The diploma thesis focuses on the ‚skaz' narrative on the example of the literary work of Bohumil Hrabal and Jaroslav Rudiš. The theoretical definition and main features of this narrative strategy are based on the works of Boris Ejchenbaum, Viktor Vinogradov, Wolf Schmid, and Miroslav Drozda. The thesis also introduces a Czech variant of ‚skaz' in the form of a ‚pub story', defined by Emanuel Frynta and Václav Černý. The following analytical chapters are devoted to ‚skaz' in the literary work of Bohumil Hrabal and Jaroslav Rudiš. Finally, the characteristics of ‚skaz' in the work of both authors are compared.

Traversant à eux trois l’ensemble du XXe siècle, Vladimir Nabokov, Romain Gary et Philip Roth sont issus de mondes géographiques, culturels et théoriques différents. Pourtant, leur œuvre et leur conception de la fiction présentent bien des affinités : une sensibilité cosmopolite, une réflexion sur l'écriture de la mémoire, un goût prononcé pour la mystification, un rapport au langage qui dote la lettre d’un puissant pouvoir d’incarnation. Ces écrivains confient à leurs personnages une réflexion sur l'exil et l’acculturation, sur l’impossible coïncidence de soi à soi liée au multilinguisme, au cosmopolitisme ou à la judéité. Refusant les étiquettes identitaires, ils sont animés par une même ambition : celle de se créer eux-mêmes, de repenser l'identité patrimoniale en lui substituant une identité réflexive et dynamique. Mettant en jeu différentes formes de transgressions (filiales, génériques, ontologiques), la fiction devient ce lieu où l'écrivain fait son autoportrait sériel et où le biographique est incessamment construit et déconstruit. Le personnage romanesque se décline en autant de variantes de soi, parfois polémiques, qui permettent de faire émerger une vérité sur soi. Mais cette vérité ne peut se dire qu'entre les lignes, entre les langues et dans une écriture polyphonique. La langue elle-même devient la cachette où l'écrivain tente de redonner la parole aux disparus. / Vladimir Nabokov, Romain Gary and Philip Roth are three 20th century writers who have different geographical, cultural and theoretical backgrounds. However, their works and their conceptions of fiction share many similarities: a cosmopolite sensibility, a reflection on writing memory, a strong interest in mystification, and a specific relation to language that endows words with a strong power of incarnation. These writers have their characters voice their reflection on exile and acculturation, as well as on the impossibility of self-coincidence, in relation to their multilingualism or Jewish identity. Nabokov, Gary and Roth distrust identity labels, and therefore share the same ambition : to create their own self, to rethink patrimonial identity by replacing it with a reflexive, dynamic one. Because fiction operates different forms of transgression (filial, generic, ontological), fiction becomes a place for the writer to create a serial self-portrait, where biography is constantly constructed and deconstructed. The multi-faceted self finds its incarnation in conversely multiple characters, some of them being sometimes polemical, and it enables the surfacing of a truth on oneself. This truth can only be found “between the lines”, in-between languages and in the polyphony of writing. Language itself becomes a hiding-place where the writer tries to retrieve the voices of the departed.

Este trabalho é composto pela tradução da novela O rei Lear da estepe, de Ivan Turguêniev, publicada em 1870, seguida de um breve comentário sobre a influência do dramaturgo inglês William Shakespeare na literatura russa. Em seguida há um estudo sobre o skaz literário presente na novela e da estilização, um recurso estilístico teorizado por Mikhail Bakhtin e Yuri Tyniánov. Assim como a paródia, a estilização é também a recriação de uma obra consagrada, mas, ao contrário daquela, não possui efeito cômico e sim concordância de sentido com o texto no qual foi inspirada. Por fim, há um apontamento sobre a existência de elementos do folclore russo no texto e comentários sobre a tradução baseados em cotejos com versões francesa, inglesa e portuguesa. / This research consist of a translation of Ivan Turgenevs novel The King Lear of the steppes, published in 1870, followed by a brief commentary on the influence of the English playwrighter William Shakespeare in Russian literature. Then there is a study of the literary skaz present in the novel and styling, a stylistic feature theorized by Mikhail Bakhtin and Yury Tynyanov. Like the parody, the styling is also a recreation of a consecrated work, but rather that it does not have comic effect, but agree with the text direction in which it was inspired. Finally, there is a note about the existence of elements of Russian folklore in the text and comments on the translation based on comparison with French, English and Portuguese versions.

