This work debates the way the relations of many cultural strata occur in the novel The smell of God, by Roberto Drummond, which exhibits, amongst other aspects, representations of the Brazilian society and people as well as allows the approach of the identifications and identities process of construction. In order to focus that it makes use of bibliographic research and an analysis of qualitative nature, evoking especially the cultural base studies developed by Bhabha (2003), Canclini (2003a; 2003b), Hall (2005; 2003), Pizarro (1993; 1994) and Rama (2001a). The analysis shows that the novel figures, in the literary form, what the referred authors debate. Concerning the discontinuity and hybridism multiple voices were detected conferring a metalinguistic feature from which the narrative voices are legitimated as well as the voice of the implicit I, which disguises himself as character-narrator. The characters, their names, their languages, their typical ways of acting and thinking, the narrative spaces and times and the imbrication reality/fiction expose a representation of how the Brazilian society is constituted during the apparent chaos that culture produces in these lands. The metaphors considered by Canclini (2003b) as fundamental for the translation of cultural signs arise, in this sense, in the narrative, as argumentative focus, signalizing the changes the characters suffer. Moreover, the drummondiano work, when exposes different cultural traces, contributes to the constitution of a fundamental discourse device in the formation of the imaginary unit of the national identity and also allows reflections on the cultural dimension of the identity, exhibiting samples of how the Brazilian culture is constituted in the plurality. Another prominent element is that Roberto Drummond does not use the denominative system just as stylistic resource but, above all, as esthetics resource. The names not only characterize the characters but also universalize them. The analysis also indicates, from the characters Buchanan s and the Gipsy Carmen, the imbrication of the hybridism, inter-place and identity. Afterwards, observing the distinction between the other/Other, it starts from the identity relation of Anunciata, Inácia and Catula in order to interpret the smell of God as a metaphor of the Other s discourse. All this trajectory finds an image of a puzzle in the end, in which the parts may be organized in a varied of ways making it possible to someone to extract new looks, new reading possibilities for the opus. / Este trabalho discute como no romance O cheiro de Deus, de Roberto Drummond, se dão as relações de muitos estratos culturais, os quais expõem, entre outros aspectos, representações da sociedade e do povo brasileiros e permitem que se aborde, também, o processo de construção de identificações e identidades. Utiliza, para tanto, a pesquisa bibliográfica e uma análise de natureza qualitativa, recorrendo, em especial, aos estudos de base cultural realizados por Bhabha (2003), Canclini (2003a; 2003b), Hall (2005; 2003), Pizarro (1993; 1994) e Rama (2001a). A análise mostra que o romance configura, na forma literária, o que esses autores discutem. No que diz respeito à descontinuidade e hibridação, detectaram-se múltiplas vozes que atribuem ao romance um caráter metalingüístico, por meio do qual se legitimam as vozes narradoras e a do eu implícito, que se disfarça de personagem-narrador. As personagens, seus nomes, linguagens, formas de agir e pensar característicos, os espaços e tempos narrativos e a imbricação realidade/ficção expõem uma representação de como a sociedade brasileira é constituída em meio ao aparente caos que a cultura, por estas terras, produz. As metáforas, tomadas por Canclini (2003b) como fundamentais na tradução dos signos culturais, surgem, nesse sentido, na narrativa, como foco argumentativo, sinalizando as transformações por que as personagens passam. Além disso, a obra drummondiana, ao expor traços culturais diferentes, contribui para a constituição de um dispositivo discursivo fundamental na formação da unidade imaginária da identidade nacional e permite reflexões, também, sobre a dimensão cultural da identidade, expondo mostras de como a cultura brasileira se constitui em meio à pluralidade. Outro elemento de destaque é que Roberto Drummond não usa o sistema denominativo apenas como recurso estilístico, mas, sobretudo, como recurso estético. Os nomes não apenas caracterizam as personagens, mas também as universaliza. A análise aponta ainda, a partir das personagens Buchanan s e a Cigana Carmen, a imbricação dos conceitos de hibridismo, entre-lugar e identidade. Depois, observando-se a distinção entre o outro/Outro, parte da relação identitária de Anunciata, Inácia e Catula para interpretar o cheiro de Deus como uma metáfora do discurso do Outro. Todo esse percurso encontra ao final a imagem de um quebra-cabeça, em que as peças podem ser arrumadas de formas variadas e daí se extraírem novos olhares, novas possibilidades de leitura para a obra.

