Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Diego Lopes Correa.pdf: 3293880 bytes, checksum: 55105013648e8f37ebb58a88ceff5547 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-16 / O notório crescimento da violência praticada por jovens de classe média, exposto pelos meios de comunicação, contradiz-se com a exigüidade de estudos acadêmicos voltados a esse segmento. As análises centram-se preponderantemente nos territórios da pobreza. Este trabalho realiza uma análise da violência através do significado que jovens de classe média, autores de ato infracional, imprimem ao fenômeno. A ampliação do entendimento da violência remete-se à análise de suas verdadeiras raízes, ancoradas na sociedade capitalista e nas transformações politicoeconômicas e socioculturais decorrentes da globalização que gestam uma nova forma de sociabilidade pautada no individualismo e no esvaziamento da alteridade. Através de uma abordagem qualitativa que utiliza como técnica de análise dos dados a análise de conteúdo de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, a pesquisa empírica foi realizada com sete jovens de classe média, entre 16 e 21 anos, que cumpriram medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto (Liberdade Assistida e Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade) junto à Vara de Infância e Juventude de Vitória ES. A análise dos conteúdos colhidos foi realizada no interior de quatro eixos temáticos: juventude; família; estudo, trabalho, projeto para o futuro e violência, sendo que, na complementaridade entre os temas, buscouse extrair as mediações presentes iluminadoras do significado da violência. Ao estudarmos a violência, enquanto expressão objetiva e subjetiva, não só protagonizada por jovens das classes populares, mas também por jovens de classes sociais favorecidas, percebemos características de sua condição juvenil que os unifica e os expõe aos conflitos históricos surgidos na sociedade contemporânea. De outra parte, o estudo demonstra que a condição de classe do jovem repercute enfática e distintamente no desenho de seu lugar social. Diante do encolhimento do público, a privatização das soluções pela família, no interior de recursos e capacidades díspares, definirá e consolidará sua trajetória

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Among academic and social groups the questions about territory has be coming each more effective. This reflects the interesting of society by the subject, as result the growing and competitive global integration of places and regions. By this way, this search try to revel the changes occurred at the oil region, which began since the implantation of PETROBRAS at 1963. The environmental approach made itself necessary because it is the stage for metamorphic actions. These metamorphic actions direct the social-economical questions, from witch one is done an investigation about demographics and life quality conditions, where by a side had an intense process oil extract extraction, immediately provoking a new direction to agriculture, giving space to. This way, the great soil quality and the clime with a regular at its irregularity, despite of the annual concentration, favorable to gender production, haven t became an important question at the regional economy. The region municipalities, at most, show an agricultural vocation to product sugar cane. Had a generalized grown of the income, the population past to receive better salaries, had also a considerable enlargement of services and IDHM. The royalties allowed advances on services of: energy, supply and treatment water and sanitation. The oil region, for this way, is indicated by PETROBRAS insertion as a builder and agent of new territories. / As questões sobre território vêm se constituindo cada vez mais em estudos norteadores nos meios acadêmicos e sociais. Desta forma isto reflete o interesse da sociedade como um todo pela temática, como resultado da crescente e competitiva integração global dos lugares e regiões. Deste modo, este trabalho busca descortinar as mudanças ocorridas na região do petróleo, que ocorreram a partir da implantação da PETROBRÁS em 1963. A abordagem ambiental se fez necessária por ser palco das ações metamórficas. Essas metamorfoses norteiam as questões sócio-econômicas, a qual se faz uma análise das condições demográficas e de qualidade de vida, em que por um lado houve um intenso processo de extrativismo do petróleo, provocando de imediato uma nova orientação da agricultura, cedendo lugar a pastos destinados à pecuária. Dessa forma, a boa qualidade de solos e o clima com a pluviometria regular em sua irregularidade, apesar da concentração anual, favorável à produção de gêneros alimentícios, não se constitui questão preponderante na economia regional. Os municípios da região, em sua maioria, apresentam uma vocação agrícola para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. Houve um aumento generalizado da renda, a população passou a receber melhores salários, aumento considerável nos bens de consumo e de serviços e crescimento do IDHM. Os royalties favoreceram melhorias nos serviços de energia, pavimentação, abastecimento e tratamento de água e saneamento. A Região do Petróleo, desse modo, é marcada pela inserção da PETROBRAS como agente modelador e construtor de novos territórios.