Este trabalho é composto pela tradução da novela O rei Lear da estepe, de Ivan Turguêniev, publicada em 1870, seguida de um breve comentário sobre a influência do dramaturgo inglês William Shakespeare na literatura russa. Em seguida há um estudo sobre o skaz literário presente na novela e da estilização, um recurso estilístico teorizado por Mikhail Bakhtin e Yuri Tyniánov. Assim como a paródia, a estilização é também a recriação de uma obra consagrada, mas, ao contrário daquela, não possui efeito cômico e sim concordância de sentido com o texto no qual foi inspirada. Por fim, há um apontamento sobre a existência de elementos do folclore russo no texto e comentários sobre a tradução baseados em cotejos com versões francesa, inglesa e portuguesa. / This research consist of a translation of Ivan Turgenevs novel The King Lear of the steppes, published in 1870, followed by a brief commentary on the influence of the English playwrighter William Shakespeare in Russian literature. Then there is a study of the literary skaz present in the novel and styling, a stylistic feature theorized by Mikhail Bakhtin and Yury Tynyanov. Like the parody, the styling is also a recreation of a consecrated work, but rather that it does not have comic effect, but agree with the text direction in which it was inspired. Finally, there is a note about the existence of elements of Russian folklore in the text and comments on the translation based on comparison with French, English and Portuguese versions.

This diploma thesis Analysis of the Czech translation of Yuri Vynnychuk's collection of short stories Chachacha is devoted to the analysis of translation solutions of selected linguistic features in two short stories - Chachacha and Kulparkiv, aneb Chachacha 2. The goal of this work is to assess translation methods of Rita Kindlerová, describe its possible positives and negatives. Introductory chapters deal with the biography of Yuri Vynnychuk, his classification in a literal context, general characteristics of his work and consequently the stylistic analysis of two excerpted texts. An integral part of the work is definition of theoretical base for translatological analysis. Main parts of the work are focused on the analysis of translation of specific linguistic features, which are the stylistic dominants of selected texts: stylization of speech, style differentiation, phraseme and selected culture- specific items with an emphasis on proper nouns.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Damasio Marques da Silva.pdf: 9521068 bytes, checksum: 8bd0596e6aa06101ca23031f38d910af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The main objective of this thesis is the analysis of O Cheiro do Ralo (2002), the debut novel by the cartoonist Lourenço Mutarelli. The purpose is to understand the underground language in the hybrid structure within the form of the romance genre. We have made a discursive structural comparison between O Cheiro do Ralo and Rabelais's work, Gargantua (1985) and O terceiro livro dos fatos e ditos heróicos do bom Pantagruel (2006). We associate the marginal language represented by Mutarelli with the works of artists such as Renoir, Munch and Bosch, besides the musical art. All of them are understood as reading devices of the novel, and support the references or the appropriations made by the author in the process of framing the narrative. The contamination of these languages one each other is made by the voice of the implicit narrator. In addition, the selected theories of Bakhtin about plurilingualism and skaz support the research from the social discourse standpoint, and the critical work of Will Eisner (2010; 2013) sustains the entry of the author's voice through the current artwork, mainly, in the language of the graphic novel. It is the entrance of the language of comics, which allows the introduction of these artistic languages contained within the production of Mutarelli before his debut novel. The hypotheses assert that O Cheiro do Ralo is located at the threshold of the novel and the graphic novel, by transiting between the two genres without fixating on any of them. Whereas the underground language differs from the marginal language through certain artistic procedures, and through the recycling of other languages, such as the grotesque and the language of the streets. It is concluded that O Cheiro do Ralo stands as a mediating work of inclusion of the underground literature supported by the marginal one, which is, in turn, evidenced by the artistic imaginary. The cartoonist converges toward to the contemporary scripture in an original language that tells and shows as image and social voice in the Underground Literature / novela inaugural do cartunista Lourenço Mutarelli. O propósito é compreender a linguagem underground na estrutura híbrida dentro da forma do gênero romance. Nós fizemos uma comparação estrutural discursiva entre O Cheiro do Ralo e Gargantua (1985), do livro de Rabelais, e O terceiro livro dos fatos e os ditos heróicos do bom Pantagruel (2006). Associamos a linguagem marginal representada por Mutarelli com os trabalhos de artistas como Renoir, Munch e Bosch, além da arte musical. Todos eles são entendidos enquanto trabalhos de leitura do romance, e fundamentam as referências ou as apropriações feitas pelo autor no processo de estruturação da narrativa. A contaminação destas linguagens em cada uma delas é feita pela voz do narrador implícito. Além disso, as teorias selecionadas de Bakhtin sobre o plurilinguismo e o skaz fundamentam a pesquisa a partir do discurso social e o trabalho crítico de Will Eisner (2010;2013) sustenta a entrada da voz do autor através do trabalho artístico, principalmente, na linguagem da graphic novel. As hipóteses afirmam que O Cheiro do Ralo está localizado no limiar do romance e da grafic novel, transitando entre os dois gêneros sem fixar-se em nenhum deles. Ao mesmo tempo, a linguagem underground difere da linguagem marginal através de certos procedimentos artísticos, e da reciclagem de outras linguagens, como o grotesco e a linguagem das ruas. É conclusivo que O Cheiro do Ralo representa um trabalho mediador de inclusão da literatura underground amparado pela linguagem marginal, que é, por sua vez, evidenciado pelo imaginário artístico. O cartunista converge para a escritura contemporânea em uma linguagem original que "conta e mostra" enquanto imagem e voz social na Literatura Underground