Cabines de veículos automotores recém-manufaturados podem ser consideradas críticas quando se avalia a qualidade do ar interno, pois concentrações de compostos orgânicos voláteis encontram-se em níveis mais altos que os ambientes externos. Determinadas substâncias presentes no ar da cabine podem ser prejudiciais ao ser humano em função da sua toxicidade, pricipalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. A avaliação do ar da cabine automotiva se faz necessária. Nesse estudo, foi feita uma avaliação da qualidade do ar interno da cabine de 7 veículos populares recém-manufaturados contendo materiais de acabamento interno iguais. Um total de 46 compostos orgânicos voláteis foi identificado, sendo que 14 deles são compostos carbonílicos e 32 são hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e aromáticos, compostos halogenados e um nitrogenado. Os compostos carbonílicos foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia a líquido e os outros VOCs apenas identificados por GC-MS. No ar interno da cabine dos veículos estudados, as concentrações médias encontradas para os compostos carbonílicos (µg/m3) em ordem decrescente foram: formaldeído (165,3); acetona (67,5); acetaldeído (56,8); isovaleraldeído (40,8); propionaldeído (21,1); butiraldeído (17,9); crotonaldeído (14,9); hexaldeído (14,9) valeraldeído (9,8); 2.5- dimetilbenzaldeído (9,3); otolualdeído (8,4); p/m tolualdeído (6,8); acroleína (4,2) e benzaldeído (3,8). Com relação aos outros VOCS foram identificados o metilbutano, que apresentou a maior porcentagem de abundância relativa, 8,5%, seguido de outros hidrocarbonetos com abundância relativa entre 5 e 2% , como, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2,2,6-trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentano, 3,6-dimetilundecano, 4-metildodecano, 4,6- dimetildodecano, 3,6-dimetildecano e 1,2-dimetilbenzeno. Dois derivados de hidrocarbonetos halogenados também foram encontrados, sendo que o triclorofluormetano foi o majoritário com 5,7%, e um composto nitrogenado, a acetonitrila com 5,4%. Os compostos derivados do benzeno identificados foram: 1,2-dimetilbenzeno, etilbenzeno, metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3- metilbenzeno, 1-etil-3-metilbenzeno e 1,3,5-trimetilbenzeno que perfazem 6,6 % de abundância relativa. O mais abundante entre os aromáticos foi o 1,2-dimetilbenzeno (2,5%). Os resultados experimentais revelaram também a liberação de VOCs pelos materiais de acabamento interno dos veículos automotores recém-manufaturados. / New motor vehicles cabins may be critical when considering the internal air quality, because concentrations of volatile organic compounds are at levels higher than the outdoors. Certain substances present in the cabin air can be harmful to humans according to their toxicity, mainly in the big cities. Assessment of the cabin air becomes necessary. In this study, cabin air quality was assessed and 7 popular new vehicles containing same interior trim materials were evaluated. A total of 46 volatile organic compounds were identified, with 14 of them were carbonylic compounds and 32 are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and a nitrogenated compound. The carbonylic compounds were identified and quantified by the liquid chromatography and other VOCs only identified by GC-MS. Cabin air vehicles studied showed the following average concentrations found for carbonylic compounds ( µg/m3) in a descending order: formaldehyde (165.3), acetone (67.5); acetaldehyde (56.8); Isovaleraldehyde ( 40.8); propionaldehyde (21.1); butyraldehyde (17.9); crotonaldeído (14.9); hexaldeído (14.9) Valeraldehyde (9.8); dimetilbenzaldeído-2.5 (9.3); the - tolualdeído (8.4), p / m - tolualdeído (6.8); acrolein (4.2) and benzaldehyde (3.8). Concerning the other VOCs the following compounds were identified: methylbutane, which had the highest percentage of relative abundance, 8.5%, followed by other hydrocarbons with relative abundance between 5 and 2%, 2,7,10-trimetildodecano, 2.2 ,6- Trimetildecano, ciclopentano, 2,3,4-trimetildecano, n-pentane, 3.6-dimetilundecano, 4- metildodecano, dimetildodecano-4.6, 3.6 and 1.2-dimetildecano-dimetilbenzeno. Two halogenated hydrocarbons were also found, and triclorofluormetano had the biggest relative abundance percentage 5.7%, and a nitrogen compound, the acetonitrile with 5.4%. The benzene compounds identified were: 1.2-dimetilbenzeno, ethylbenzene, methylbenzene, 1- ethyl-3-methyl, ethyl-1-and 3-methyl 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene which comprise 6.6% of relative abundance. 1.2-dimetilbenzeno was the most abundant aromatic compound with relative abundance 2.5%. Results also showed that VOCs were released by studied vehicles interior trim materials.

INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico da doença de Parkinson (DP) pode ser um desafio, principalmente nas fases precoces da doença. O diagnóstico acurado desta condição requer mais que a avaliação clínica isolada. A Tomografia computadorizada do crânio de fóton único (SPECT) e a ultrassonografia transcraniana (USTC) podem ser úteis na diferenciação entre a DP e as síndromes parkinsonianas atípicas ou entre a DP e o tremor essencial. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a acurácia da USTC combinada com o teste de olfação Sniffin\' Sticks (SST-16) para diferenciar pacientes com DP de controles saudáveis e comparar com a acurácia do SPECT com 99mTc- TRODAT-1 (TRODAT). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que incluiu pacientes com DP segundo critérios do United Kingdom Parkinson\'s disease Society e um grupo controle de indivíduos saudáveis pareados para idade e gênero. Os pacientes foram examinados por um especialista em distúrbios do movimento e submetidos a SPECT encefálico com TRODAT, USTC e SST-16. Curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) foram obtidas para definir os pontos de corte dos métodos avaliados para detecção de DP. RESULTADOS: Vinte indivíduos com DP (13 homens e 7 mulheres) e 9 participantes saudáveis foram admitidos no estudo. A idade mediana de início dos sintomas foi de 56,5 anos e a mediana do tempo de duração da doença foi de 5 anos. Maior área de ecogênica da substância negra (SN) foi observada no grupo com DP (p=0,013). Área ecogênica da SN de 0,22 cm2 foi definida pela curva ROC para detecção de DP, com acurácia de 79%. O ponto de corte do potencial de ligação do TRODAT no striatum foi 0,90, com acurácia de 99% para o diagnóstico de DP. Escore do SST-16 maior ou igual a 10 pontos foi o ponto de corte para detecção de DP, com acurácia de 85,8%. A combinação da USTC com teste da olfação levou à acurácia de 95% para detecção de DP. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação da USTC com SST-16 eleva a capacidade de ! detecção da DP. A acurácia da USTC combinada ao SST-16 para identificar pacientes com DP idiopática aproximou-se da acurácia do SPECT com TRODAT / INTRODUCTION: Diagnosing Parkinson\'s disease (PD) can be challenging, especially in the early stages of the disease. An accurate diagnosis requires more than clinical findings alone. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and transcranial sonography (TCS) are helpful for diagnosing PD and differentiating it from atypical parkinsonian syndromes as well as essential tremor. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of TCS combined with the Sniffin\' sticks olfactory test (SST-16) for differentiation between idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls compared to that of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT (TRODAT). METHODS: A cross-sectional study included PD patients diagnosed in accordance with United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank criteria and a control group of age and sex-matched healthy subjects. All patients were examined by a movement disorder specialist and underwent brain SPECT using TRODAT, TCS examination and SST-16 test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate cut-off points for TCS, Striatal TRODAT binding potentials and SST-16. The area under the ROC curve determined the accuracy of the method. RESULTS: Twenty patients with PD (13 males and 7 females) and nine healthy subjects were included. Median age of PD onset was 56.5 years with median disease duration of 5 years. A larger substantia nigra (SN) echogenic area was observed in the PD group (p=0.013). SN echogenic area cut-off point of 0.22 cm2 was obtained from a ROC curve for PD diagnosis. Considering this cut-off point, TCS accuracy was estimated at 79.2% for PD diagnosis. The cut-off value of 0.90 for striatal TRODAT binding was associated with 99% accuracy for the diagnosis of PD. SST-16 values equal or greater than 10 points showed a 85.8% accuracy for PD diagnosis. Combination of both SST-16 and TCS improved the accuracy to 95% for PD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Combined assessment of SST-16 and TCS are reliable and highly accurate for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. The accuracy of TCS combined with SST-16 for differentiation between idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls is similar to that of SPECT TRODAT

This paper explores the contemporary reader´s fascination with the Victorian period focusing on Michel Faber´s neo-Victorian novel The Crimson Petal and the White (2002). By comparing and contrasting various literary elements that link the Victorian novel to contemporary neo-Victorian fiction it simultaneously shows the similarities and differences between the nineteenth-century Victorian sensorium and that of the present day. It puts particular emphasis on the sensory perceptions of vision and smell, since those two senses are the most prominent ones in Victorian and neo-Victorian fiction and they are also regarded as extremes on the sensory scale. The nineteenth-century urban hygiene campaign transformed, in particular, the perception of olfaction. This study concludes that our contemporary society bears many similarities to the Victorian period as a society of great change. The renewed interest in the Victorian signifies the twenty-first century reader´s desire for an idealized world set in another time, which yet appears familiar and recognizable. Neo-Victorian fiction thus functions as a means of knowing both your heritage and finding your own place in the present day. The sensory perception of foremost smell is part of our cultural heritage and thus the neo-Victorian novel mirrors the deo-Victorian concept.

