Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li zheng zhi da xue, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

No description available.

本文試圖從歷時化的角度，說明清代番人分類體制形成的過程及對地方社會熟番社的作用。在康熙朝，官方的番社分類系統──「野番、土番」，是在賦稅認知下展開，並不具有文明化的概念；至康熙末年，對番人的分類稱謂才從「野番、土番」轉變至「生番、熟番」。此分類體系，至雍正朝逐漸產生變化。雍正3年（1725）生番歸化潮的終止，讓官員面臨如何在原本的「生、熟」分類體系中，安排界外納餉番社的問題，而在原分類中增添「歸化生番」類型。 進入乾隆朝以後，乾隆皇帝基於「國家統馭體制」（生、化在外，熟番在內），不願歸化生番移入界內，強制性地閉鎖番人之間身分屬性的流動。伴隨實體番界的強化，官員們開始以「番界內外」、「納稅與否」為標準區別番人，並將分類化約成「界內熟番、界外生番」，模糊了的化番角色。為了確立熟番類屬，官方開始制定一系列相應的熟番政策，形成所謂「熟番身分制」，且賦予番社行政性的「熟番特徵」。值得注意的是，乾隆朝的一系列熟番政策，表面看來似有規範個人身分的傾向，實際上仍以「番社」作為區別的單位，甚至在隘、屯等制度執行上，其員額與租額分配是以番社為單位，無形中強化了番社對番人的支配。 身分制的落實，維繫地方社會「熟番」與「漢民」的群體界線，也影響兩者互動的關係。在岸裡社群對於「水利、山林與土地」控制的例子可知，身分制的作用在不同時空環境下，皆有不同程度影響的展現。其中影響甚深之處，反是王朝支配權力薄弱的「番界邊區」。無論是山產交易或界外埔地的控制，熟番們皆利用身分制的保護，具有能動性進行策略選擇，甚至與他者競爭。不過，熟番社所競逐的利益，並未能雨露均霑，在部落階層化的前提下，大多數的利益集中在部落上層菁英手中。這也這也埋下19世紀熟番遷徙與身分轉換的誘因。 19世紀前期，熟番身分制發生轉變，隨著熟番遷徙、帝國版圖擴張，官方再度重啟「番人身分轉換」機制，提供生番、化番轉為熟番的可能性。進入光緒朝後，番人分類體制鬆動變得更加劇烈。在「番人教化觀」與「普天之下皆是赤民」的雙重概念前提下，沈葆楨等官員們主導的番政變革，將目光轉向山地的「生番」，並開始刻意讓原本清晰的番人類屬趨於混同。作為行政分類的「熟番」類屬，也正式消失於官方的番人分類框架。與之同時，成為「熟番」的部落開始經歷劇烈變動，岸裡社熟番為了生存，分別採取遷徙、隱匿身分於當地社會或改信基督教信仰等不同的生存策略。 然而，官方制定的「熟番、漢民」的人群類屬，僅停留在制度層面，未成為地方人群區分彼此的稱謂。熟番只有在面臨官方行政事務或區分生番族群時，行政性「熟」的特質才發揮作用。地方人群邊界的劃分，主要是來自族群性「番、人」之別。這樣的區別，並未受熟番身分制取消的影響，而依然維繫至改朝換代。終清一代維繫「番、人」這條隱形界線的機制，卻是熟番身分制與熟番族群性交互作用使然。因此，熟番社也以行政性「熟番特徵」、族群性「番人傳統」兩組符號，形塑我群邊界。 總結來說，本文認為所謂的「熟番身分」，不是帝國對番人文化表徵的分類觀，而是治理臺灣地方社會的統治制度。清官員將行政性的「熟」與族群性的「番」連結，符合熟特徵的人群，自然納入熟番的範疇。於此清廷治理下的「熟」番社不再具有血緣上的意義，人群藉由婚姻、收繼等關係進入番社，成為帝國統治下的熟番。身分制的落實，也讓熟番社更具有能動性的選擇與他者互動的策略，甚至與之競逐。一直到19世紀末因相應制度的崩解，才逐漸加速熟番身分符號的改變；番人從番社解析出來，開始走向一個由「番到人」的道路。 / The article try to use the historical approach to illustrate the process of the formation of the classification system of Fan aboriginals in Qing Dynasty and the influence on the Shu Fan（cooked aborigines） tribe in local society. The official way to separate Taiwan aboriginal as “Ye Fan”, “Tu Fan” was based on the tax payment in Kang Xi dynasty，but it transferred to “Sheng fan（raw aborigines）” , “Shu Fan（cooked aborigines）”in late of Kang Xi dynasty. The officer added the new type: “ naturalized Sheng fan” todescribe the Shu fan（cooked aborigines）who lives beyond the boundary but still pay tax after the end of the Sheng fan naturalization in Yong Zheng dynasty. Because of the “State - controlled system”, Emperor Qian Long wouldn’t move the naturalized Sheng fan into the boundary and locked the Fan’s identity compulsively.With the strengthen of the Aboriginal Boundary, the officer start to use “boundary” or “tax payment” as a standard to separate the Fan and reduce the category to Shu Fan inside the border or Sheng Fan outside the border. Then the officer used lots of systems for distinguish the type of Shu Fan to build the Shu Fan identity to shape of the administrative characteristics of the Shu fan tribe.This administrative identity system is based on tribe, not on individual person.However, the Shu Fan identity system collapsed slowly because the transferred of official system in 19th Century. Finally, Shu Fan , as an official administrative category, disappeared in the official document in late of 19th Century. The implement of identity system in middle of 18th Century maintained the ethnic border of Shu Fan and Han at local society, it also affected the way they communicated with each other. As an example: The An-li tribe try to control the waterpower, mountain and land, displayed the identity system had different influences in different situations.At the same time, Shu fan tribe began to experience dramatic changes, In order to Survive, the An-li tribe adopted different strategies such as migration, concealment in the local community, or conversion to Christian faith. However, the category of Shu Fan and Han from official position only stay at the administrative system level, it didn't become the way for local people to distinguish each other.Shu, as an administrative characteristic, just used at facing the official administrative work or separated Sheng Fan from themselves for Shu Fan. Fan and Han, as an ethnic characteristic, is the main way to distinct crowd at local.This kind of distinction did not affect by the abolishment of Shu Fan identity system, it still existed although the empire was replaced by a new one. The reason of this invisible border can be maintained in the whole Qing Dynasty is based on the Shu Fan’s interaction between the identity system and ethnicity.So, the tribe also used the Shu Fan as an administrative characteristic and aboriginal as an ethnic characteristic to build their ethnic border. In conclusion, what we talk about Shu fan（cooked aborigines） identity in Qing dynasty is not about the category of culture characteristic, is about the system to manage local society in Taiwan. The Qing officers combined the Shu of administrative characteristic and Fan of ethnic characteristic, the crowd who meets the characteristic of Shu would be classified as Shu Fan. So the Shu Fan tribe no longer had meaning of consanguinity in Qing dynasty, people become to Shu Fan by marriage or inherit into tribe. The implement of identity system made Shu Fan had more agency selection and strategy to communicate with others. The collapse of system make the symbol of identity change faster, Fan aboriginals was distilled from tribe and become to Han .

