O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o impacto da utilização instrumento das Operações Urbanas, como forma alternativa para captação de recursos pelo poder público através da atividade do setor imobiliário para implementar melhorias sociais e ambientais na cidade de São Paulo, em especial no que se refere a provisão habitacional às famílias diretamente atingidas pela Operação Urbana, através do estudo de caso da Operação Urbana Água Espraiada no período de 2001 a 2015. O trabalho pretende estudar elementos determinantes para a formação instrumento Operações Urbanas Consorciadas, até sua consolidação como instrumento de política nacional de desenvolvimento urbano no Estatuto da Cidade e quais os impactos gerados na cidade a partir de sua aplicação, com foco na implantação de habitação de interesse social. Para tanto, fazemos um pequeno histórico sobre a aplicação deste instrumento na cidade de São Paulo, enfocando especialmente a Operação Urbana Água Espraiada, destacando os principais momentos que marcaram sua trajetória, buscando explicitar os resultados alcançados pela provisão habitacional desta operação. Tais resultados são analisados em termos de eficiência na utilização de verbas públicas, eficácia no alcance das metas e cumprimento de prazos e efetividade da política pública no enfrentamento do problema habitacional. Apesar da alta qualidade arquitetônica dos poucos edifícios produzidos, os resultados apontam para um efeito pouco expressivo sobre o problema habitacional às margens do córrego Águas Espraiadas, que ao invés de diminuir, acabou aumentando ao longo do período de vigência da operação, além de remeter a necessidade de priorizar a aplicação dos recursos em obras que atendam o interesse público e de criação de mecanismos que garantam a permanência da população de baixa renda frente à valorização imobiliária da região. / The present study aims to analyze the impact of the implementation of the Urban Operation Consortium, as an alternative of fundraising by the Government through the construction sector activity to implement social and environmental improvements in São Paulo, particularly the effectiveness of housing provision to the families directly affected by the Urban Operation, through the case study of the Água Espraiada Urban Operation Consortium in the period between 2001-2015. The work intends to study the main elements of the Urban Operation Consortium, until its consolidation as an instrument of national policy of urban development in the City´s Statute, and what were the impacts generated in the city by its implementation, focusing on the construction of social housing. Having that in mind, we intend to recover some of the history of the application of this instrument in the city of São Paulo, focusing especially on the Água Espraiada Urban Operation highlighting its key moments, and the achievements of the social housing provision. These results were analyzed in terms of efficiency in the use of public funds, effectiveness in achieving the goals in time and effectiveness of public policy in facing the housing problem presented. Despite the high architectural quality of the buildings produced, the results point to a very little significant effect in solving the housing problem on the banks of the Água Espraiada stream, which actually increased instead of decreasing, throughout the duration of the urban operation. In addition, the results refer to the need to prioritize the application of resources in investments that attend to the public interest and to the creation of mechanisms to ensure the permanence of the low- income population against the real estate valuation in the region.

No âmbito da Arquitetura e Construção com terra, a produção de habitação social rural, nos últimos 30 anos, tem começado a se posicionar como uma solução contemporânea e viável ao problema da necessidade habitacional no mundo. O adobe, apesar de ser uma das técnicas e tecnologias mais antigas, tem sido pouco praticado no Brasil para a construção de obras novas, em contextos como o da habitação social rural. No entanto, dentre outras iniciativas destacam-se as do Grupo de Pesquisa em Habitação e Sustentabilidade HABIS, vinculado ao Instituto de Arquitetura da Universidade de São Paulo IAU-USP, o qual promoveu a implementação do adobe para a produção de três habitações em dois Assentamentos Rurais, ambos localizados no estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o processo construtivo em adobe de três habitações, sendo um no Assentamento Rural Pirituba II e dois construídos no Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju, buscando identificar condições possivelmente relacionadas à conservação de duas destas casas e ao colapso da outra. O trabalho se desenvolveu por meio da pesquisa ação e o estudo de múltiplos casos, tendo como principais resultados a definição de etapas, variáveis e características do processo construtivo dos três casos, a partir de: a) um estudo independente, encontrando razões que levaram ao colapso de uma casa e aspectos das etapas construtivas que possibilitaram às outras duas ficarem em pé, em função do Assentamento Rural de que fazem parte; b) um estudo grupal, encontrando, por meio da criação de uma ferramenta de categorização, semelhanças, diferenças, problemas e avanços das etapas construtivas das habitações estudadas; c) uma análise integral considerando os seguintes aspectos do processo construtivo das habitações estudadas: projeto geral no âmbito do qual foram desenvolvidos, atores, tradição construtiva e o meio natural e climático. Com o estudo desenvolvido foi possível realizar um breve panorama, sobretudo internacional, de 16 exemplos similares ao objeto empírico desta pesquisa. / The production of rural housing with earthen construction techniques, in the last 30 years, has represented a modern and viable solution to the problem of housing need in the world. The adobe, despite being one of the oldest earthen techniques, has been little used in Brazil for the construction of new houses, especially as rural social housing. However, among other initiatives, stands out the experience of the Research Group on Housing and Sustainability - HABIS, linked to the Institute of Architecture and Urbanism at the University of São Paulo (IAU-USP São Carlos), which promoted the implementation of adobe on the production of three houses in two rural settlements, both located in the state of São Paulo. This work aimed to investigate the construction process of these three adobe houses, one in the Rural Settlement Pirituba II and two built in Rural Settlement Sepé Tiaraju, and the conditions possibly related to the conservation of two houses and the collapse of another. The work was developed through the action research methodology and the study of multiple cases, and the main results was the definition of the steps, variables and characteristics of the construction process of the three cases, achieved from: a) an independent study, finding reasons that led to the collapse of a house and aspects of constructive steps that enabled the other two to be concluded, according to each Rural Settlement; b) a group of studies, which showed similarities, differences, problems and progress of the construction stages of the studied houses, through the creation of a tool for categorization; c) a comprehensive analysis considering the following aspects of the construction process of the studied houses: general project under which they were developed, actors, building tradition and the natural environment and climate. With this study it was also possible to conduct a brief overview, especially international, of 16 examples, similar to the empirical object of this research.

