[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental do comportamento de pilares esbeltos de alta resistência submetidos à flexão composta reta. Foram ensaiados oito pilares divididos em duas séries, sendo uma série com concreto de 40 MPa e a outra com concreto de 80 MPa aos vinte e oito dias. Todos os pilares tinham seção transversal de 15x25 cm e altura de 300 cm. Em cada série, a variável foi a taxa de armadura longitudinal que assumiu quatro valores diferentes. O objetivo foi verificar os valores da excentricidade de segunda ordem que devem ser considerados no dimensionamento de pilares esbeltos de concreto de alta resistência. Os resultados dos ensaios foram comparados com os resultados teóricos obtidos pelos modelos da curvatura aproximada e da rigidez aproximada que constam na NBR6118:2003. Essa comparação mostrou uma boa concordância entre os resultados experimentais e teóricos. / [en] This work presents an experimental study of the behavior of slender high strength concrete columns under uniaxial eccentric compression loads. Eight columns were tested, divided into two series, one series with concrete of 40 MPa and the other with concrete of 80 MPa at twenty eight days. All columns had a cross-section of 15x25 cm and height of 300 cm. In each series, the variable was the longitudinal reinforcement ratio which assumed four different values. The objective was to verify the values of the eccentricity of second order that should be taken into account in the design of slender high strength concrete columns. The experimental results were compared with theoretical results obtained by the models of the approximated curvature and approximated stiffnes methods prescribed in the NBR6118:2003 code. This comparison showed a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results.

Le projet VERTEX, dans lequel s'inscrivent ces travaux, a pour objectif de valider des modèles composites par essais statiques multi-axiaux sur des éprouvettes à l'échelle des détails structuraux. Le positionnement à cette échelle nécessite de développer de nouveaux outils d'instrumentation et de dialogue essais/calculs, qui sont au cœur de cette thèse. Compte-tenu de la complexité de ce type d'essai, nous nous intéressons ici à la Stéréo Corrélation d'Images Numériques (SCIN) puisqu'elle permet d'accéder à un champ de déplacement 3D à la surface du spécimen. Néanmoins, si l'on s'en tient à des approches classiques, il est difficile de faire une comparaison quantitative entre un champ mesuré et un champ simulé par Éléments Finis (EF). Ainsi dans ce travail, un formalisme est développé pour réaliser une mesure par SCIN dans l'espace physique en se basant sur un modèle EF (calibration de modèles non-linéaires de caméra, mesure de forme EF, mesure de champs EF). Cette méthode donne accès à un champ de déplacement expérimental directement exprimé dans les repère et support EF de la simulation, ce qui simplifie considérablement la validation. Pour valider un modèle à l'échelle des détails structuraux, la question des conditions aux limites est fondamentale. Cette question est d'autant plus complexe que la mesure cinématique se limite à la surface visible. En plus de cette mesure surfacique, il est envisagé ici d'estimer les conditions aux limites dans l'épaisseur en s'appuyant sur un modèle de type plaque/coque (classique ou volumique) et en y accordant plus ou moins de confiance (approches régularisée ou intégrée dans tout ou partie de l'éprouvette). La méthodologie est implémentée dans un logiciel académique et est appliquée sur des essais synthétiques. Une instrumentation adaptée au banc VERTEX a également permis l'analyse des essais réalisés dans le projet. / VERTEX Project, to which this thesis belongs, aims to validate composite models by multi-axial static tests on specimens at the level of structural details. The positioning on this scale requires the development of both new instrumentation techniques and tools for the test/simulation dialogue, which are at the heart of this thesis. Given the complexity of this type of experiments, we focus here on Stereo Digital Image Correlation (SDIC) since it yields 3D displacement fields on the surface of the specimen. However, if we stick to conventional approaches, it is difficult to make quantitative comparisons between a measured field and a Finite Element (FE) simulated field. Thus, in this work, a framework is developed to make a measurement by SDIC in the physical coordinate system based on an FE model (calibration of non-linear camera models , FE shape measurement, FE field measurement). This method gives access to experimental displacement fields directly expressed both in the coordinate system and support