Cette thèse interroge le processus de transformation du savoir architectural dans la Chine moderne par le biais de l’observation de la relation entre la création architecturale et l’histoire. En tenant compte de l’évolution diachronique de ces deux cultures, cette étude analyse la circulation des savoirs entre le monde occidental et la Chine et les effets discursifs qu’elle a produits dans la création architecturale et artistique chinoises. L’architecture moderne se généralise en Chine à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle en parallèle avec le développement de l’industrie. Au début du XXe siècle, apparait une nouvelle forme de conception de l’historiographie moderne qui se réfère à l’Occident. Des enjeux complexes qui impliquent des références idéologiques et qui concernent la méthode historiographique percent au travers des premières études modernes consacrées à l’architecture chinoisetraditionnelle. En s’appuyant sur cette base historique, le travail de cette thèse analyse la conception des projets architecturaux afin de mettre en évidence les recherches, très personnelles, des architectes et des historiens chinois et, notamment, leurs interprétations de certains concepts clés de la discipline. Les discours et les pratiques qui émaillent le milieu architectural des années 1950 aux années 1990 décrivent une histoire de l’architecture en pleine évolution. La discipline absorbe à la fois des influences provenant de pays étrangers et hérite de la tradition établie pendant les années « rouges ». A partir de l’ouverture du pays et des réformes économiques qui s’ensuivent, elle est aussi confrontée à un développement urbain à grande échelle. Vers la fin des années 1990, l’apparition des architectes chinois d’avant-garde révèle un courant qui vise à réinterpréter la tradition et signe le retour à la discipline elle-même. / This thesis goes through the changes that occur in the architecture’s knowledge in modern China, observing the relation between architectural creation and the historical background. Taking into account the diachronic differences between the two cultures, this study analyzes the interpenetration of that knowledge between western countries and China as well as its influence upon Chinese architectural and artistic creation. Modern architecture started spreading over China from late XIXth century, together with the industrial development. In early XXth century, a new approach to modern historiography appears referring to the west. Some complex issues referring to ideology and regarding historiographical methods started to emerge through the first modern studies on Chinese traditional architecture. This thesis, based on such an historical background, analyzes the architectural projects and concepts in order to enlighten the researches, quite personal, made by the Chinese architects and historians and to emphasize their own interpretations of the key concepts on this field. The statements and practices that pave the way of architecture from the 1950s to the 1990s bring up the question of the evolution occurring in the architectural history. Chinese architecture draws its inspiration from abroad mixing it with the tradition established during the Chinese « red years ». After the opening policy and economical reforms were settled, architecture faces a great urban development. Around the end of the 1990s, some Chineseavant-garde architects started a new way aiming at re-interprating the tradition within the discipline itself.