During the process of aging, the human mental and physical abilities decline. Olfactory abilities are not an exception. A significant decrease of olfactory capabilities in patients with Parkinson's disease was firstly observed a few decades ago. After the discovery of the relationship between olfactory abilities and cognitive abilities in patients with neurodegenerative disease, the same relationship was also found in healthy aging people. It seems that the factors causing the decline of cognition foremost affect the olfactory functions. A number of studies suggests, that this could lead to a possibility of prediction of the future cognitive decline through the assessment of olfactory decline. Our research followed the results of these studies as a part of the NANOK study. Testing of the smell abilities was done in 2014 and 2015. Participants were screened with the Sniffin 'Sticks. Cognitive functions were tested with an extensive battery of cognitive tests. The processiong of data was divided into two parts. In the first part we tested the olfactory identification and discrimination relationship with the general cognitive abilities and the level of the executive functions. In the second part we tested the possibility of prediction of cognitive functions using the smell identification and discrimination...

Introduction : La suralimentation, le manque d’exercice et la sédentarité représentent des causes modifiables et importantes dans le développement de l’obésité et des troubles de santé qui y sont associés. Il est connu qu’en plus d’avoir des effets bénéfiques pour le métabolisme, l’exercice permet d’augmenter la dépense énergétique et aide au maintien de la balance énergétique. Des études récentes ont révélé que l’exercice pourrait également causer une diminution de l’ingestion calorique, ce qui mènerait à un meilleur contrôle de la balance énergétique et pourrait avoir des effets bénéfiques pour la santé et ce, même lorsque pratiqué à faible intensité. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’explorer les effets de paramètres de l’exercice sous-étudiés en contrôle pondéral en 1) documentant l’impact de tâches de faible à très faible intensité (i.e. postes de travail actifs) chez les personnes en surplus pondéral et sur l’ingestion alimentaire et 2) en déterminant comment les facteurs chimiosensoriels liés au contrôle de l’appétit sont affectés par la pratique d’exercice par rapport au repos et en réponse à divers positionnements de la séance d’exercice dans le temps (timing). Méthodes et résultats : Pour répondre au premier objectif de recherche, une revue systématique a été effectuée afin de documenter l’impact de l’usage des postes de travail actifs chez les personnes en surplus pondéral (article 1). Dix-neuf études ont été inclues, dont 12 portant sur les postes de travail debout, 9 sur les postes avec tapis-roulant, 3 sur les postes avec ergocycle et un sur un poste avec marcheur. Les résultats indiquent que ces postes de travail sont efficaces pour l’augmentation de la dépense énergétique et la réduction de la sédentarité au travail. Une étude expérimentale a été menée afin de déterminer quel est l’impact d’un poste de travail debout, comparé à un poste conventionnel assis, sur l’ingestion alimentaire. Trente-six hommes et femmes ont été assignés de façon randomisée à un poste de travail debout ou un poste assis (article 2). Ils ont pris part à des tâches cognitives pendant environ 1 h 30 min sur le poste de travail attitré et une collation ad libitum leur était ensuite servie. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’y a pas de différence significative dans l’ingestion alimentaire entre les participants qui ont pris part à la condition assise (427,8 ± 301,8 kcal) et ceux qui étaient debout (461,2 ± 272,8 kcal; p = 0,472). Pour répondre au second objectif, nous avons tout d’abord observé quel était l’effet de l’exercice de haute intensité sur les perceptions chimiosensorielles liées à l’ingestion alimentaire (article 3). Quatorze hommes ont pris part à deux visites dans un ordre aléatoire consistant en A) une longue pause sédentaire et B) une courte pause sédentaire suivie d’une séance d’exercice (course à pied à 70 % du VO2 max). À leur arrivée (8 : 30), ainsi qu’immédiatement avant le diner (11:40), ils étaient soumis à des tests olfactifs et gustatifs. Puis, un buffet ad libitum leur était servi à midi. Les résultats n’ont révélé aucune différence significative dans l’ingestion alimentaire entre la condition sédentaire et la condition exercice (p=0,888). Ces résultats concordent avec l’absence de différence dans les perceptions olfactives et gustatives entre les conditions (tous les p >0,05). Le concept de timing est relativement nouveau au domaine de l’activité physique et plus particulièrement pour le contrôle de la balance énergétique. L’objectif du dernier projet (article 4) était d’observer si le positionnement de l’exercice dans le temps représente un paramètre d’intérêt pouvant optimiser l’effet coupe-faim via les perceptions chimiosensorielles. Dans un protocole similaire à l’article 3, douze hommes ont été soumis à deux conditions dans un ordre aléatoire : A) une séance d’exercice (30 min à 70% du VO2 max) suivie d’une pause sédentaire (90 minutes) ou B) la pause sédentaire suivie de la séance d’exercice. Ils prenaient part à des tests olfactifs et gustatifs à leur arrivée ainsi qu’avant le diner ad libitum. Les résultats indiquent que le positionnement de la séance d’exercice n’a eu aucun impact sur les perceptions olfactives (tous les p >0,05) et gustatives (tous les p >0,05), ainsi que sur l’ingestion alimentaire totale (p=0,459). Conclusion : Nos travaux sont les premiers à montrer qu’en situation aigüe l’utilisation d’un poste de travail debout n’augmente pas la consommation alimentaire lors d’un repas subséquent. De plus, l’exercice d’intensité élevée n’a pas suscité de compensation alimentaire au repas subséquent, et ce peu importe le positionnement de la séance. Par ailleurs, contrairement aux hypothèses émises, l’exercice seul ou le positionnement de la séance n’ont pas modifié les perceptions olfactives et gustatives. / Introduction: Overeating, sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity are modifiable and important causes in the development of obesity and related health disorders. It is known that in addition to having beneficial effects on metabolism, exercise increases energy expenditure and helps to maintain the energy balance. Recent studies have shown that exercise may also cause a decrease in caloric intake, leading to better control of the energy balance and may have beneficial health effects, even when practised at low intensity. The objectives of this thesis are to explore the effects of under-studied exercise parameters in weight control by 1) documenting the impact of low to very low intensity tasks (i.e., active workstations) in individuals with excess body weight and on food intake and 2) determining how chemosensory factors related to appetite control are affected by exercise practice relative to rest and in response to various timings of the exercise session. Methods and results: To address the first research objective, a systematic review was conducted to document the impact of the use of active workstations in individuals with excess body weight (article 1). Nineteen studies were included, of which 12 involved standing workstations, 9 involved treadmill workstations, 3 involved a cycle device, and one involved a stepping device. The results indicate that these workstations are effective in increasing work-hour energy expenditure and reducing sedentary behaviour. An experimental study was conducted to determine the impact of a standing workstation, compared to a conventional sitting workstation, on dietary intake. Thirty-six men and women were randomly assigned to a standing or seated workstation (article 2). They took part in cognitive tasks for about 1h30min on the assigned workstation and were then served an ad libitum snack. The results of the study indicate that there is no significant difference in dietary intake between participants who took part in the sitting condition (427.8 ± 301.8 kcal) and those who were standing (461.2 ± 272.8 kcal; p=0.472). To meet the second objective, we first observed the effect of high-intensity exercise on chemosensory perceptions related to food intake (article 3). Fourteen men took part in random order in two visits consisting of A) a long sedentary break and B) a short sedentary break followed by an exercise session (running at 70% of VO2 max). Upon arrival (8:30), as well as immediately before dinner (11:40), they were subjected to olfactory and taste tests. Then, an ad libitum buffet was served to them at noon. The results showed no significant difference in dietary intake between sedentary and exercise conditions (p=0.888). These results are consistent with the lack of difference in olfactory and gustatory perceptions between conditions (all p >0.05). The concept of timing is relatively new to the field of physical activity and more particularly to the control of the energy balance. The objective of the last project (article 4) was to observe whether the timing of exercise represents a parameter of interest that can optimize the appetite-suppressing effect via chemosensory perceptions. In a protocol similar to article 3, twelve men were subjected in random order to two conditions: A) an exercise session (30 min at 70% of VO2 max) followed by a sedentary break (90 minutes) or B) the sedentary break followed by the exercise session. They took part in olfactory and taste tests upon arrival (8:30 AM) and before the ad libitum dinner (11:40 AM). The results indicate that the timing of the exercise had no impact on olfactory (all p >0.05) and gustatory (all p >0.05) perceptions, or total dietary intake (p=0.459). Conclusion: In conclusion, our work is the first to show that in acute situations the use of a standing workstation does not increase food consumption during a subsequent meal. Moreover, the high-intensity exercise did not result in acute food compensation at the subsequent meal, regardless of the timing of the session. Contrary to the hypotheses put forward, the exercise alone or the timing of the session did not modify olfactory and gustatory perceptions.