of the FE simulation, which considerably simplifies validation. To validate a model at the scale of structural details, the question of boundary conditions is fundamental. This question is even more complex since the kinematic measurement is limited to the visible surface. In addition to this surface measurement, it is here envisioned to estimate additionally the boundary conditions in the thickness of the specimen relying on a plate/shell-like model (classic or volume). Different approaches are considered depending on the confidence giving to this model. This methodology is implemented in an academic software and is applied to synthetic tests. The development of a dedicated instrumentation also allowed the analysis of tests performed on the VERTEX bench.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Com base em um cenário econômico favorável combinado aos avanços tecnológicos das ciências dos materiais e processos de construção, nas últimas três décadas, as cidades brasileiras têm apresentado um crescimento substancial, no que diz respeito à construção de edifícios residenciais e comerciais de múltiplos andares. Atualmente, estes edifícios apresentam níveis de esbeltez elevados e têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais ousadas e que englobam a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros de estruturas. Como o principal objetivo dos projetistas está associado à concepção de estruturas mais leves, o projeto estrutural requer um conhecimento teórico substancial a fim de tornar compatíveis os requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias para a estabilidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico (linear e não linear) de um edifício misto (aço-concreto) de 20 pavimentos. Para tal, o estudo apresenta os resultados de análises estáticas e dinâmicas lineares e não lineares para ações de serviço. O comportamento estrutural do edifício, quando submetido às ações dinâmicas induzidas pelo vento, também foi investigado. Os resultados revelam que edifícios esbeltos merecem atenção especial, no que diz respeito à concepção do projeto estrutural, sendo que seu comportamento deve ser verificado através de metodologias completas que incluam análises do tipo estática e dinâmica (lineares e não lineares). / Based on a favorable economic scenario and technological advances of material sciences and construction processes, in the last three decades, the Brazilian cities have presented a substantial growth, with respect to construction of residential and commercial multi-storey buildings. Nowadays, these buildings present greater slenderness and have been constructed with increasingly daring structures that encompass the experience and knowledge of structural designers by using newly developed materials and technologies boosted by the ever-growing investigations on this field. As the structural designer main objective is related to produce increasingly lighter structures its conception requires a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge associated to structural design and construction processes, in order to make compatible the requirements of architecture with the necessary conditions to the stability. Considering all aspects mentioned before, the objective of this master dissertation is to investigate the structural behavior of a 20 floors steel-concrete composite building, based on static and dynamic analyses (linear and nonlinear). The present study has considered the results of a linear-elastic and non-linear geometric analysis for serviceability actions. The structural behavior of a 20 floors steel-concrete composite building under dynamic actions induced by the wind was also investigated. As a result, it must be emphasized that these buildings deserve special attention from the architectural and structural design and its behavior should be verified by methods including a full static and dynamic analysis (linear and non-linear).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 435479 bytes, checksum: e3cdc5a0f6448d59185bed6203aceaff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / 126 commercial crossbred pigs weaned at 21 ± 1 days of age, with initial weight of 6.12 ± 0.70 kg, were allocated in randomized complete block designs. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of lactose and supplementation with glutamine and glutamic acid in pig diets on the performance, mucosa morphology and intestinal flora composition. Experiment 1 consisted of diets containing 0, 4, 8 and 12% lactose administered between 21 and 35 of age, conducted in six replicates with three animals per experimental unit. Diets in experiment 2 contained 0, 4 and 8% of lactose added with glutamine and glutamic acid, conducted in six replicates with three animals per experimental unit. Diets were lactose-free between days 36 and 49 in both experiments. Glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation from day 21 to 35 in animals from experiment 2 was maintained until the end of the experiment. Animal performance was evaluated between days 21 and 35 and between days 21 and 49. Intestinal mucosa morphology and intestinal flora composition were assayed at day 49. The ideal protein concept was used to prepare the isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental mash diets, maintaining a constant relationship between lysine and other amino acids. Diets contained 2% spray-dried plasma and 0.05% tylosin growth promoter. No influence (P <0.05) was observed of the lactose levels on animal weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion between days 21 and 35 in experiment 1, and no residual effect of lactose (P <0.05) on the performance parameters, from day 21 to 49. Animals fed with diets containing 4, 8 or 12% lactose showed higher performance than animals fed with 0% lactose in absolute values, although there was no significant difference between the treatments. Villus height, crypt depth and the villus/crypt (small intestine) relationship were not affected by treatments. Augmented lactose levels altered the intestinal flora composition, increasing the number of Lactobacillus spp. in relation to total Eubacteria. Experiment 2 showed no effect of the interaction (P> 0.05) between lactose levels and glutamine and glutamic acid addition on the evaluated parameters, between 21 and 35 days and in the total experimental period. Lactose levels did not affect (P <0.05) animal performance in both periods. In absolute values, however, the treatment with 4% lactose had the best results of weight gain and feed intake in both periods. Addition of glutamine and glutamic acid in the diets affected (P <0.05) positive weight gain of piglets (days 21 to 49) and increased (P <0.05) villus height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets. Effect (P <0.05) of the addition of glutamine and glutamic acid on the villus/crypt relation was observed in the ileum. The experiments showed that lactose exerted a positive effect on the intestinal microbial ecology of pigs. The addition of glutamine and glutamic acid in the diets enhanced animal performance and intestinal villus height. / Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de lactose e da inclusão de glutamina + ácido glutâmico nas rações sobre o desempenho, a morfometria da mucosa e a composição da microbiota intestinal dos animais, utilizou-se 126 suínos mestiços comerciais, desmamados aos 21 ± 1 dias de idade, com peso inicial de 6,12 ± 0,70 Kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No experimento 1, os tratamentos consistiram em rações contendo 0, 4, 8 e 12% de lactose dos 21 aos 35 dias, com seis repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. No experimento 2 testou-se a inclusão de glutamina mais ácido glutâmico nas rações contendo 0, 4 e 8% de lactose, também com seis repetições e três animais por unidade experimental. Dos 36 aos 49 dias, nos dois experimentos, todas as rações foram isentas de lactose e os animais que receberam suplementação com glutamina mais ácido glutâmico dos 21 aos 35 dias no experimento 2 continuaram sendo suplementados até o final do experimento. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos animais dos 21 aos 35 e dos 21 aos 49 dias, a morfometria da mucosa intestinal e composição da microbiota intestinal aos 49 dias. As rações experimentais fareladas, isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas, foram formuladas observando-se o conceito de proteína ideal, mantendo-se constantes as relações aminoacídicas entre lisina e os demais aminoácidos essenciais. Todas as rações continham 2% de plasma sanguíneo "spray dried" em sua composição e 0,05% do antibiótico tilosina como promotor de crescimento. No Experimento 1, os níveis de lactose não influenciaram (P<0,05) o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar dos leitões dos 21 aos 35 dias de idade. Também não foi observado efeito (P<0,05) residual da lactose sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, dos 21 aos 49 dias de idade. Apesar de não ter sido observado diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, observou-se que em valores absolutos os animais do tratamento com 0% de lactose apresentaram desempenho inferior ao dos animais alimentados com rações contendo 4, 8 ou 12% de lactose. Os tratamentos também não influenciaram (P<0,05) a altura das vilosidades, a profundidade das criptas e a