Settlement system of the Czech Republic is typical by a big number of small municipalities. Those municipalities has the same status as bigger municipalities. However those small municipalities manage with limited resources for their development. Some authors discuss about possibility of their integration. This thesis is about the problematics of small municipalities and it focuses on the smallest ones and it shows their activity and capability of existence. key words: development of the municipality, very small municipalities, rural

Tidigare forskning visar att klimatpåverkan som har skett under decennier, leder till negativa konsekvenser för samhället. Om samhället ska vara robust för denna påverkan behöver samhället anpassas. Klimatanpassningsarbetet är fortfarande en relativ ny fråga och ses som mer utmanande för mindre kommuner. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur mellanstora- och mindre kommuner arbetar med klimatanpassningsfrågan med fokus på fyra kommuner i Östergötland. Syftet grundar sig i frågeställningarna som behandlar vilka utmaningar som kommunerna ser i arbetet samt vad som skiljer kommunerna åt.   Studiens besvaras genom kvalitativ metod där material från intervjuer med tjänstepersoner inom respektive kommun samlades in samt dokumentanalys av kommunernas översiktsplaner samt handlingsplaner. Materialet analyseras utifrån en tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar på att kommunerna arbetar med klimatanpassning men att implementeringen skiljer sig åt. Som beror på olika utmaningar som kommunerna står inför där resursbrist samt politiskt intresse styr utvecklingen. / Previous research shows that climate impact, which has taken place for decades, leads to consequences for society. If society is to be robust to this impact, society needs to adapt. Climate adaptation is still a relatively new issue and is seen as more challenging for smaller municipalities. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate how medium-sized and small municipalities work with the climate adaptation issue with a focus on four municipalities in Östergötland. Also to see what challenges the municipalities highlight. The study is based on a qualitative method. Material from interviews with representatives from each municipality was collected and document analysis of the municipalities documents. The material was analyzed with thematic analysis. The results of the study shows that the municipalities work with climate adaptation, but that the implementation differs due to various challenges that the municipalities face.

Mgr. Josef Bernard Dizertační práce Local politics in small municipalities and its informal aspects Abstract The subject of the thesis is the analysis of political processes in local government of small municipalities in the Czech Republic. The author focuses particularly on the question how do the activities of local government influence the different aspects of local life. The goals of local government, the negotiation of these goals and the role of different local government members in achieving these goals are examined. The thesis is based on three theoretical approaches - on the theories of local communities and their development, on the social capital theory and on theories of local political leadership. Different types of empirical data are used in the thesis: qualitative interviews and non-standardized observation of political processes in selected municipalities, questionnaire data and census data as well as other accessible statistical data on local communities and municipalities in the Czech Republic. The analyses have proved that local governments in small municipalities can be regarded as specific types of community interaction fields. The existence of this field has a significant impact on the situation in the community, including local citizen participation and social capital of the...

This thesis discusses the relationship between elderly urban planning and the ageing society from an elderly person’s perspective and from the municipality perspective. Two municipalities that is on the top ten list of having an older population have been studied in Sweden. In order to assess what planners and the perspective of elderly people in connection to age-friendly planning. In this essay was interviews used as the method where planners and citizens in the two chosen municipalities, Vadstena and Rättvik, was interviewed. In order to analyse the collected material I have implemented a thematic analysis where the focus was to find themes in the data collection. The results show a lack of communication between the municipalities, specifically regarding participation and acknowledging the elderly associations in place. The citizens perspective where a lacking factor about elderly urban planning which prevent elderly people from living more social lives. Lastly, there were a will from the planners to start moving chains but the population had opposite understanding of what was supposed to happen. The perspective from the citizens showed that both municipalities lacked places for only elderly people to socialize and both are in need of improved transportation services. There were a will from the planners wanting to change and improve the future of elderly urban planning with more alternatives. For this thesis I interview the elderly population in smaller municipalities and read about how elderly people are portrayed in planning in smaller municipalities. This thesis aim to target the perspective of elderly people about planning and ageing.