No description available.

O Objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma estratégia vacinal de utilizando linhagens de salmonellas capazes de expressar uma forma atoxica da principal toxina associada a linhagens de EHEC que causa a síndrome hemolítica urémica. Estas linhagens de salmonellas diferem na expressão de flagelina, a principal unidade estrutural do flagelo. As linhagens foram capazes de expressar uma forma atóxica da proteína \"Shiga-like\" no interior da bactéria e no espaço extracelular, apresentaram alta estabilidade plasmidial in vitro e in vivo e foram capazes de aumentar o grau de colonização intestinal. Além disso, avaliamos o potencial imunogênico de estas linhagens e encontramos que a imunização com três doses de salmonelas foram capazes de gerar anticorpos sistêmicos (IgG) e locais (IgA) com propriedades neutralizantes in vitro e proteção parcial em condições in vivo frente a ensaios de desafios com a toxina nativa. Não fomos capazes de encontrar diferencias significativas em lãs propriedades imunogênicas entre as linhagens que diferem na expressão de flagelina. Nossos resultados indicam que formas atóxicas da proteína Stx2 expressadas em vetores biológicos podem ser uma alternativa de estratégia vacinal para controlar a SHU. / The goal of this study was to develop a vaccine strategy of using Salmonella strains capable of expressing a nontoxic form of the main toxin associated with EHEC strains that cause hemolytic uremic syndrome. These strains of Salmonella differ in flagellin expression, the main structural unit of the flagellum. The strains were capable of expressing a nontoxic form of the protein \"Shiga-like\" within the bacteria and the extracellular space, showed high plasmid stability in vitro and in vivo and were able to increase the degree of intestinal colonization. Furthermore, we evaluated the immunogenic potential of these strains and found that immunization with three doses of salmonella were able to generate (IgA) humoral and (IgG) systemic antibodies with neutralizing properties in vitro and partial protection in vivo conditions facing trials challenges with the native toxin. We were unable to find significant differences in the immunogenic properties between these strains that differ in flagellin expression. Our results indicate that nontoxic forms of Stx2 expressed in biological vectors can be an alternative vaccine strategy to control the SHU.