relação vilo:cripta da mucosa do intestino delgado. O aumento do nível de lactose das rações alterou a composição da microbiota intestinal dos animais, promovendo aumento da quantidade de Lactobacillus spp. em relação ao total de Eubactéria. No experimento 2 não foi observada interação (P>0,05) entre o nível de lactose e a inclusão de glutamina + ácido glutâmico sobre nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados, tanto de 21 a 35 dias quanto no período total do experimento. Os níveis de lactose também não influenciaram (P<0,05) o desempenho dos leitões nos dois períodos avaliados. Entretanto, em valores absolutos, o tratamento com 4% de lactose apresentou os melhores resultados de ganho de peso e consumo de ração nos dois períodos. A inclusão de glutamina mais ácido glutâmico nas rações influenciou (P<0,05) positivamente o ganho de peso dos leitões dos 21 aos 49 dias de idade e promoveu aumento (P<0,05) da altura das vilosidades no duodeno, jejuno e íleo do intestino dos leitões. Na porção do intestino correspondente ao íleo, foi observado efeito (P<0,05) da inclusão de glutamina mais acido glutâmico nas dietas sobre a relação vilo:cripta dos leitões. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos, pode-se concluir que a lactose tem efeito positivo sobre a ecologia microbiana intestinal dos leitões e que a inclusão de glutamina mais acido glutâmico nas rações tem efeito benéfico sobre o desempenho e sobre a altura das vilosidades da mucosa intestinal dos animais.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Com base em um cenário econômico favorável combinado aos avanços tecnológicos das ciências dos materiais e processos de construção, nas últimas três décadas, as cidades brasileiras têm apresentado um crescimento substancial, no que diz respeito à construção de edifícios residenciais e comerciais de múltiplos andares. Atualmente, estes edifícios apresentam níveis de esbeltez elevados e têm sido construídos com estruturas cada vez mais ousadas e que englobam a experiência e o conhecimento dos engenheiros de estruturas. Como o principal objetivo dos projetistas está associado à concepção de estruturas mais leves, o projeto estrutural requer um conhecimento teórico substancial a fim de tornar compatíveis os requisitos arquitetônicos com as condições necessárias para a estabilidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o de investigar o comportamento estrutural estático e dinâmico (linear e não linear) de um edifício misto (aço-concreto) de 20 pavimentos. Para tal, o estudo apresenta os resultados de análises estáticas e dinâmicas lineares e não lineares para ações de serviço. O comportamento estrutural do edifício, quando submetido às ações dinâmicas induzidas pelo vento, também foi investigado. Os resultados revelam que edifícios esbeltos merecem atenção especial, no que diz respeito à concepção do projeto estrutural, sendo que seu comportamento deve ser verificado através de metodologias completas que incluam análises do tipo estática e dinâmica (lineares e não lineares). / Based on a favorable economic scenario and technological advances of material sciences and construction processes, in the last three decades, the Brazilian cities have presented a substantial growth, with respect to construction of residential and commercial multi-storey buildings. Nowadays, these buildings present greater slenderness and have been constructed with increasingly daring structures that encompass the experience and knowledge of structural designers by using newly developed materials and technologies boosted by the ever-growing investigations on this field. As the structural designer main objective is related to produce increasingly lighter structures its conception requires a substantial amount of theoretical knowledge associated to structural design and construction processes, in order to make compatible the requirements of architecture with the necessary conditions to the stability. Considering all aspects mentioned before, the objective of this master dissertation is to investigate the structural behavior of a 20 floors steel-concrete composite building, based on static and dynamic analyses (linear and nonlinear). The present study has considered the results of a linear-elastic and non-linear geometric analysis for serviceability actions. The structural behavior of a 20 floors steel-concrete composite building under dynamic actions induced by the wind was also investigated. As a result, it must be emphasized that these buildings deserve special attention from the architectural and structural design and its behavior should be verified by methods including a full static and dynamic analysis (linear and non-linear).

