hundred prayer intentions highlight the relationship of trust and friendship that people have with the Saint. This relationship is sustained by the perception of manifestations attributed to the divine, such as healing miracles, apparitions, and visions that, for the devotees, testify to the existence of an exchange of goods of charity between Heaven and Earth. This thesis shows the importance of the role of intercessor of Saint Brother André in the collective memory of Quebec, as evidenced by the historical relations that many families have developed with the Saint. Prayer is the first place of the encounter, the vehicle through which the devotees meet and communicate with Saint Brother André. As for devotional practices, they are expressed in many forms: relics, devotional spaces, statues, objects of piety, oil of Saint Joseph, images, worship, pilgrimages, etc. Since popular devotion is not controlled by the religious institution, it gives free rein to spontaneous religious expressions both in rituals and in votive writing.

This doctoral thesis discusses the manifestations of animism among Khmers in Cambodia and in south Vietnam. The subject is viewed from the culturally-anthropological perspective and attention is paid primarily to the specifics that are present in the everyday life of Khmers. The paper characterizes the manifestations of animism within the scope of the selected hypotheses and perceives this topic through various ethnological paradigms. The doctoral thesis marginally introduces animism as a phenomenon, the Khmer as a people, animistic rituals, and traditional Khmer feasts. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the importance of the shaman and other spiritual figures in the Khmer religious conception, the topic of healing, rites of passage, specific Khmer supernatural entities, and places where they are worshipped. The entire thesis includes the comparison of theoretical knowledge with the results of empirical research in selected areas. Using specific examples, it is demonstrated that animism is a part of syncretism, which is still an important component of the Khmer culture and significantly influences important life decisions. Rather than a unified discourse that would strictly subscribe to linear composition, the doctoral thesis is a prolegomenon to the phenomenon of animism in the Khmer culture and...

