Un material compuesto es un material que se forma por la mezcla de dos o más materiales con propiedades diferentes entre sí, que al combinarse producen un nuevo material con propiedades distintas al de sus componentes individuales. En los materiales particulados, el componente mayoritario se conoce como matriz y el minoritario como relleno. El interés industrial por los materiales compuestos a base de matrices termoplásticas se debe principalmente a la versatilidad de usos y aplicaciones que presentan. Los rellenos (o cargas) de mayor interés comercial son los de origen mineral debido, principalmente, a su relativo bajo costo y alta disponibilidad, dando lugar al desarrollo de nuevos materiales compuestos de un costo relativamente bajo. Utilizando diferentes polímeros como matriz y distintos rellenos se pueden modificar las propiedades ópticas, térmicas, de barrera, mecánicas, etc., y, de esta forma, diseñar materiales compuestos “a medida” para distintas aplicaciones específicas. La correcta dispersión de las partículas de relleno depende en gran medida de la compatibilidad entre el polímero y la carga, y también de los métodos empleados para su obtención y procesamiento. Algunos de los métodos más utilizados son el mezclado en fundido, en solución o una combinación de ambos. Por otro lado, durante las últimas décadas ha crecido el interés por el desarrollo de materiales poliméricos con fuerte anisotropía en sus propiedades eléctricas, magnéticas, mecánicas, ópticas, de transporte o térmicas para su uso en variadas aplicaciones, tales como sensores y actuadores, prótesis óseas, electrónica, fotónica y membranas, entre otros. Los copolímeros bloque resultan de particular interés debido a los diversos arreglos macroscópicos que presentan, permitiendo un control sobre la distribución y orientación de las cargas. En esta tesis se desarrollaron películas de materiales compuestos a base de diferentes matrices poliméricas termoplásticas utilizando dos tecnologías de procesamiento. Para modificar las propiedades de las películas desarrolladas, se incorporaron diferente tipo de cargas. La aplicación posterior de flujos de corte y tratamientos térmicos mejoro aún más la estructura interna de largo alcance y las propiedades finales de los compuestos. Las películas obtenidas se caracterizaron mediante técnicas complementarias de análisis para estudiar la morfología y determinar las propiedades finales. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los materiales desarrollados orientados se pueden proponer como membranas selectivas para remoción de nitrógeno de corrientes de gas natural y remoción de dióxido de carbono post combustión. En cuanto a las películas compuestas obtenidas por mezclado en fundido y termo-compresión, se comprobó su capacidad de barrera a la radiación UV, protegiendo aguas saborizadas susceptibles a este tipo de radiación. / A composite material is a material obtained from combining two or more constituent material with different properties between them that, when combined produce a new material with different properties from the individual components. In the case of particulate composites, the component with higher concentration is known as the matrix while the one with lower concentration is the filler. The industrial interest for composite material based on thermoplastic matrices is mainly due to the versatility of the material, in relation to its uses and applications. The fillers (or charges) of high commercial interest are those of mineral origin, mainly owing to its relative low cost and high availability, resulting in the development of new relatively low cost composite materials. Using different polymer as matrix and different fillers, it is possible to modify the material (optical, thermal, barrier and mechanical, etc) properties and thus, design tailored composite materials for different specific applications. The correct dispersion of the filler particles largely depends in the compatibility between the polymer matrix and the filler particles, and also on the methods used to obtain and Process the composite material. Some of the most used methods are the melt mixing, solution mixing or a combination of both. Moreover, the interest for developing polymeric materials with strong anisotropy on its (electric, magnetic, mechanical, optical, transport or thermal) properties has greatly increased in the last decades due to its potential use on various applications like: sensors, and actuators, bone prosthesis, membranes and other uses in the fields of electronics and photonics. Block copolymers are of particular interest due to the multiple macroscopic arrangements that they can feature, which allows controlling the distribution and orientation of the fillers. In this thesis, composite material films were developed, using different thermoplastic polymeric matrices and two processing technologies. In order to modify the properties of the films, different kind of filler were introduced. The subsequent application of shear flows and thermal treatments further improved the long range internal structure and final properties of the composites. The films were characterized through complementary analysis techniques in order to study the morphology and determine its final properties. The results showed that the developed oriented material can be proposed to be used as selective membranes for nitrogen removal from natural gas streams and carbon dioxide removal post-combustion. Regarding the composite films obtained from melt mixing and thermo compression, its UV radiation barrier capacity was proved, which was tested for the protection of flavored water sensitive to this type of radiation.