Abstract : The construction industry is expressing great demand for innovative and durable structural members such as bridge decks and piers, piling, and poles. Many steel-reinforced concrete structures subjected to de-icing salts and marine environments require extensive and expensive maintenance. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have recently gained wide acceptance as a viable construction material for repair, rehabilitation, or new construction of the aging infrastructures particularly those exposed to harsh environment conditions. The promising concept of concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) system, that may be further reinforced with steel or FRP bars, has raised great interest amongst researchers in the last decade. The CFFT technique has been used successfully in different concrete structure elements such as pier column and girder for bridges and also as fender piles in marine structures. The FRP tube acts as a stay-in-place structural formwork, a noncorrosive reinforcement for the concrete for flexure and shear, provides confinement to the concrete in compression, and the contained concrete is protected from intrusion of moisture with corrosive agents that could otherwise deteriorate the concrete core. Using FRP bars instead of conventional steel bars in the CFFT columns can provide a step forward to develop a promising totally corrosion-free new structural system. Nonetheless, the axial behaviour of FRP bars as longitudinal reinforcement in compression members has yet to be explored, especially for the CFFT columns. To date, most of the experimental investigations performed on FRP confined concrete columns have considered short, unreinforced, small-scale concrete cylinders, tested under concentric, monotonic, and axial load. The slenderness ratio, internal longitudinal reinforcement type (steel or FRP bars), and axial cyclic loading effects on the behaviour of FRP confined concrete long columns, however, have received only limited research attention. To address such knowledge gaps, this study aimed at investigating the behaviour of the CFFT long columns internally reinforced with steel or FRP bars tested under monotonic and cyclic axial loading. A total of ten reinforced concrete (RC) and CFFT columns were constructed and tested until failure. All columns had 1900-mm in height and 213-mm in diameter. The investigated parameters were: i) the effect of internal reinforcement type (steel, glass FRP (GFRP), or carbon FRP (CFRP)) and amount, ii) GFRP tube thicknesses, and iii) nature of loading (i.e. monotonic and cyclic). The effect of the different parameters on the axial behaviour of the tested columns is presented and discussed. The research work presented in this dissertation has resulted in one paper submitted to the Elsevier Journal of Engineering Structures (manuscript ID: ENGSTRUCT-D-15-01381) and one accepted conference paper submitted to the 5 th International Structural Specialty Conference (CSCE 2016), London, Ontario, June 1st - 4th, 2016. The experimental test results showed that the CFFT columns reinforced with GFRP bars exhibited similar responses compared to their counterparts reinforced with steel bars with no significant difference in terms of ultimate axial strength and strain capacities. The GFRP tubes provided significant confinement of the tested specimens attributing to shift the mode of failure from axially dominated material failure to flexural-dominated instability failure. The results also indicated that the plastic strains of the FRP-reinforced CFFT columns was linearly proportional to the envelop unloading strains (εun,env). The relationship depended little on level of confinement, but strongly on the longitudinal reinforcement amount and type, particularly when εun,env > 0.0035. On the other hand, an analytical investigation was conducted to examine the validity of the available design provisions for predicting the ultimate load capacity of tested columns. The results of the analysis were compared with the experimental values. It was found that the ACI 440.R1 (2015), CSA S806 (2012), and CSA S6-06 (2010) design provisions provided higher conservative results for the GFRP-reinforced control specimens than that of steel-reinforced specimen. This might be due to neglecting the contribution of the compressive resistance of the GFRP bars to the axial carrying capacity. Furthermore, for FRP-reinforced CFFT columns, the ACI 440.2R (2008), CSA S806 (2012), and CSA S6-06 (2010) provisions results over the experimental results were an average of 1.68±0.31, 1.57±0.18, and 1.72±0.35 with a COV of 18.4%, 11.3%, and 20.5%, respectively. By considering the confinement codes limits, the CSA S806 (2012) showed better correlation for the ultimate carrying capacity based on the average than the CSA S6-06 (2010) and ACI 440.2R (2008), particularly for specimens cast with tube Type B. / Résumé : L'industrie de la construction exprime une grande demande pour les structures innovantes et durables tels que les tabliers de ponts et les quais, les pieux et les poteaux. Plusieurs structures en béton armé sont soumises à des sels de déglaçage et à des environnements