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摘要 「祭祀公業」乃基於傳統習慣所形成擁有特殊性之「共有」，係以祭祀祖先為目的所設立之獨立財產。本文研究乃以祭祀公業條例第五十條規範過去所設立祭祀公業法人與現行民法成立之財團法人（宗祠財團法人）其設立目的及宗旨是否相同，又本條例針對過去設立之祭祀公業法人格之取得及未取得法人格時土地權屬應如何處理，及其條例規定衍生派下現員權屬爭議、及男女平權繼承是否妥當，予以分析祭祀公業權屬爭議問題。試圖從慎終追遠及延續傳統宗族舊慣的角度，以分析祭祀公業之權屬結構，盼能指出台灣從過去到現在實施清理祭祀公業政策之盲點，俾利政府實施祭祀公業清理制度的處理原則及法令修訂時的參考。 本文第二章有關祭祀公業及其相關規定之探討：就祭祀公業緣起、意義、制度沿革、派下的權利與義務及權屬爭議之解釋、判決、判例、規定加以彙整，並以祭祀公業之法律性質、派下員申報及登記、廢止解散等權屬問題之予以論述；第三章祭祀公業主體性問題之探討，首先是應探究祭祀公業共有法人所有之差異性；其次過去設立之祭祀公業法人格土地權屬之分析，另規範過去所設立祭祀公業財團法人（宗祠財團法人）之爭議問題；第四章以派下現員之清理、派下權與房份配置及祭祀公業之解散，並深入分析祭祀公業權屬爭議問題。 第五章結論與建議：第一、祭祀公業取得派下全員證明書後，依據私法自治原則及法律本質決定其權屬關係為「祭祀公業法人」，以符合下列祭祀公業原設立之宗旨。第二、祭祀公業依過去法令所設立宗祠財團法人，應准其辦理更名登記為祭祀公業法人，以符合祭祀公業之法律本質、設立宗旨及其主體性。第三、派下員之繼受取得應依設立時章程（鬮書）之約定；未約定時，則依宗祧繼承男子繼承為原則，女子繼承為例外。現存之祭祀公業，既係日據時期所設立，自應適用設立當時之繼承習慣。若為解決男女平權繼承的問題，而恣意以現代民法所規定之男女平權繼承概念予以清理，將導致產權複雜化及違背台灣先民設立祭祀公業慎終追遠之宗旨。第四、祭祀公業解散清算分配賸餘財產時應依設立時章程（鬮書）之約定；未約定時，則依舊慣以房份為原則，均分（推定均等）為例外。最後提出後續研究建議，首先，祭祀公業清理被編定公共設施用地者之財產權保障問題；再者，祭祀公業之資產委由「公益信託」管理之可行性；暨派下權之繼受制度如何定位以符合我國舊慣等，這些議題都值得深入研究。而本文期盼祭祀公業清理制度之實施，能明確界定派下員之權屬關係，以落實財產權之保障。 關鍵字：祭祀公業、法人、宗祠財團法人、男女平權繼承、鬮書 / Abstract “Ancestral estate” is a special, independent property of “joint ownership” formed by tradition and custom, whose purpose is to worship clan ancestors. This study intends to research the similarity of the purpose and objective for establishing the ancestral estate juridical person, governed by Article 50 of the “Statue Governing the Ancestral Estate” and the foundation (Ancestral Shrine Foundation), governed by the Civil Code. By focusing on the following issues: (a) Land ownership before and after acquiring corporate personality of ancestral estate; (b) Authority controversy between clan members; and (c) The appropriateness of inheritance equality between men and women, this study tries to analyze the authority structure of ancestral estate from the perspectives of “due sacrifice for the ancestor” and continuation of traditional custom of clan ancestor worshiping. The purpose of this study is to pinpoint the blind spot existing in the past and current governmental policy concerning ancestral estate so that the government may find useful reference in future implementation of relevant systems and enactment of regulations. Chapter two discusses the nature of ancestral estate and its related regulations: the origin, meaning, historic system timeline, rights and obligation of clan members, and the compilation of controversial interpretations, judgments, precedents, and regulation. Further discussion will also be given on the legal nature, reporting of clan member, and the authorities regarding the revocation and dissolution of organization. Chapter three discusses the subject matters of ancestral estate. Firstly, the difference between the juridical persons of ancestral estate is discussed. Secondly, analyze the land ownership of ancestral estate and regulate the issues existing in the ancestral estate foundation (Ancestral Shrine Foundation). Chapter four deals with the sorting out of clan members, share allocation of property ownership, dissolution of ancestral estate, and an in-depth analysis will also be given on the authority controversies. Conclusion and suggestion will be provided in Chapter five: (1) After acquiring staff certificate of ancestral estate, the ancestral estate shall be deemed as a “ancestral estate juridical person” in accordance with the principle of autonomy and legal nature of private law, to meet the following establishing objectives; (2) The ancestral shrine foundation established in accordance with past regulations shall be allowed to change name and registered as ancestral estate juridical person to meet the legal nature, establishing objective and objectivity; and (3) The inheritance acquisition of clan members shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth in the articles (book of property inheritance); in the event of no agreement is made, the principle of male inheritance in accordance with clan pedigree shall govern, with female inheritance as exception. The existing ancestral estate was first established in the Japanese occupation period, which was applicable to the inheritance practices of the time. If, in order to solve the inheritance equality problem between both sexes, the competent authority tries to sort out in an arbitrary way the current issue with the concept of modern Civil Code, it is bound to cause complexity and in violation to the objective of due offerings set forth by Taiwanese ancestors; (4) The ancestral estate shall set up articles (book of property inheritance) governing its dissolution, liquidation, allocation of residual property; if no agreement is made, it shall be based on pedigree as principle, with even distribution (assumed even) as exception. Finally, suggestions will be provided for subsequent studies concerning: Property protection regarding public facilities designated for the sorting out of ancestral estate; The feasibility of “public trust” management of the assets of ancestral estate; and how to position the system of inheritance acquisition in order to meet the national custom and traditional practices. The main purpose of this study is to realize the protection of property by giving a clearly defined authority of clan members through the implementation of sorting out system of ancestral estate. Keywords：Ancestral estate；Juridical person； Ancestral Shrine Foundation ； Equal inheritance of both sexes； book of property inheritance