In this thesis I explore sunscreen use-practices, imaginaries, and material flows. I aim to understand how young people in the globally-immersed UK use sunscreens and how they makesense of them. Specifically, I follow Donna Haraway’s practice of implosion, employing theconcepts of care and toxicity to explore how sunscreens are employed to protect particularbodily ideals, aspects of embodied subjectivities and material-discursive boundaries. In following these various forms of protection, I ask what normative discourses, ecologies andbodies are, in turn, made vulnerable. The main corpus of my study comes from interviewconversations with eight people. Their stories highlight how sunscreens mediate understandings of skin, places, bodies, and social relations. I analyse sunscreen advertising from 1979to 2019 to investigate harmonies and conflicts between the cultural imaginaries curated bysunscreen companies and the stories which emerged from these interview conversations. Ialso put these materials into conversation with sunscreen discourses from the biological sciences, asking how these cultural works infuse sunscreen practices and material-semiotics.This thesis is an exploratory journey which encounters tanning, ageing, beauty, ‘race’,smells, places, intimacies, sun-burns, skin cancers, bodily boundaries, ‘Endocrine Disruptors’, toxic ecologies, and emplaced knowledges. It traverses disciplinary boundaries, following attitudes from the feminist and environmental post-humanities in bringing togetherapproaches, methods and theorising from many varied fields of scholarship usually locatedin the humanities, social sciences, and ‘natural’ sciences. As such, this thesis is a wide-ranging, thick description of how sunscreens are used in desires for protection and what is contingently and consequently made vulnerable.

The traditional assumption that perfumes are used only for masking of the body odour was doubted by the results of recent researches. In spite of the fact that the biological role of human body odour is very important, it is likely that perfumes are not in conflict with the body odour but there is mutual cooperation. Individuals could choose the scent which goes with their body odour instead of hiding it. In the theoretical part of this thesis I describe a dual inheritance theory, which is a basic concept for our research. We have been concerned with the interaction between biological effects of body odour and social effects of perfumes. Moreover, we have worked on the assumption that the body odour of relatives is similar. We have tested if people are better in their choice of the appropriate perfume for their relatives than for anyone else, in this case partners. Which perfume fits into which body odour was assessed by the independent evaluators of opposite sex because one of the main objectives of chemical signalling is to attract a potential partner. Surprisingly, the results of our research have shown that in the case of couples, the samples of the body odour and perfumes chosen by female partners were slightly better evaluated than the perfumes chosen by men themselves. Moreover, there were...