Since the first detection of a Gravitational Wave, the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration has worked to improve the sensitivity of their detectors. This continuous effort paid off in the last scientific run, in which the collaboration detected an average of one gravitational wave per week and collected 74 candidates in less than one year. This result was also possible due to the Frequency Independent Squeezing (FIS) implementation, which improved the Virgo detection range for the coalescence between two Binary Neutron Start (BNS) of 5-8\%. However, this incredible result was dramatically limited by different technical issues, among which the most dangerous was the mismatch between the squeezed vacuum beam and the resonance mode of the cavities. The mismatch can be modelled as a simple optical loss in the first approximation. If the beam shape of squeezed vacuum does not match the resonance mode, part of its amplitude is lost and replaced with the incoherent vacuum. However, this modelisation is valid only in simple setups, e.g. if we study the effect inside a single resonance cavity or the transmission of a mode cleaner. In the case of a more complicated system, such as a gravitational wave interferometer, the squeezed vacuum amplitude rejected by the mismatch still travels inside the optical setup. This component accumulates an extra defined by the characteristics of the mismatch, and it can recouple into the main beam reducing the effect of the quantum noise reduction technique. This issue will become more critical in the implementation of the Frequency Dependent Squeezing. This technique is an upgrade of the Frequency Independent Squeezing one. The new setup will increase the complexity of the squeezed beam path. The characterisation of this degradation mechanism requires a dedicated wavefront sensing technique. In fact, the simpler approach based on studying the resonance peak of the cavity is not enough. This method can only estimate the total amount of the optical loss generated by the mismatch, but it cannot characterise the phase shift generated by the decoupling. Without this information is impossible to estimate how the mismatched squeezed vacuum is recoupled into the main beam, and this limits the possibility to foreseen the degradation of the Quantum Noise Reduction technique. For this reason, the Padova-Trento Group studied different techniques for characterising Mode Matching. In particular, we proposed implementing the Mode Converter technique developed by Syracuse University. This technique can fully characterise the mismatch of a spherical beam, and it can be the first approach to monitoring the mismatch. However, this method is not enough for the Frequency Dependent Squeezer source since it cannot detect the mismatch generated by the astigmatism of the incoming beam. In fact, the Frequency Dependent Squeezer Source case uses off-axis reflective telescopes to reduce the power losses generated by transmissive optics. This setup used curved mirrors that induce small astigmatic aberrations as a function of the beam incident angle. These aberrations are present by design, and the standard Mode Converter Technique will not detect them. To overcome this issue, I proposed an upgrade of the Mode Converter technique, which can extend the detection to this kind of aberration.

There is a fine line between the "simple" and the "simplistic". The simple such as the plain, the pure, and the truthful holds a complexity within, which is extremely hard to obtain. It ultimately results in beauty. The simplistic embodies nothing more than obviousness and boredom. My aim is to strive for simple beauty. Concerning objects and architecture, to simplify means to reduce by eliminating the superficial and the superfluous, to unmask what is essential. Quality materials and craftsmanship are prerequisites. In combination with the accuracy of the design they help to attain the desired result which speaks of precision and clarity. / Master of Architecture

We investigated the transferability of 20 Fragaria vesca microsatellite primer pairs to 13 Fragaria vesca accessions, six Fragaria species and ten commercially important species in Rosaceae. Genetic diversity studies were carried among 16 diploid Fragaria accessions using these polymorphic microsatellites. The average number of alleles amplified for a polymorphic locus was 4.7 with maximum being 8.0 and minimum being 3.0. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.84 with an average of 0.28. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.33 to 0.91 with an average of 0.76. Power of discrimination varied from 0.43 to 0.92 with an average of 0.78. Transferability of microsatellites to F. orientalis (4x) and F. Ã ananassa (8x) was high, i.e., 18 (90%) primers produced amplicons. Cross species amplification within Rosaceae using these primers showed limited transference. Four microsatellites showed amplification for different species in Rosaceae. Products generated by UDF-003 and UDF-018 primers were sequenced. Sequencing results for UDF-018 showed that three species, i.e., Pyrus calleryana, Prunus persica and Rubus idaeus contained the expected microsatellite whereas another four, i.e., Cotoneaster salicifolius, Rosa rugosa, Amelanchier arborea and Potentilla fruticosa had conserved regions resulting in generation of amplicons. For UDF 003, Spirea xbumalda and Prunus persica did not contain a microsatellite although there was some sequence similarity with Fragaria. Size homoplasy, i.e., alleles of identical size with different numbers of repeats within the SSR was observed among Fragaria and Rosaceae species for primer UDF-018, suggesting a need for caution when interpreting SSR variation from band migration in the absence of DNA sequences. / Master of Science