marins qui exigent un entretien coûteux. Les polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) ont récemment été reconnus en tant que matériau de construction viable pour la réparation, la réhabilitation ou la construction de nouvelles infrastructures vieillissantes en particulier celles exposées à des conditions d'environnement sévères. Le concept prometteur du système de tube rempli de béton PRF (CFFT), qui peut être encore renforcé avec de l'acier ou des barres en PRF, a amorcé un grand intérêt parmi les chercheurs durant la dernière décennie. La technique CFFT a été utilisée avec succès dans les différents éléments de structure en béton tels que les colonnes et les poutres de ponts et aussi comme des pieux pour les structures marines. Le tube en PRF agit comme un coffrage structural sur place, un renforcement non corrosif pour le béton en flexion et au cisaillement en utilisant l'orientation des fibres multidirectionnelle, fournit un confinement au béton en compression, et le béton est protégé de toute intrusion d'humidité des agents corrosifs qui, autrement, pourraient détériorer le noyau de béton (ACI 440. R-07 (2007)). L’utilisation des barres de PRF au lieu de barres d'acier conventionnelles dans les colonnes CFFT peut fournir un pas en avant pour développer un nouveau système structurel. Néanmoins, le comportement axial des barres en PRF comme armatures longitudinales dans les membrures en compression n'a pas encore été exploré, en particulier pour les colonnes CFFT. À ce jour, la plupart des études expérimentales effectuées sur les colonnes en béton confinés de PRF, ont considéré des cylindres en béton, courts, à petite échelle non armés, et testés sous un charge concentrique, monotone, et axiale. Le rapport d'élancement, le renfort longitudinal interne (acier ou barres en PRF), et les effets du chargement axial cyclique sur le comportement des colonnes élancées de béton confinés et en PRF, ont connu une recherche limitée. Pour combler ce manque de connaissance, cette étude vise à étudier le comportement des colonnes élancées CFFT armé en acier ou en barres de PRF testées sous charges axiales monotones et cycliques. Un total de dix colonnes en béton armé (RC) et CFFT été fabriquées et testées jusqu'à la rupture. Toutes les colonnes ont 1900 mm de hauteur et 213 mm de diamètre. Les paramètres étudiés sont les suivants: i) l'effet de type de renforcement interne et la quantité de renforcement, ii) les épaisseurs de tubes PRV, et iii) le type de chargement (monotone et cyclique). L'effet des variables considérées sur le comportement axial des colonnes testées dans le travail expérimental est présenté et discuté. Le travail de recherche présenté dans cette analyse a fait l’objet d’un article scientifique soumis à Elsevier Journal of Engineering Structures (manuscrit ID: ENGSTRUCT-D-15-01381) et un article lors d’une conférence acceptée soumis à la 5ième International Structural Specialty Conference (CSCE 2016), London, Ontario, Juin 1er - 4ième, 2016. Les résultats des essais expérimentaux ont montré que les colonnes CFFT renforcées de barres en PRFV présentaient des réponses similaires par rapport à leurs homologues renforcées avec des barres d'acier sans différence significative en termes de capacité ultime de résistance axiale et de déformation. Les tubes en PRFV fournissent un confinement significatif des échantillons testés attribuant à changer le mode de rupture, c’est-à-dire d’une rupture des matériaux axialement à une rupture d’instabilité en flexion. En outre, l'augmentation de l'épaisseur du tube en PRFV de 2,9 à 6,4 mm améliore les rapports de résistance et de déformation de 25 % et 12 %, respectivement. Les résultats indiquent également que les déformations plastiques des colonnes renforcées de PRF sont linéairement proportionnelles aux enveloppes de tension de déchargement (εde,env). La relation dépend un peu du niveau de confinement, mais fortement de la quantité et du type de renfort longitudinal, en particulier lorsque εde,env > 0,0035. D'autre part, une investigation a été menée pour examiner la validité des dispositions de conception disponibles pour prédire la capacité de la charge ultime des colonnes testées. Les résultats de l'analyse ont été comparés avec les valeurs expérimentales. Il a été constaté que les prévisions de l'ACI 440.R1 (2015), CSA S806 (2012), et CSA S6-06 (2010) ont fourni des résultats conservateurs plus élevés pour les échantillons de contrôle en PRFV que celui de l'échantillon d'acier. Cela peut être dû à la négligence de la contribution de la résistance à la compression des barres de PRFV à la capacité de charge axiale. En outre, pour les colonnes de CFFT renforcées de PRF, les prévisions de l'ACI 440.2R (2008), du CSA S806 (2012), et du CSA S6-06 (2010) étaient de 1,68 ± 0,31, 1,57 ± 0,18 et 1,72 ± 0,35 avec un COV de 18,4 %, 11,3%, et 20,5%, respectivement. En considérant les limites des codes de confinement, le code CSA S806 (2012) a révélé les meilleures prévisions pour la capacité de charge ultime basée sur la moyenne que celui du code CSA S6-06 (2010) et de l’ACI 440.2R (2008), en particulier pour les échantillons réalisés avec des tubes de Type B.