Essa dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo compreender o processo de produção de habitação popular, por meio da experiência do mutirão autogerido Vila União da Juta, considerando como aspectos elementares para esta pesquisa, a compreensão: do órgão financiador - a Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano do Estado de São Paulo (CDHU) -, do Programa Paulista de Mutirão (PPM) - modalidade a qual o objeto de estudo foi enquadrado - e do projeto de arquitetura e urbanismo implantado. A partir do estudo de caso, a pesquisa busca apreender as especificidades do conjunto habitacional União da Juta e dentro de um contexto mais amplo, contribuir para o debate acerca das políticas públicas habitacionais de interesse social, segundo o processo de produção. A pesquisa mostra-se relevante, tendo em vista o crescimento numérico de práticas de produção de mercado, baseada na iniciativa público-privada e a redução de práticas autogestionárias. / The purpose of this article is to understand the production process of popular housing, by experiences of the self-managed community joint Vila União da Juta, considering elementary aspects to this research, the understanding: the funding organization - the Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano do Estado de São Paulo (CDHU), of the Programa Paulista de Mutirão (PPM), modality where the object of study was categorized - and of the actual architecture and urbanism project. By the study of case, the research look to learn about specifics of the housing União da Juta, and in a bigger context, to contribute to debate about housing public politics of social interest, according the production process. The research show itself relevant, due to numeric growing of the market production practices, based on the public-private initiative and reduction of self-managed practices and growing of market production, based on the public-private initiative.

<p>In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.</p>

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In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.

This thesis analyzes the impact of the political decision to broaden the scope of the Government of Canada's 3-year National Homelessness Initiative (Human Resource Development Canada, NHI, 2002) from an urban focus to one that includes smaller communities. This change provided the opportunity to study the phenomenon of homelessness and how rural responses are formed. This author postulates that this focus of attention on an almost invisible phenomenon—rural homelessness—and the accompanying community planning processes funded by the Supportive Community Partnership Initiative (SCPI) will impact local social policy development. A multi-dimensional analytical approach was adopted and considered three components: first, a policy review, a broad look at the policy agenda framework in Canada; then, a case study to illustrate implementation issues related to the National Homelessness Initiative; and, finally, a reflection on current practice in order to realize a holistic critique of public policy. The influence of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors on local planning and capacity building will be highlighted. Various models of governance were adopted across the country and guided the collaborative processes. This thesis presents an in-depth look at the community action plans and activities of the Simcoe County Alliance to End Homelessness (SCATEH) in both the rural and urban settings of Simcoe County. The processes adopted, capacity building components identified, and outcomes over the 7 years covered by the SCPI agreement are examined. The limitations of using participatory local action planning to respond to complex issues such as homelessness are detailed along with a modified community-based policy development model recommended as a learning tool to be used by those volunteers acting as agents of change. It is widely recognized that safe, affordable social housing is a fundamental need, and one that is extremely difficult to meet. The contribution this research makes is to reveal how effective government-community partnerships can be in a rural setting.