李家駒. / "2001年12月" / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 294-315). / 中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 12 yue" / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Li Jiaju. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 294-315).

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA postreplication repair (PRR) functions to bypass replication-blocking lesions to prevent damage-induced cell death. PRR employs two different mechanisms to bypass damaged DNA. While translesion synthesis (TLS) has been well characterized, little is known about the molecular events involved in error-free bypass although it has been assumed that homologous recombination (HR) is required for such a mode of lesion bypass. We undertook a genome-wide, synthetic genetic array (SGA) screen for novel genes involved in PRR and observed evidence of genetic interactions between error-free PRR and HR. We were screening for synthetic lethality which occurs when the combination of two mutations leads to an inviable organism, however, either single mutation allows for cell viability. In addition, we screened for conditionally synthetic lethal interaction which occurs when the combination of two mutations is inviable only in the presence of a DNA-damaging agent. This screen identified and assigned four genes, CSM2, PSY3, SHU1 and SHU2, whose products form a stable Shu complex, to the error-free PRR pathway. Previous studies have indicated that the Shu complex is required for efficient HR and that inactivation of any one of these genes is able to suppress the severe phenotypes of top3 and sgs1. We confirmed and further extended some of the reported observations and demonstrated that error-free PRR mutations are also epistatic to sgs1. Based on the above analyses, we propose a model in which error-free PRR utilizes the Shu complex to recruit HR to facilitate template switching, followed by double-Holliday junction resolution by Sgs1-Top3. Null mutations of HR genes including rad51, 52, 54, 55 and 57 are known to confer characteristic synergistic interactions with TLS mutations. To our surprise, null mutations of genes encoding the Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex, which is also required for HR, are epistatic to TLS mutations. The MRX complex confers an endo/exonuclease activity required for the detection and processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Our results suggest that the MRX complex functions in both TLS and error-free PRR and that this function requires the nuclease activity of Mre11. This is in sharp contrast to other known HR genes that only function downstream of error-free PRR. Furthermore, we found that inactivation of SGS1 significantly inhibits proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination and is epistatic to mutations in TLS, suggesting that Sgs1 also functions at earlier steps in DNA lesion bypass. We also examined the roles of Sae2 and Exo1, two accessory nucleases involved in DSB resection, in PRR. We found that while Sae2 is primarily required for TLS, Exo1 is exclusively involved in error-free PRR. In light of the distinct and overlapping activities of the above nucleases in the resection of DSBs, we propose that the distinct single-strand nuclease activities of MRX, Sae2 and Exo1 dictate the preference between TLS and error-free PRR for lesion bypass. While both PRR pathways are dependent on the ubiquitination of PCNA, error-free PRR utilizes non-canonical Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated PCNA to signal lesion bypass. This mechanism is dependent on the Mms2-Ubc13 complex being in close proximity to PCNA, a process thought to be dependent on Rad5. Rad5 is a member of the SWI/SNF family of ATPases that contains a RING finger motif characteristic of an E3 Ub ligase. Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated the ability of Rad5 to promote replication fork regression, a function dependent on its helicase/ATPase activity. We therefore created site-specific mutants defective in either Rad5 RING finger or helicase/ATPase activity, or both, in order to examine their genetic interactions with known TLS and error-free PRR genes. Our results indicate that both the Rad5 RING finger motif and the helicase/ATPase activity are exclusively involved in error-free PRR. To our surprise, like the Rad5 RING finger, lack of the helicase/ATPase activity also abolishes the Lys63-linked PCNA polyubiquitin chain formation, suggesting that either the Rad5 helicase/ATPase-promoted replication fork regression signals PCNA polyubiquitination or this domain has a yet unidentified activity. In summary, results obtained from this thesis dissertation have revealed novel mechanisms of yeast PRR in S. cerevisiae, a mechanism that appears to be evolutionarily conserved throughout eukaryotes, from yeast to humans.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English