Dans cette thèse à l’interface entre élasticité et capillarité, nous présentons tout d’abord une instabilité élastique, le claquage, revisitée dans un contexte élastocapillaire. En déposant une goutte d’eau sous une lamelle flambée en position basse, nous parvenons à déclencher une instabilité de claquage à contresens de la gravité. Cette démonstration de la prédominance des effets capillaires à petite échelle s’accompagne d’une étude des positions d’équilibre et de la stabilité de systèmes goutte-lamelle. Nous démontrons l’influence importante de la taille et de la position de la goutte le long de la lamelle, puis étendons notre étude au cas de bulles ou de gouttes condensées à partir de vapeur d’eau. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à l’aspect dynamique de l’instabilité, qui est dictée principalement par l’élasticité, y compris dans le cas élastocapillaire.Nous mettons ensuite en évidence un phénomène surprenant : la dynamique de descente d’une goutte d’eau sur un élastomère silicone présente deux régimes successifs, caractérisés par deux vitesses différentes. Nous montrons que les chaînes libres non réticulées présentes dans l’élastomère sont à l’origine de cette dynamique inattendue. La goutte est progressivement recouverte par des chaînes de silicone, et sa vitesse change brutalement lorsqu’une concentration surfacique critique est atteinte, ce qui se traduit par une transition brutale de tension de surface. Nous nous intéressons aux vitesses de gouttes dans les deux régimes ainsi qu’aux échelles de temps mises en jeu lors de l’extraction de chaînes non réticulées, et montrons que l’extraction de ces chaînes se produit au niveau de la ligne triple. / This thesis focuses on interactions between liquids and elastic solids. We first revisit the snap-through instability from an elastocapillary point of view, showing that capillary forces are able to counterbalance gravity by inducing snap-through with a droplet deposited below a downward buckled elastic strip clamped at both ends. Equilibrium, stability, and dynamics of drop-strip systems are investigated, demonstrating the influence of droplet size and droplet position along the buckled strip, and showing that capillarity is driving the system toward instability but elasticity is ruling the subsequent dynamics. Spin-off versions of the experiment are also designed, including a humidity-controlled mechanical switch and upscaled experiments using soap bubbles.We then focus on interactions between silicone elastomers and aqueous droplets to understand the mechanisms underlying an unexpected two-regime droplet dynamics observed on vertical silicone elastomer plates. After demonstrating that this two-regime dynamics is due to the presence of uncrosslinked oligomers in the elastomer, we show that the speed transition coincides with a surface tension transition. A quantitative study of the droplets speeds in the two regimes is performed, and the timescale needed for uncrosslinked oligomers to cover the water-air interface is investigated both for sessile and moving droplets. We eventually show that uncrosslinked chains are extracted from the elastomer at the water - air - silicone elastomer triple line, and demonstrate that extraction occurs in various setups such as partially immersed silicone elastomer plates or air bubbles sliding up PDMS planes immersed in a water bath.

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