In the past few years, there has been a growing concern for the impact of non-renewable resource depletion and environmental degradation as a result of energy consumption in buildings. Buildings account for approximately one-half of the total energy consumption in developed countries. As architects and engineers involved with the fast growing building industry, we have the responsibility of exploring and integrating various renewable energy sources into our buildings to help us move towards what we might call "Positive Energy Architecture", where the role of the building shifts from net energy consumer to net energy producer. The object of this study is to analyze how different parameters namely solar radiation, temperature, solar altitude and solar azimuth affect the power produced by a new thin film photovoltaic panel. Through the application of multiple linear regression, the model developed is then used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the building integrated photovoltaic roofing system when connected to the utility grid when compared to a conventional roofing system. The analysis is applied to a school building located in Blacksburg, Virginia. Using the current utility rates and the energy consumption data, the payback period of the system is evaluated for full roof, half roof and quarter roof coverage. / Master of Science

Soil liquefaction during earthquakes is a phenomenon that can cause tremendous damage to structures such as bridges, roads, buildings, and pipelines. The objective of this research is to develop an energy-based approach for evaluating the potential for liquefaction triggering. The current state-of-practice for the evaluation of liquefaction triggering is the "simplified" stressbased framework where resistance to liquefaction is correlated to an in situ test metric (e.g., normalized standard penetration test N-value, N1,60cs, normalized cone penetration tip resistance, qc1Ncs, or normalized small strain shear wave velocity, Vs1). Although rarely used in practice, the strain-based procedure is commonly cited as an attractive alternative to the stress-based framework because excess pore pressure generation (and, in turn, liquefaction triggering) is more directly related to strains than stresses. However, the method has some inherent and potentially fatal limitations in not being able to appropriately define both the amplitude and duration of the induced loading in a total stress framework. The energy-based method proposed herein builds on the merits of both the stress- and strain-based procedures, while circumventing their inherent limitations. The basis of the proposed energy-based approach is a macro-level, low cycle fatigue theory in which dissipated energy (or work) per unit volume is used as the damage metric. Because dissipated energy is defined by both stress and strain, this energy-based method brings together stress- and strain-based concepts. To develop this approach, a database of liquefaction and nonliquefaction case histories was assembled for multiple in situ test metrics. Dissipated energy per unit volume associated with each case history was estimated and a family of limit-state curves were developed using maximum likelihood regression for different in situ test metrics defining the amount of dissipated energy required to trigger liquefaction. To ensure consistency between these limit-state curves and laboratory data, a series of cyclic tests were performed on samples of sand. These laboratory-based limit-state curves were reconciled with the field-based limit-state curves using a consistent definition of liquefaction. / Doctor of Philosophy / Soil liquefaction during earthquakes is a phenomenon that can cause tremendous damage to structures such as bridges, roads, buildings, and pipelines. The objective of this research is to develop an energy-based approach for evaluating the potential for liquefaction triggering. Current procedures to evaluate liquefaction triggering include stress-based and strain-based procedures. However, these procedures have some inherent and potentially fatal limitations. The energy-based method proposed herein builds on the merits of both the stress- and strain-based procedures, while circumventing their inherent limitations. The proposed energy-based approach uses dissipated energy (or work) per unit volume to evaluate the potential for liquefaction. Because dissipated energy is defined by both stress and strain, this energy-based method brings together stress- and strain-based concepts. To develop this approach, a database of case histories in which liquefaction was either observed or not observed was assembled. Dissipated energy per unit volume associated with each case history was estimated and a family of relationships was regressed to define the amount of dissipated energy required to trigger liquefaction. Results from a series of cyclic laboratory tests performed on samples of sand were reconciled with the field-based relationships using a consistent definition of liquefaction. This research proposes a method that is based on a robust mechanistic framework that will make it easier to evaluate liquefaction for circumstances that are not well represented in current liquefaction evaluation procedures. The components of the proposed energy-based procedure are developed consistently and are presented in such a way that this procedure can be readily adopted by practitioners who are already familiar with existing liquefaction evaluation procedures. The broader impacts of this work will help to minimize losses from earthquakes by improving the way engineers evaluate liquefaction.

No description available.