Sugawara no Michizane était un lettré du 9e siècle qui fut élevé au rang de kami et qui inspira un culte qui demeure encore extrêmement vivace de nos jours. Le personnage historique et sa forme divinisée inspirèrent quantité d’histoires qui furent, entre autres raisons, créées pour justifier l’édification de sanctuaires voués à son culte, expliquer l’origine d’un fait religieux local ou d’un toponyme. Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d'étudier les récits fictifs qui mettent en scène le personnage historique de Sugawara no Michizane et d’aborder le sujet sous trois angles différents. La première partie de notre étude consistera en l’établissement d’une énumération de ces légendes au moyen d’un large appareil de documents (récits de fondation, monographies, journaux de voyage…) qui nous permettra d’identifier leurs particularités, leur répartition dans l’espace et dans la vie de Sugawara no Michizane. Cette liste permettra de faire ressortir l’existence d’un certain nombre de « valeurs constantes » que l’on retrouve en fait non seulement dans les histoires de Sugawara no Michizane mais aussi dans celles qui mettent en scène d’autres personnages historiques. La seconde approche de ces légendes consistera à étudier précisément ces « valeurs constantes » et à tenter d’en déterminer l’origine. La troisième et dernière approche des légendes aura pour but d’étudier leurs « valeurs variables » et de voir ce qu’elles peuvent, à leur tour, nous apprendre sur leurs auteurs ainsi que les circonstances de leur création. / Sugawara no Michizane was a 9th century scholar who was turned into a god and inspired a cult still popular nowadays. His human and divine forms both inspired countless legends which were told, amongst other reasons, in order to justify the building of shrines devoted to his cult, and to explain the origin of local customs and places’ names. This dissertation will focus on the legends built around the historical figure of Sugawara no Michizane and analyze them under three different perspectives. The first perspective consists of an enumeration of legends using a large array of documents such as foundation stories, monographs and travelers’ journals. This is the first time such a list has been compiled. This list enables us to identify particularities and distributions in both space and span of Sugawara no Michizane’s life. This list also allows us to establish the existence of a certain number of “constant patterns” which not only appear in Sugawara no Michizane’s stories but also in stories involving other historical figures. The second perspective of the study examines these “constant patterns” and suggests possibilities for their possible origin. The third and last perspective of our study will deal with the so-called “variable patterns” of the stories and will suggest who created these stories and the reasons for their creation.

This thesis aims to contextualize gender politics, nationalism, and animism as interconnected cultural patterns reflecting 19th century acculturation and post-WWII national reconstruction of Japan. In particular, state-nationalism, hegemonic femininity, commodity animism, uniform fetishsm, and power structure are analyzed through the symbolisms and discourse of the Japanese indigenous faith: Shinto, female practitioners, and followers. There are two points of ideological and linguistic rupture in modern Japan: late-19th century and mid-20th century, in which a large part of this thesis is dedicated to for a holistic contextualization in accordance to historical narrative and events. Materials for this thesis were collected through three separate occasions of field research: winter of 2016 to 2017, summer of 2017, and the spring of 2018 where participant- observation, semi-structured interviews across different platforms, internet ethnography, and archival data analysis were combined. The thesis is separated into three parts: super state- nationalism, gender politics, and commodity animism, and each chapter has its own thematic focus for analysis while the ideological shifts are explained largely based on Ideological State Apparatus and subjectivity. The development of the several thousand year old faith is the preoccupation of this thesis in an attempt to interpret the collective identities, tendencies, and patterns of Japanese modernity.