Cada vez mais o legislador brasileiro cria instrumentos legais na esfera pública para controlar e monitorar a aplicação dos recursos públicos. No entanto, tais regramentos legais têm-se demonstrado ineficazes no que diz respeito ao resultado que a sociedade brasileira espera, considerando os princípios constitucionais da eficiência e isonomia. A partir desta constatação de deficiência neste controle, sugere-se nova modelagem de Sistema de Controle Interno, na figura de uma Unidade Central de Controle Interno para pequenos municípios gaúchos, a qual deverá ser composta por vários profissionais técnicos especializados e de carreira, buscando-se assim atingir o ótimo na aplicação dos recursos públicos, através de uma integração dos setores administrativos municipais. Na busca da consecução do objetivo proposto, foram analisados os conceitos, organização e princípios de estado, governo e administração pública; estudados os conceitos, tipos e princípios de controle, controle interno, auditoria interna e controladoria; investigados os dois grupos de controles: formais e legais e os administrativos e operacionais, bem como os regramentos jurídicos e legais pertinentes ao tema. / The Brazilian legislator creates more and more legal instruments in the public sphere in order to control and monitor the application of the public resources. However, those legal rules have been shown to be inefficient in regards to the results expected by the Brazil ian society, if consider the constitutional principles of efficiency and isonomy. From this observation of the imperfection of that control, suggest a new modeling of the Internal Control System, into a new representation of a Central Unit of Internal Control for small municipalities from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The representation must include many specialized technical professionals who are contractually committed, aspiring a great result in the application of the public resources through the integration of the managerial municipal sectors. While seeking to accomplish the proposed goal, many concepts, the organization and principles of the State, Government ad public administration were analysed; the concepts, types and principles of control , the internal control, auditor's internal tribunal and controllership were studied; the two groups of control: the formal and legal and the administrative and operational, as well as the juridical and legal rules concerning the subject were investigated.

Cada vez mais o legislador brasileiro cria instrumentos legais na esfera pública para controlar e monitorar a aplicação dos recursos públicos. No entanto, tais regramentos legais têm-se demonstrado ineficazes no que diz respeito ao resultado que a sociedade brasileira espera, considerando os princípios constitucionais da eficiência e isonomia. A partir desta constatação de deficiência neste controle, sugere-se nova modelagem de Sistema de Controle Interno, na figura de uma Unidade Central de Controle Interno para pequenos municípios gaúchos, a qual deverá ser composta por vários profissionais técnicos especializados e de carreira, buscando-se assim atingir o ótimo na aplicação dos recursos públicos, através de uma integração dos setores administrativos municipais. Na busca da consecução do objetivo proposto, foram analisados os conceitos, organização e princípios de estado, governo e administração pública; estudados os conceitos, tipos e princípios de controle, controle interno, auditoria interna e controladoria; investigados os dois grupos de controles: formais e legais e os administrativos e operacionais, bem como os regramentos jurídicos e legais pertinentes ao tema. / The Brazilian legislator creates more and more legal instruments in the public sphere in order to control and monitor the application of the public resources. However, those legal rules have been shown to be inefficient in regards to the results expected by the Brazil ian society, if consider the constitutional principles of efficiency and isonomy. From this observation of the imperfection of that control, suggest a new modeling of the Internal Control System, into a new representation of a Central Unit of Internal Control for small municipalities from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The representation must include many specialized technical professionals who are contractually committed, aspiring a great result in the application of the public resources through the integration of the managerial municipal sectors. While seeking to accomplish the proposed goal, many concepts, the organization and principles of the State, Government ad public administration were analysed; the concepts, types and principles of control , the internal control, auditor's internal tribunal and controllership were studied; the two groups of control: the formal and legal and the administrative and operational, as well as the juridical and legal rules concerning the subject were investigated.

Cada vez mais o legislador brasileiro cria instrumentos legais na esfera pública para controlar e monitorar a aplicação dos recursos públicos. No entanto, tais regramentos legais têm-se demonstrado ineficazes no que diz respeito ao resultado que a sociedade brasileira espera, considerando os princípios constitucionais da eficiência e isonomia. A partir desta constatação de deficiência neste controle, sugere-se nova modelagem de Sistema de Controle Interno, na figura de uma Unidade Central de Controle Interno para pequenos municípios gaúchos, a qual deverá ser composta por vários profissionais técnicos especializados e de carreira, buscando-se assim atingir o ótimo na aplicação dos recursos públicos, através de uma integração dos setores administrativos municipais. Na busca da consecução do objetivo proposto, foram analisados os conceitos, organização e princípios de estado, governo e administração pública; estudados os conceitos, tipos e princípios de controle, controle interno, auditoria interna e controladoria; investigados os dois grupos de controles: formais e legais e os administrativos e operacionais, bem como os regramentos jurídicos e legais pertinentes ao tema. / The Brazilian legislator creates more and more legal instruments in the public sphere in order to control and monitor the application of the public resources. However, those legal rules have been shown to be inefficient in regards to the results expected by the Brazil ian society, if consider the constitutional principles of efficiency and isonomy. From this observation of the imperfection of that control, suggest a new modeling of the Internal Control System, into a new representation of a Central Unit of Internal Control for small municipalities from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The representation must include many specialized technical professionals who are contractually committed, aspiring a great result in the application of the public resources through the integration of the managerial municipal sectors. While seeking to accomplish the proposed goal, many concepts, the organization and principles of the State, Government ad public administration were analysed; the concepts, types and principles of control , the internal control, auditor's internal tribunal and controllership were studied; the two groups of control: the formal and legal and the administrative and operational, as well as the juridical and legal rules concerning the subject were investigated.