L’épidermolyse bulleuse dystrophique récessive est une maladie génétique rare causée par des mutations dans COL7A1 codant pour le collagène de type VII. Cette protéine est produite par les kératinocytes de l’épiderme et les fibroblastes du derme et permet la formation des fibrilles d’ancrages dont le rôle est l’adhésion de l’épiderme au derme sous-jacent. Les patients atteints de l'EBDR souffrent de décollements de la peau et des muqueuses et aucun traitement ne permet de guérir cette maladie. Le but de ce projet est de construire un vecteur viral sécuritaire contenant l'ADNc de COL7A1 et de générer un clone de cellules productrices de virus à haut titre permettant de transduire assez de kératinocytes souches pour produire des peaux reconstruites et traiter les patients atteints de l'EBDR. Divers vecteurs rétroviraux "self-inactivated" exprimant l'ADNc de gfp ou de COL7A1 ont été générés. Les vecteurs GFP ont permis de déterminer que le remplacement de la région U3 du LTR 5' par l'enhancer et le promoteur du CMV, l'ajout de la séquence WPRE en 3' UTR du transgène, l'insertion de la séquence de polyadénylation du SV40 dans la région R du LTR 3' et l'ajout de la séquence de polyadénylation de bGH en aval du LTR 3', génèrent les titres viraux les plus élevés. L'ADNc de COL7A1 a été introduit dans un rétrovirus SIN optimisé puis transfecté dans une lignée d’encapsidation exprimant l’enveloppe Amphotropique 4070A. Un clone de cellules productrices produisant 9,8 x 105 particules virales par mL a été isolé. Le virus produit par ce clone est capable de transduire les kératinocytes et fibroblastes de patients atteints de l'EBDR à un taux de transduction de 37 % et 24 % respectivement. En somme, un clone de cellules productrices d’un vecteur rétroviral sécuritaire portant COL7A1 a été généré et a le potentiel d’être utilisé pour la thérapie génique de l’EBDR. / Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in COL7A1 encoding type VII collagen. This protein is produced by the epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and allows the formation of anchor fibrils whose role is the adhesion of the epidermis to the underlying dermis. Patients with EBDR suffer from skin and mucosal detachments and no treatment can cure this disease. The goal of this project is to construct a safe viral vector containing COL7A1 cDNA and to generate a high-titer virus-producing cell clone in order to transduce enough keratinocytes stem cells to produce reconstructed skins to treat patients with EBDR. Various self-inactivated retroviral vectors expressing gfp or COL7A1 cDNA have been generated. The GFP vectors allowed us to determine that the replacement of the U3 region of the 5' LTR by the CMV enhancer and promoter, the addition of the WPRE sequence to the 3 'UTR of the transgene, the insertion of the SV40 polyadenylation sequence into the R region of 3' LTR and the addition of the polyadenylation sequence of the bGH downstream of the 3' LTR generate the highest viral titers. COL7A1 cDNA was introduced into an optimized SIN retrovirus and transfected into a packaging cell line expressing the Amphotropic envelope 4070A. A clone of packaging cells producing 9.8 x 105 viral particles per mL was isolated. The virus produced by this clone is capable of transducing the keratinocytes and fibroblasts of patients with EBDR at a transduction rate of 37 % and 20 % respectively. In sum, a clone of cells producing a safe COL7A1 retroviral vector has been generated and has the potential of being used for gene therapy of EBDR.