This thesis examines how Shinzo Abe’s historical perspectives on “comfort women” and the Nanjing Massacre are influenced by global demands. Abe’s official account on these issues have been affected by pressures to reconcile with South Korea and to face China’s rise for strategic reasons. This originates from sources including think tanks such as the Center for Strategic and International Studies and media. Joseph Nye’s concept of soft power will provide the theoretical background to analyze Abe’s views on both issues. The existence and method through which these pressures are applied will be detailed and explored. This research will hope to contribute to the understanding of historical memory in the Asia-Pacific and how it remains an issue that undergoes changes in the current political climate. / Graduate

“The Roots of Puritanism in the Korean Presbyterian Church” offers an analysis on Puritanism and an alternative to the contemporary Korean Presbyterian Church, which has lost its course; specifically in the current century of mission in Korea. The reasons for the abovementioned idea are as follows. Firstly, Puritanism was not foreign concept to Korean Christians, who have had contact with the concept before. Early missionaries in America fought against Conservatism (or Fundamentalism) and Liberalism. The conservative camp especially tried to hold on to the Westminster Confession of Faith and the authority of the Bible. These were the representatives of Puritan legacies. Puritanism was naturally implanted into Korean soil through early foreign missionaries who preached the Gospel. Therefore, the suggested idea must take on the character not of a creation but of a restoration in terms of the Korean Presbyterian Church. Secondly, it is due to its confidence that the Puritans pursuing points, which tried to establish the whole society on the basis of the Bible, are the answer to the contemporary Korean Presbyterian Church, which has stagnated in both number and quality of faith. The Puritans did not separate faith from the secular world. Instead, they tried to establish their society on the Bible. The Covenant with the church and the state as well as the individual was a strong vehicle for their thoughts. Their ultimate aim was piety in the presence of God. Meanwhile, the early Korean Presbyterian Church adopted the Twelve Articles of Faith and the Westminster Confession of Faith as official creeds. It meant that the Korean Presbyterian Church kept the Puritan point of the Bible and faith from 1884 to the middle of the 1930’s. The faculty of Pyungyang Theological Seminary, which was a unique training school for would-be ministers, taught the Puritan faith and theology thoroughly. However, Korean political changes tremendously influenced her Christianity. During the period of Japanese Imperialism (1919-1945), the early conservative faith and theology had to face the challenge of Liberalism. The whole of the Korean Presbyterian Church submitted to the Japanese iron-fisted rule and Shrine Worship in 1937. However, the Puritan faith and theology were rediscovered through the faith of the few resistors of Japanese rule. After Liberation from Japan in 1945, the antagonism of ideology caused Korea divided into two. On the one hand, North Korea fell under the banner of communism, which thoroughly eradicated the church in terms of its ideology more than the Japanese did. On the other hand, South Korea joined under the banner of democracy and churches were found to be in an unparalleled prosperous condition. The few resistors of Japanese imperialism cried out for the Puritan faith and demanded that the Korean Church should officially repent the sin of Japanese Shrine worship. However, an overwhelming majority consisting of the ecclesiastical authorities rejected their proposal as well as their faith and treated them as religious outcasts. The few resistors detached themselves from the established denomination and formed the Goshin Party. After the separation, schisms of denomination accelerated, because of differences in faith and theology or religious concession. In addition, Pentecostal theology and its spirituality as a substitute to Puritanism were more dominant in Korean Christianity than any other denominations. The Private experience and the charismata of the Holy Spirit were the keys points of the Pentecostal movement. They contributed to the concern and development of Pneumatology in Korean Christianity. However, Pentecostalism made the Presbyterian Church interpret the Bible without theological balance. The church began to seek material blessings instead of spiritual ones and to the pursuit of this world instead of the next. In addition, the Presbyterian Church was only concerned with itself without being indifferent to the ungodly society beyond itself. In conclusion, the restoration of Puritanism, which tried to base both the society and the church on the foundation of the Bible, is the best solution to the future contemporary Presbyterian Church. / Thesis (PhD (Church History and Church Polity))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Church History and Church Policy / PhD / unrestricted

Diploma thesis is trying to describe and analyse factors shaping current relations between China and Japan. My intention is to identify main factor, which shape and influence bilateral Sino-japan relations in long term view. I suggest that main factor is historical factor. Thesis explains the change in bilateral relations after Cold war. Also explains national myth-making, nationalism and current problems such as Yasukuni Shrine and text-book controversy. Last part is focused on territorial conflict between China and Japan, namely Senkaku/Diaoyu islands.