Similarity analysis of documents is a well studied field. With a focus instead on the opposite concept, how can we try to define and distinguish the differences within documents? This project tries to determine if differences within documents can be detected as well as quantified based on their semantic qualities. We propose a method for quantifying differences by applying tf-idf based models with analysis methods for lemmatization and synonym extraction, together with utility ranking algorithms. The method is implemented and tested. The results show that the method has potential but that further studies are required in order to fully evaluate to what extent it could be of practical use. Such a method could though reap significant benefits within several different fields in which automatic difference detection could replace error prone manual labor in document management, as well as other beneficial purposes such as to provide automatically generated difference summaries. / Likhetsanalys mellan dokument är ett välutforskat område. Med fokus istället på motsatsen, hur kan vi försöka definiera och särskilja skillnaderna mellan dokument? Detta projekt försöker undersöka om skillnader mellan dokument kan detekteras samt kvantifieras baserat på deras semantiska kvalitéer. Vi föreslår en metod för kvantifiering av skillnader genom att applicera tf-idf baserade modeller tillsammans med analysmetoder för lemmatisering och synonymextrahering, i kombination med utilitetsrankningsalgoritmer. Metoden implementeras och testas. Resultaten visar att metoden har potential men att det krävs ytterligare studier för att fullt ut avgöra till vilken grad den skulle kunna vara praktiskt användbar. En sådan metod skulle dock kunna erbjuda stora fördelar för ett flertal olika discipliner, där automatisk skillnadsdetektering skulle kunna ersätta felbenägen manuellt arbete gällande dokumentationshantering, samt också fylla andra förmånliga syften som t.ex. att kunna erbjuda automatgenererade skillnadssammanfattningar.

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The Customs Value is the tax base for import taxes, defined in the Valuation Agreement of the WTO as the transaction value, the price actually paid or payable for the goods. However, the price agreed between related companies can be unacceptable, since they could be fixed to take advantage of tax environments where they are. Nonetheless, the relationship is not always a factor in determining the price, which can be tested by a Study of Transfer Pricing (for customs purposes) to develop the comparative method with respect to transactions between two unrelated companies under identical or similar conditions, contained in Andean Community Resolution 1684, providing evidence to apply the following procedures:a) Analysis of the Circumstances of the Sale, or b) Using a Criterion Value. / El Valor en aduanas es la base imponible para los tributos a la importación, definido en el Acuerdo de Valoración de la OMC como el valor de transacción, es decir, el precio realmente pagado o por pagar por las mercancías. Sin embargo, el precio pactado entre empresas vinculadas podría no aceptarse, dado que podrían fijarse de manera que puedan sacar ventajas de los entornos fiscales donde se encuentran. Sin perjuicio de ello, la vinculación no siempre es un factor de determinación del precio, lo cual se puede probar mediante un Estudio de Precios de Transferencia (para efectos aduaneros) que desarrolle el procedimiento comparativo respecto de operaciones entre dos empresas no vinculadas en condiciones iguales o similares, contenido en la Resolución 1684 de la CAN, aportando pruebas que permitan aplicar los siguientes procedimientos: a) Análisis de las Circunstancias de la Venta, o b) Utilización de un Valor Criterio.