Le soja est une culture d'importance mondiale qui doit son succès à ses multiples avantages notamment nutritionnels. Mais face aux changements climatiques actuels, le soja va devoir faire face de multiples stress dont le stress hydrique auquel il est particulièrement sensible. Pour cela, il est important de développer des variétés dotées d'un système racinaire performant pour permettre au soja d'avoir accès à l'eau et aux nutriments nécessaires à sa croissance. Précédemment, au sein de notre laboratoire, Seck *et al.* (2020) ont mis en avant l'existence d'un SNP significativement associé à la longueur racinaire à proximité duquel se trouve le gène *Glyma.03g065700* appartenant à la famille GRAS. Chez *A. thaliana*, l'inactivation de deux gènes appartenant à cette même famille a entrainé l'apparition d'un phénotype à racine courte. Nous avons décidé de procéder à l'inactivation du gène *Glyma.03g065700* en émettant l'hypothèse suivante : l'inactivation du gène candidat à l'aide de la technologie CRISPR nous permettra de savoir si ce gène contribue à déterminer la longueur des racines chez *Glycine max*. Pour obtenir des racines transgéniques, nous avons utilisé *Agrobacterium rhizogenes* comme transporteur de la technologie CRISPR en vue de l'intégration des séquences génétiques requises (Cas9, ARNg et gène rapporteur *RUBY*) au sein du génome de la plante. Le phénotypage a permis l'observation de différents phénotypes : racines longues, racines courtes et zones colorées. Les résultats de l'analyse moléculaire par séquençage Illumina de l'ADN racinaire nous montre que la majorité des racines présentaient une inactivation d'un seul allèle du gène d'intérêt. Et, lorsque l'inactivation des deux allèles est présente, le phénotype observé correspond à une racine longue. Ces résultats suggèrent que *Glyma.03g065700* n'a pas d'impact sur la longueur de la racine principale mais il serait intéressant d'étudier le rôle qu'il pourrait avoir au niveau des racines secondaires et en condition de stress hydrique. / Soybean is a globally important crop, whose success is largely due to its numerous benefits, particularly nutritional ones. However, in the face of climate change, soybean will need to cope with multiple stresses, including water stress, to which it is very sensitive. Therefore, it is crucial to develop varieties with an efficient root system to enable soybean plants to access the water and nutrients necessary for their growth. Previously, in our laboratory, Seck *et al.* (2020) highlighted the existence of a SNP significantly associated with root length, near which the gene *Glyma.03g065700* belonging to the GRAS family is located. In *A. thaliana*, the inactivation of two genes belonging to this same gene family resulted in a short root phenotype. We decided to inactivate the *Glyma.03g065700* gene, hypothesizing the following: inactivation of the candidate gene using CRISPR technology will allow us to determine if this gene contributes to root length in *Glycine max*. To obtain transgenic roots, we used *Agrobacterium rhizogenes* as a carrier of CRISPR technology within the plant genome, along with the reporter gene *RUBY*. Phenotyping allowed the observation of different phenotypes: long roots, short roots, and colored zones. The results of the molecular analysis following Illumina sequencing of root DNA showed that most of the roots presented inactivation of only one allele of the gene of interest. When both alleles were inactivated, the observed phenotype corresponded to a long root. These results suggest that *Glyma.03g065700* does not impact the length of the main root, but it would be interesting to study the role it could play in secondary roots and under water stress conditions.

L’épidermolyse bulleuse simplex (EBS) fait partie d’un regroupement de maladies héréditaires dont le tissu cible est la peau. Cette maladie dermatologique est causée par une mutation dans les gènes KRT5 ou KRT14, laquelle entraîne un problème au niveau de la formation des filaments intermédiaires de la kératine qui composent la peau. Un mésappariement au niveau des kératines 5 et 14 est responsable de l’apparition des symptômes de la maladie incluant la formation de cloques suite au trauma mécanique que subit la peau. Ces cloques entraînent d’importantes douleurs chez le patient, et de l’inflammation et de l’irritation. Actuellement, aucun traitement curatif n’est disponible pour soulager les patients atteints de la maladie. Depuis quelques années, les chercheurs utilisent des technologies pour modifier directement l’ADN des patients afin de réparer la mutation responsable de l’apparition des symptômes. Des technologies d’édition du génome telles que CRISPR/Cas9 constituent donc une avenue prometteuse pour le traitement de maladies héréditaires monogéniques comme l’EBS. Cette technologie permet de cibler un endroit précis dans le génome par la combinaison d’un ARN guide simple brin et d’une protéine Cas9. La réparation de l’ADN se fait par l’induction d’une coupure double brin de l’ADN par la protéine Cas9 et sa réparation par un fragment d’ADN donneur double ou simple brin. Ce projet a pour objectif principal de corriger les mutations causant l’EBS chez deux patients possédant des mutations hétérozygotes. Plus spécifiquement, ce projet de maîtrise a pour objectif d’optimiser la méthode permettant l’utilisation de CRISPR/Cas9 dans un contexte d’EBS. La technologie CRISPR/Cas9 a été utilisée sur des cellules HEK293T, permettant de démontrer que la Cas9 est en mesure d’induire une coupure double brin de l’ADN au site ciblé dans l’ADN. Ensuite, il a été démontré que la coupure de la Cas9 jumelée à l’utilisation d’un ADN double ou simple brin permet de réparer la coupure en réalisant de la recombinaison homologue. Le séquençage a permis de confirmer ces résultats. À ce jour, les résultats dans les cellules HEK293T se sont montrés concluants et ont permis d’initier les travaux dans les fibroblastes de patients.