History has proved that too much power, in any form, is detrimental to the greater good of the society concerned. People at the hands of the power-hungry face discrimination and are often subjected to extreme violence and abuse. Society has undergone several changes and progressions through time, including economic, political and social changes. One thing that has remained unchanged however, is man‟s power over woman. Patriarchal power is present in all sectors and scenarios of society, from the home to the international legal system. My study focuses on the notion that an abundance of power leads to fear, violence and total disarray at the micro and macro levels of society. I argue that the essential problem in the relationship between man and woman is not a man‟s abuse of power, but rather that he has too much power in the first place. A culture of entitlement breeds among men, enabling them to treat women as inferior, sub-human objects. Definitions of male and female prove to be concreted into specific roles and gendered identities within the home and the greater society. People fall automatically into these roles, blindly and unquestioningly. It is for this reason that I maintain all members of society ensure the survival of patriarchy – even if they do so unconsciously. While the difference in the understanding of rape and sexual intercourse should be stark, it is blurred because they are defined according to male terms. Man‟s entitlement allows him to think it his right to take sex from a woman, even if she does not offer it willingly. Culture and tradition serve as major obstacles in any possibility of society‟s progression. Culture has proved such an undisputed order in society that it even trumps the international legal system of human rights. Culture justifies, or at least trivialises, the abuse of women. The social stigmatisation of sexual abuse silences women, providing further endorsement for men to continue asserting their power. A woman‟s life, as determined by male hierarchy, gender bias, culture and social stigmas, is therefore fated. It is with this in mind that I strongly question the progression of society into a true form of liberality and equality. In order for society to attain such a transcended state, it will have to disregard everything that it knows and deconstruct everything that has defined it up to that point. Until this is achieved, women will continue to live their lives in fear of the silent weapon in war and peace. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Dans tous les continents et en particulier dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, les organisations paysannes ont toujours été au centre des politiques de développement de l'agriculture. Nombreuses et diversifiées, les organisations paysannes du Cameroun font l'objet d'une attention particulière de la part des pouvoirs publics qui depuis près de quatre décennies mettent en place des programmes de développement dont l'objectif principal est d'appuyer la professionnalisation de l'agriculture, à travers une structuration organisée du milieu rural. Le présent travail de recherche analyse le rôle des organisations paysannes dans la professionnalisation de l'agriculture. Il aborde et clarifie les notions de professionnalisation de l'agriculture et d'organisations paysannes à travers une approche sociologique et met en évidence la logique des programmes dits de professionnalisation, de même que les dynamiques d'organisation de producteurs agricoles qui évoluent au Cameroun. L'étude s'appuie sur des données d'observation des dynamiques d'organisations paysannes au Cameroun de 1994 à 2012 ainsi que du suivi des initiatives des projets d'appui aux organisations paysannes et aux filières agricoles. Les données collectées portent également sur une enquête réalisée auprès de 70 organisations paysannes dans les régions de l'Ouest, du Nord-ouest, du Sud-ouest, du Littoral et du Sud du Cameroun. Ces enquêtes ont permis de réaliser des entretiens de groupe avec environ 350 paysans issus d'organisations paysannes, et en particulier d'avoir des discussions plus approfondies avec 20 responsables d'organisations paysannes sur leur parcours et la nature de leur leadership. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, il a pu être établi que la professionnalisation de l'agriculture s'inscrit dans la logique des nouvelles offres « d'innovation » proposées par les partenaires du développement, avec pour objectif de contribuer au développement d'une agriculture plus performante dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne." [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèse. / In all continents and especially in the sub Saharan countries, farmers organizations have always been at the center of development policies in agriculture. These farmers' organizations in Cameroon though many in number and diversified, are subject to particular attention by public authorities, who close to four decades today are putting in place development programs with main objective, being the support to professionalization of agriculture through the organization and the structuring of the rural milieu. This research analyses the role of farmers' organizations in the professionalization of agriculture. It treats and clarifies the notion of agricultural professionalization and farmer organizations using a sociological approach and put into evidence the logic of programs with focus on professionalization. It also treats the dynamics of farmer organizations in agriculture in Cameroon. The study is based on data from the observation of farmer's organizations dynamics in Cameroon from the year 1994 to 2012, and also, the follow up of initiatives of support projects to farmer organizations and the agriculture sub-sectors. Data collected is also from a survey carried out in 70 farmer organizations in the West, North West, South West, Littoral and South regions of Cameroon. These surveys permitted group discussions with about 350 farmers from different farmer organizations, and enabled particularly more elaborate discussions with 20 leaders of farmer's organizations on their experience and nature of leadership. On the basis of results obtained, it was established that the professionalization of agriculture is inscribed in the new logic of the supply of innovations proposed by development partners, with the aim of contributing to a more competitive agriculture sector in sub Saharan Africa." Last and final summary in the thesis.