La présente thèse couvre deux principaux thèmes de recherche qui seront présentés dans deux parties et précédés par un prolegomenon commun. Dans ce dernier nous introduisons les concepts essentiels et nous exploitons aussi le lien entre les deux parties.<p><p>Dans la première partie, le principal objet d’intérêt est la soi-disant fonctionnelle exponentielle de processus de Lévy. La loi de cette variable aléatoire joue un rôle primordial dans de nombreux domaines divers tant sur le plan théorique que dans des domaines appliqués. Doney dérive une factorisation de la loi arc-sinus en termes de suprema de processus stables indépendants et de même index. Une factorisation similaire de la loi arc-sinus en termes de derniers temps de passage au niveau 1 de processus de Bessel peut aussi être établie en utilisant un résultat dû à Getoor. Des factorisations semblables d’une variable de Pareto en termes des mêmes objets peut également être obtenue. Le but de cette partie est de donner une preuve unifiée et une généralisation de ces factorisations qui semblent n’avoir aucun lien à première vue. Même s’il semble n’y avoir aucune connexion entre le supremum d’un processus stable et le dernier temps de passage d’un processus de Bessel, il peut être montré que ces variables aleatoires sont liées à des fonctionnelles exponentielles de processus de Lévy spécifiques. Notre contribution principale dans cette partie et aussi au niveau de caractérisations de la loi de la fonctionnelle exponentielle sont des factorisations de la loi arc-sinus et de variables de Pareto généralisées. Notre preuve s’appuie sur une factorisation de Wiener-Hopf récente de Patie et Savov.<p>Dans la deuxième partie, motivée par le fait que la dérivée fractionnaire de Caputo et d’autres opérateurs fractionnaires classiques coïncident avec le générateur de processus de Markov auto-similaires positifs particuliers, nous introduisons des opérateurs généralisés de Caputo et nous étudions certaines propriétés. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux conditions sous lesquelles ces opérateurs coïncident avec les générateurs infinitésimaux de processus de Markov auto-similaires positifs généraux. Dans ce cas, nous étudions les fonctions invariantes de ces opérateurs qui admettent une représentation en termes de séries entières. Nous précisons que cette classe de fonctions contient les fonctions de Bessel modifiées, les fonctions de Mittag-Leffler ainsi que plusieurs fonctions hypergéométriques. Nous proposons une étude unifiant et en profondeur de cette classe de fonctions. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No / Traffic congestion in communication networks can dramatically deteriorate user-perceived Quality-of-Service (QoS). The integration of the Random Early Detection (RED) and priority scheduling mechanisms is a promising scheme for congestion control and provisioning of differentiated QoS required by multimedia applications. Although analytical modelling of RED congestion control has received significant research efforts, the performance models reported in the current literature were primarily restricted to the RED algorithm only without consideration of traffic scheduling scheme for QoS differentiation. Moreover, for analytical tractability, these models were developed under the simplified assumption that the traffic follows Short-Range-Dependent (SRD) arrival processes (e.g., Poisson or Markov processes), which are unable to capture the self-similar nature (i.e., scale-invariant burstiness) of multimedia traffic in modern communication networks. To fill these gaps, this paper presents a new analytical model of RED congestion control for prioritized multi-class self-similar traffic. The closed-form expressions for the loss probability of individual traffic classes are derived. The effectiveness and accuracy of the model are validated through extensive comparison between analytical and simulation results. To illustrate its application, the model is adopted as a cost-effective tool to investigate the optimal threshold configuration and minimize the required buffer space with congestion control.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Statistics / Gary L. Gadbury / The potential for high variability in treatment effects across individuals has been recognized as an important consideration in clinical studies. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to evaluating this variability in design of clinical trials or analyses of resulting data. High variation in a treatment’s efficacy or safety across individuals (referred to herein as treatment heterogeneity) may have important consequences because the optimal treatment choice for an individual may be different from that suggested by a study of average effects. We call this an individual qualitative interaction (IQI), borrowing terminology from earlier work - referring to a qualitative interaction (QI) being present when the optimal treatment varies across ‘groups’ of individuals. At least three techniques have been proposed to investigate treatment heterogeneity: techniques to detect a QI, use of measures such as the density overlap of two outcome variables under different treatments, and use of cross-over designs to observe ‘individual effects.’ Connections, limitations, and the required assumptions are compared among these techniques through a quantity frequently referred to as subject-treatment (S-T) interaction, but shown here to be the probability of an IQI (PIQI). Their association is studied utilizing a potential outcomes framework that can add insights to results from usual data analyses and to study design features to more directly assess treatment heterogeneity. Particular attention is given to the density overlap of two outcome variables, each representing an individual’s ‘potential’ response under a different treatment. Connections are made between the overlap quantified as the proportion of similar responses (PSR) and the PIQI. Given a bivariate normal model, the maximum PIQI is shown to be an upper bound for ½ the PSR. Additionally, the characterization of a conditional PSR allows for the PIQI boundaries to be developed within subgroups defined over observable covariates so that the subset contribution to treatment heterogeneity may be identified. The possibility of similar boundaries is explored outside the normal model using the skew normal distribution. Furthermore, a bivariate PIQI is developed along with its PSR counterpart to help characterize treatment heterogeneity resulting from a bivariate response such as the efficacy and safety of a treatment.

We examine the evolution of globular star clusters, modelled as spherically symmetric stellar systems, using various techniques. Such clusters possess a central region of approximately uniform density which is referred to as the core. We concentrate our analysis on the evolution of the cluster after the core has undergone core collapse; a process where its radius decreases and its density increases. After this collapse, the system as a whole can expand in a self-similar fashion (homologous post-collapse evolution) which has long been thought to be due to gravitational interactions between different populations of single stars and binary stars in the core. We confirm this assumption by constructing a simple analytical model which combines much of the theoretical knowledge of previous research in the field. This model consists of two stellar populations, each defined by the mass of the individual stars, and a separate core. Our simple model is itself constructed from two simpler models – a twocomponent model without a core and a single mass model with a core – and takes into account the main gravitational interactions thought to drive the post-collapse evolution. To ensure that no important mechanisms have been neglected in our simple model, we will compare it with an N-body simulation. We compute our N-body models with NBODY6 (using a GPU version for large N). When we compare the N-body model with the simple model, we find qualitative agreement between them for most cases. Even though some mechanisms (e.g. escape of stars) are neglected in our simple model, we find that both models show homologous post-collapse evolution. We also review the homologous post-collapse Fokker-Planck model in the case of equal stellar masses derived by H´enon (1961) with the intention of extending this for the two-component case. We present our numerical solutions for H´enon’s model and find that our numerical solutions are in satisfactory agreement with the results shown in this paper. When we extend this work for a general two-component model (i.e. with no restriction on the number of heavier stars), we find that a homologous solution cannot be found with this approach. By contrast, we suggest that it would be possible to find a homologous two-component solution by extending the one-component solution published later by H´enon (1965), which differs from the earlier model by neglecting the external tidal field of the parent galaxy. Much of the work shown in this thesis would be relevant for such future study.

81 Abstract The thesis is focused on financial and legal aspects of lotteries and similar games with a special regard to poker layed down by act No. 202/1990 Coll., Act on Lotteries and Other Similar Games. Bets and games of chance are civil law parallels of lotteries and other similar games. Legislator doesnt provide them with the same margin of legal protection and determines them unenforceable. Lotteries and other similar games according to the Czech legislation have a characteristic element of chance. Author argues whether poker is a game of chance and tends towards the opinion, that poker doesnt fall within the scope of the lottery act in its current definition. Afterwards the thesis clarifies the legal requirements to obtain licence to operate lotteries and other similar games. Czech republic as a member of the European Union shall be subjekt to the european law, nevertheless Czech legislation prohibits the applicants for licence to have a foreign equity participation. Author therefore compares the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union on gambling and tends towards the opinion that Czech legislation is in conflict with the European law. Lotteries and other similar games are closely connected with the tax and fee duties of the subjects. Thesis clarifies the new institute of lotteries...