This thesis focuses on optimization of military estates in the Czech Republic that is connected both to establishment of new municipalities and transition from military administration to local administration. The thesis tries to describe the process itself being finished by setting settlement units aside from military estates, reduction of their borders and dissolution of the Brdy military estate. A case study of the Libavá Town is also a part of the thesis. The study is trying to monitor the impact of the transition mentioned above on civil population and on the newly established local administration. Three methods were used to collect the data - namely half structured interviews with chief participants, a survey amongst Libavá inhabitants and media monitoring. A part of the theoretical part is also an analysis of military estates in Europe whose characteristics and differences are also presented.

This diploma thesis deals with analysis of indicators of the social environment in small municipalities with up to 2 000 inhabitants based on various criteria for local use. The aim of the thesis is to propose an indicator set, which will best meet the requirements of such set in terms of applied criteria. The research question is: What indicators should be included in an indicator set for assessing the social environment of municipalities with up to 2 000 inhabitants to suit the differences and needs of these communities? The research problem addressed in the thesis concerns the possibility of measuring social sustainability at the local level, focusing on small municipalities with up to 2 000 inhabitants in the Czech Republic. The thesis also focuses on the possibility of projecting SDGs into this set. It is a qualitative research that involves the use of methods of document analysis, comparison, description, non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews. Based on the first four methods and theoretical knowledge, a preliminary design of the indicator set was created. Within the framework of semi-structured interviews, this design was discussed with representatives of selected small municipalities and other stakeholders. The edited set represents the final indicator set of the social...

Sammanfattning I denna studie undersöks förutsättningar för delaktighet inom särskild utbildning för vuxna i små kommuner. Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om förutsättningar för elevers delaktighet inom särskild utbildning för vuxna i svenska kommuner med mindre befolkning än 40 000 invånare. Studien bygger på 10 kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare och skolledare inom särvux från små kommuner. Analys- och tolkningsarbetet utgår ifrån en delaktighetsmodell (Szönyi & Söderqvist Dunkers) och det sociokulturella perspektivet (Säljö 2017). Studiens resultat visar att undervisningen bedrivs i blandade grupper i flera fall, med elever som är inskrivna på olika nivåer inom särvux, och även inom vuxenutbildning på grundläggande nivå. Möjligheter till att samhandla och att kommunicera med andra finns både inom undervisningen i undervisningsgrupper och vid raster. Den dominerande bilden när det gäller elevers engagemang är att eleverna visar engagemang i utbildningen genom att uttrycka att de vill delta, att de vill påverka hur utbildningen utformas, att de har hög närvaro. Samtliga informanter har exempel på situationer där det är tydligt att eleven har möjlighet att göra aktiva, självständiga val. En utmaning för en liten kommun är att ha möjlighet att själva anordna samtliga kurser som ingår i särvux utbud. Den lilla kommen sägs ge ökade förutsättningar för samhandling och en god förutsättning för att få erkännande från andra på utbildningen och från personer i det omgivande samhället. Denna studie kan medverka till att skapa en djupare förståelse för förutsättningar för elever som läser på särvux i en liten kommun.   Nyckelord Delaktighet, Särskild utbildning för vuxna. Små kommuner. Abstract   In this study, the conditions for participation in special education for adults in small municipalities are examined. The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about the conditions for student participation in special education for adults in small Swedish municipalities. The study is based on 10 qualitative interviews with teachers and school leaders in special needs from small municipalities. The analysis and interpretation work are based on a model of participation and the socio-cultural perspective. The results of the study show that the teaching is conducted in mixed groups in several cases in the study, with students enrolled at different levels in special education, and in adult education at the basic level. Opportunities to interact and to communicate with others are found both in teaching, in teaching groups and during breaks. The dominant picture regarding student engagement is that students show commitment to education by expressing that they want to participate, that they want to influence how education is designed, that they have a high attendance. All informants have examples of situations where the student has the opportunity to make active, independent choices. A challenge for the small municipality´s conditions for participation is to arrange all courses that are part of special education for adults. The small community is said to provide increased conditions for collaboration and a good condition for getting recognition from others in education and from people in the surrounding community. This study can help to create a deeper understanding of the conditions for pupils who read in special education in a small municipality.   Keywords   Participation, special education for adults, small municipalities in Sweden