Understanding the mechanisms of memory is vital in making sense of the continuity of the self, our experience of time and of the relation between mind and body. The invertebrate Drosophila melanogaster offers us an opportunity to study and comprehend the overwhelming complexity of memory on a smaller scale. The work presented here investigates the neural circuitry in the fly brain required for olfactory memory processing. Our observation that Dorsal Paired Medial (DPM) neurons, which project only to mushroom body (MB) neurons, are required during memory storage but not for acquisition or retrieval, led us to revisit the role of MB neurons in memory processing. We show that neurotransmission from the α'β' subset of MB neurons is required to acquire and stabilize aversive and appetitive odor memory but is dispensable during memory retrieval. In contrast neurotransmission from MB αβ neurons is only required for memory retrieval. These data suggest a dynamic requirement for the different subsets of MB neurons in memory and are consistent with the notion that recurrent activity in a MB α'β' neuron-DPM neuron loop is required to consolidate memories formed in the MB αβ neurons. Furthermore, we show that a single two-minute training session pairing odor with an ethologically relevant sugar reinforcement forms long-term appetitive memory that lasts for days. This robust, stable LTM is protein-synthesis-, Creb- and radish-dependent and relies on the activity in the DPM neuron and mushroom body α'β' neuron circuit during the first hour after training and mushroom body αβ neuron output during retrieval. Lastly, experiments feeding and/or starving flies after training reveals a critical motivational drive that enables memory retrieval. Neural correlates of motivational states are poorly understood, but using our assay we found a neural mechanism that accounts for this motivation-state-dependence. We demonstrate a role for the Neuropeptide F (dNPF) circuitry, which led to the identification of six dopaminergic MB-MP neurons that innervate the mushroom bodies as being critical for appetitive memory performance. Directly blocking the MB-MP neurons releases memory performance in fed flies whereas stimulating them suppresses memory performance in hungry flies. These studies provide us with an enhanced knowledge of systems level memory processing in Drosophila.

[pt] A refatoração de código é uma transformação de código que visa aprimorar a estrutura interna do código. Uma refatoração isolada raramente é suficiente para remover completamente uma estrutura de código ruim, como uma anomalia de código. Os desenvolvedores então aplicam refatorações compostas para remover totalmente uma anomalia de código. Uma refatoração composta consiste em duas ou mais refatorações inter-relacionadas. Um refatoração composta é considerada completa quando elimina totalmente a anomalia de código alvo. Estudos relatam que os desenvolvedores geralmente falham em remover completamente as anomalias de código alvo por meio de refatorações compostas. Refatorações compostas concluídas podem não ser totalmente benéficas para a estrutura do código. Pois, estas podem induzir efeitos colaterais, como a introdução de anomalias de código ou a propagação de anomalias existentes. Há uma compreensão limitada sobre a completude das refatorações compostas e seus possíveis efeitos colaterais. Esta tese investiga como as refatorações compostas removem totalmente as anomalias de código sem induzir efeitos colaterais. Descobrimos que 64 por cento das refatorações compostas completas são formadas por tipos de refatoração não recomendados anteriormente. Dessa forma, derivamos um catálogo de recomendações para apoiar os desenvolvedores na aplicação de refatorações compostas. Na avaliação do catálogo, 85 por cento de 21 desenvolvedores relataram que usariam as recomendações do catálogo e que suas próprias soluções de refatoração teriam induzido efeitos colaterais. Também avaliamos qualitativamente três abordagens existentes para recomendar automaticamente refatorações compostas. Nesse estudo, a maioria (80 por cento) dos 10 desenvolvedores relatou que as abordagens existentes frequentemente induzem efeitos colaterais. No geral, as descobertas e o catálogo proposto podem ajudar os desenvolvedores a realizar refatorações compostas completas. / [en] Code refactoring is a code transformation that aims to enhance the internal code structure. A single refactoring is rarely sufficient to achieve the full removal of a poor code structure, such as a code smell. Developers then apply composite refactorings to fully remove a code smell. A composite refactoring (or, simply, composite) consists of two or more interrelated single refactorings. A composite is considered complete when it fully eliminates the target smell. However, studies report that developers often fail in completely removing target code smells through composites. Even when composite refactorings are complete they may still not be entirely beneficial to the code structure. They may induce side effects, such as the introduction of new smells or the propagation of existing ones. There is a limited understanding of the completeness of composite refactorings and their possible effects on structural quality. This thesis investigates whether and how composite refactorings fully remove smells without inducing side effects. We found that 64 per cent of complete composites in several software projects are formed of refactoring types not previously recommended in the literature. Based on this study, we derived a catalog of recommendations for supporting developers in applying composite refactorings. Out of twenty one developers evaluating our catalog, 85 per cent reported that they would use the catalog recommendations and that their own refactoring solutions would have induced side effects. We also qualitatively evaluated three existing approaches to automatically recommend composite refactorings. In our study with ten developers, most (80 per cent) developers reported that existing approaches frequently induce side effects. Overall, the findings and the proposed catalog can help developers to perform complete composite refactorings with better awareness of possible side effects.