This thesis analyzes the impact of the political decision to broaden the scope of the Government of Canada's 3-year National Homelessness Initiative (Human Resource Development Canada, NHI, 2002) from an urban focus to one that includes smaller communities. This change provided the opportunity to study the phenomenon of homelessness and how rural responses are formed. This author postulates that this focus of attention on an almost invisible phenomenon—rural homelessness—and the accompanying community planning processes funded by the Supportive Community Partnership Initiative (SCPI) will impact local social policy development. A multi-dimensional analytical approach was adopted and considered three components: first, a policy review, a broad look at the policy agenda framework in Canada; then, a case study to illustrate implementation issues related to the National Homelessness Initiative; and, finally, a reflection on current practice in order to realize a holistic critique of public policy. The influence of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors on local planning and capacity building will be highlighted. Various models of governance were adopted across the country and guided the collaborative processes. This thesis presents an in-depth look at the community action plans and activities of the Simcoe County Alliance to End Homelessness (SCATEH) in both the rural and urban settings of Simcoe County. The processes adopted, capacity building components identified, and outcomes over the 7 years covered by the SCPI agreement are examined. The limitations of using participatory local action planning to respond to complex issues such as homelessness are detailed along with a modified community-based policy development model recommended as a learning tool to be used by those volunteers acting as agents of change. It is widely recognized that safe, affordable social housing is a fundamental need, and one that is extremely difficult to meet. The contribution this research makes is to reveal how effective government-community partnerships can be in a rural setting.

This thesis focuses on the architectural production of Red Vienna in 1920s to examine the bourgeois conception of social housing program in a governmental socialist understanding of housing. Having a structural transformation through the First World War, Vienna became the enclave of Socialist Democrat Party and thereafter underwent radical housing and cultural transformative programs. Within these programs, it was intended to give the working-class the accurate social position by means of provided accessibility to their own private and public spheres. Among a wide range of housing examples built during the governance of the party, Karl Marx Hof, one of the largest projects, has been chosen to examine the reflections of bourgeois conception of culture. Based on the contradictory discourse and practices in political, architectural and cultural realms, the aim of the research is to redefine the privacy of the dwellings and the public qualities of the common spaces and thereafter to situate the proletarian housing in relation to bourgeois spatial values within the history of domestic space in Vienna.

L’immigration dans les grandes métropoles comme Montréal est un phénomène qui prend de l’ampleur, ces dernières années. Or, si les ménages immigrants récents constituent un apport positif important dans la croissance démographique, sociale, culturelle et économique de notre société, l’amélioration de leur situation socioéconomique et des conditions des logements qu’ils occupent ne semble pas être la priorité des politiques d’habitation des pouvoirs publics. Malgré l’abondance des données statistiques sur l’immigration, il s’avère que l’on connaît peu sur les conditions de logement de ce type de ménages et de la qualité des aides publiques en matière de logements sociaux qui leur sont destinées. Notre recherche, par une méthode quantitative et une technique d’analyse statistique, a mené une recherche empirique sur la population de l’agglomération de Montréal, spécialement celle de Côte-des-Neiges, pour analyser la situation socioéconomique des ménages immigrants récents et leurs conditions de logement. Ceci pour connaître si les ménages immigrants récents ont un niveau socioéconomique inférieur à la moyenne des ménages de l’agglomération, pour constituer les ménages les plus démunis, et si leurs conditions de logement sont défavorables par rapport à celles de la moyenne des ménages de l’agglomération et ainsi figurent parmi les plus mal-logés. Dans un deuxième temps, notre recherche, par une méthode graphique et une technique de cartographie, a voulu illustrer puis comprendre la logique d’implantation des logements développés par l’opération 5000/15000 logements sociaux communautaires. Comprendre cette logique dans sa prise en considération du choix de logement initial des ménages immigrants récents et dans l’uniformité de la répartition de ses logements sur le territoire de l’agglomération de Montréal. / Immigration in big cities like Montreal is a phenomenon which is growing in recent years. However, if households recent immigrants are an important positive contribution in the population growth, social, cultural and economic development of our society, improving their socioeconomic situation and conditions of housing they occupy, do not seem to be the priority housing policies of the government. Despite abundance of statistical data on immigration, it turns out that we know little about the housing conditions of such households and Quality of public support for their social housing are intended. Our research, by a quantitative method and analysis technique Statistics conducted empirical research on population Greater Montreal, especially that of Côte-des-Neiges, for analyze the socioeconomic situation of households and recent immigrants their housing conditions. This to know if households Recent immigrants have a lower socioeconomic level than the average of households in the city, to constitute the poorest households poor, and if their housing conditions are unfavorable report to those of average households in the city and so are among the most poorly housed. In our search for a second time, by a graphical method and mapping technique, we want to illustrate and then understand the logic implementation of housing, developed by the operation 5000/15000 housing community. Understanding this logic in its decision considering the initial choice of accommodation of households recent immigrants and in its uniformity of distribution of its units on the agglomeration of Montreal. / Les cartes sur ce document ont été toutes conçues par l'auteur avec la logiciel ARCGIS version 9.3.