Né en 1935 à Estérençuby (Pyrénées Atlantiques), Eñaut Etxamendi est écrivain, poète et chanteur en langue basque. Dans son œuvre narrative, il décrit la société agraire du Pays Basque Nord – concrètement, la province de la Basse-Navarre – et son processus de désagrégation sociale et culturelle à partir des années 60. Quelle place accorder dans la littérature basque moderne à cette œuvre, qui sublime l'idylle détruite ? Quelle est sa place et son originalité au vu des productions des auteurs basques contemporains? Quelle part de l’œuvre d’Etxamendi se situe sous l’influence de la pensée nationaliste et quel peut bien être son degré de participation à la construction de mythes identitaires? Nous utilisons les concepts du formalisme russe pour décrire la structure, le matériau littéraire et le dynamisme de l'œuvre etxamendienne. Puis, nous interrogeons ces résultats par l'apport du post-formalisme et des propositions bakhtiniennes et tâchons de situer l'œuvre littéraire d'Eñaut Etxamendi dans son rapport à l'idylle détruite et au Cкaз. Finalement, nous faisons intervenir l'ethnocritique de la littérature et le post-colonialisme, afin d'inscrire l'œuvre littéraire d'Eñaut Etxamendi dans « la mémoire longue d’une communauté discursive » et dans le contexte particulier des années 1960-1990 qui alliait la vitalité politique à la vitalité culturelle. L’objectif de ce questionnement est d’approfondir dans la connaissance de l’œuvre d’un auteur mais aussi d’une région littéraire du Pays Basque encore trop peu étudiées. / Eñaut Etxamendi was born in Esterençuby (Pyrénées Atlantiques, France), in 1935. He is a writer, poet an singer in basque language. In his literary work, Eñaut Etxamendi describes the agrarian society who was disappearing by the 60's in the North Basque Country – concretely in the province of Basse-Navarre – and the process of social and cultural disbanding that occured then.Where can be placed Eñaut Etxamendi's literary writing – sprung up in geographical and linguistic periphery – and its sublimated « idyllic chronotope » in basque modern literature ? Which is his originality comparing to other contemporary basque writer's works ? What is Etxamendi's part of work under nationalist theories's influence and up to which point has his literature pertained to the discourse of identity ? Our search is an attempt to improve knowledge of a few known author and few known literary area of Basque Country.

The present work analyses the fiction of the post-Soviet Russian writers, Vladimir Sorokin, Vladimir Tuchkov and Aleksandr Khurgin against the background of the notion of post-Soviet Russian postmodernism. In doing so, it investigates the usefulness and accuracy of this very notion, proposing that of ‘post-Soviet neo-modernism’ instead. Common critical approaches to post-Soviet Russian literature as being postmodern are questioned through an examination of the concept of postmodernism in its interrelated historical, social, and philosophical dimensions, and of its utility and adequacy in the Russian cultural context. In addition, it is proposed that the humorous and grotesque nature of certain post-Soviet works can be viewed as a creatively critical engagement with both the past, i.e. Soviet ideology, and the present, the socially tumultuous post-Soviet years. Russian modernism, while sharing typologically and literary-historically a number of key characteristics with Western modernism, was particularly motivated by a turning to the cultural repository of Russia’s past, and a metaphysical yearning for universal meaning transcending the perceived fragmentation of the tangible modern world. Continuing the older Russian tradition of resisting rationalism, and impressed by the sense of realist aesthetics failing the writer in the task of representing a world that eluded rational comprehension, modernists tended to subordinate artistic concerns to their esoteric convictions. Without appreciation of this spiritual dimension, semantic intention in Russian modernist fiction may escape a reader used to the conventions of realist fiction. It is suggested that contemporary Russian fiction as embodied in certain works by Sorokin, Tuchkov and Khurgin, while stylistically exhibiting a number of features commonly regarded as postmodern, such as parody, pastiche, playfulness, carnivalisation, the grotesque, intertextuality and self-consciousness, seems to resume modernism’s tendency to seek meaning and value for human existence in the transcendent realm, as well as in the cultural, in particular literary, treasures of the past. The closeness of such segments of post-Soviet fiction and modernism in this regard is, it is argued, ultimately contrary to the spirit of postmodernism and its relativistic and particularistic worldview. Hence the suggested conceptualisation of post-Soviet Russian fiction as ‘neo-modernist’.

My thesis examines the nature of contemporary fictional narration and explores its relations to other types of narration - mainly texts where educational or informative function prevails over the aesthetic one. The whole work is divided into four parts. The first part is theoretical; it sets up basic areas of interest and names methods, tools and models that will be tested on selected examples from Slavonic literatures. The second part analyses spatial and temporal relations of fictional narrative. Chapter 2.1 treats time and space in a novel mostly from the compositional point of view (based on the example of Sasha Sokolov's A School for Fools), while in the next chapter, focusing on ideational interconnections between literary and social- political utopias, both fictionality and temporality are understood more broadly than mere narrative categories: they serve as certain points of connection between the immanent occurrence of meaning in the "world of text" and its historical background. The third part continues in this direction, only what we mean by context here is not the collective historical background, but an individual sphere of everyday life. Our focus switches to two genres standing on the boundary of literary fiction and non-fiction - personal correspondence and a travel journal (travelogue). The...