Esta tese trata de compreender as relações entre as mudanças sociais e os impactos destas no trabalho dos professores de Educação Física nas escolas. Representa o desdobramento da dissertação de mestrado concluída em 2001 que tratava da construção do trabalho docente dos professores de Educação Física na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre (RMEPOA). Nessa ocasião, foi realizado um estudo etnográfico com professores desta rede, procurando compreender, na sua perspectiva, como estes construíam seu trabalho docente e como articulavam suas ações frente às singularidades do projeto político-administrativo-pedagógico das escolas municipais. O surgimento de novas demandas ao trabalho docente e a necessidade de reconhecer no processo formativo do professor, o valor das trajetórias pessoal e profissional, levaram-me a formular o seguinte problema de pesquisa: na perspectiva dos professores de Educação Física, que mudanças sociais influenciam o seu trabalho docente na escola e como eles experimentam estas mudanças, produzindo respostas e enfrentamentos as demandas sociais, culturais e educacionais da comunidade escolar em que atuam? Para responder a essa questão, nas decisões metodológicas recorri às histórias de vida profissionais de seis docentes de Educação Física. Busquei construir com esses professores, compreensões e relações entre suas trajetórias pessoais e profissionais e o processo de mudanças sociais que temos vivido, a saber: as novas configurações familiares, o lugar do trabalho no mundo contemporâneo, os efeitos da globalização cultural nas atitudes e relações dos sujeitos na experiência vivida e as reestruturações pedagógicas ocorridas na RMEPOA. O trabalho de campo foi realizado de maio de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009 e a partir da análise das informações, foi possível compreender que os papéis desempenhados pelas novas configurações familiares é um elemento recorrente nas narrativas docentes e que imputam novos significados ao seu trabalho. Também é importante destacar a perplexidade com que os professores descrevem e enfrentam os “muitos mundos” presentes no cotidiano escolar, se referindo as inúmeras possibilidades que os estudantes manifestam em suas origens, experiências, desejos e socializações. Tal diversidade e complexidade são narradas nas histórias de vida dos professores colaboradores com diferentes sentidos: a) por vezes, com ceticismo e desencanto; b) como um desafio mobilizador; c) com serenidade e realismo. Esses elementos constituíram os eixos de análise que conduziram a discussão das narrativas em busca de compreensões para o problema de pesquisa. Longe de estabelecer normativas regulatórias ou um ato de vouyerismo frente às narrativas docentes, a pesquisa com histórias de vida revela-se como uma potencialidade para atuar no binômio investigação/formação, permitindo aos professores colaboradores e pesquisador uma ressignificação da vida vivida nas escolas. / This thesis deals with understanding the relationships between the social changes and their impacts in Physical Education teachers at schools. This work represents the amplification of my Master Final Paper, which was finished in 2001 and whose subject was the construction of Physical Education instructors’ teaching work from municipal teaching system in Porto Alegre. In that occasion, an ethnographical research with teachers from this kind of teaching was made, trying to understand on its perspective how they built their teaching work and how they dealt with their actions, facing the singularities of the pedagogical administrative political project of the municipal public schools. The arising of new demand for teaching work and the need for identifying in the teachers’ formative process the importance of personal and professional trajectories made me formulate the following researching point, considering the Physical Education teachers’ perspective: what are the social changes that influence their teaching practice at school and how do they experience these changes, answering and facing the school community’s educational, cultural and social demands, for which they are working? In order to answer theses questions, considering my methodological procedure, I analyzed six Physical Education teachers’ life histories. I tried to build with theses professionals the understandings and relationships between their professional and personal trajectories and the process of social changes in that we have been living, that is: the new familiar configurations, the position of the work in the contemporary world, the cultural globalization effects in people’s attitudes and relationship in their life experience and the pedagogical restructure occurred in municipal teaching system in Porto Alegre. The field research was fulfilled from May 2008 to February 2009 and the following conclusions were possible to be reached after the analysis of the information: the roles that were plaid by new familiar configurations are a common element in the teachers’ reports and these roles impute new meanings in their practice. It’s also important to point out how perplexed the teachers describe and face the “different worlds” presented in the school routine, they refer to uncountable possibilities that students express their origins, experiences, wishes and socialization. / Esta Tesis busca la comprensión de la relación entre el cambio social y los impactos del labor de los profesores de educación física en las escuelas. Representa el desarrollo de la tesis de maestría finalizada en 2001 que supuso la construcción de la enseñanza de los profesores de Educación Física en la Red Municipal de Educación de Porto Alegre (RMEPOA). En ese momento, fue un estudio etnográfico con los profesores de la red, tratando de comprender, en su opinión, como construyeron su enseñanza y la forma de articular sus acciones frente a las características del proyecto político-administrativa de la enseñanza de las escuelas municipales. La aparición de nuevas demandas de la enseñanza y la necesidad de reconocer el proceso de formación del profesorado, el valor de los caminos personales y profesionales me han llevado a formular el siguiente problema de investigación: en la perspectiva de los profesores de educación física, que cambios sociales influyen en la suya enseñanza en la escuela y como es la experiencia que tienen de estos cambios, con la producción de respuestas enfrentamientos y las demandas sociales, culturales y comunidad educativa escolar en el que trabajan? Para responder a esta pregunta, las decisiones metodológicas se basan en las historias de vida profesional de seis profesores de Educación Física. Trato de construir con estos profesores, la comprensión y las relaciones entre sus trayectorias personales y profesionales y el proceso de cambio social que hemos experimentado, a saber: las nuevas configuraciones de la familia, el lugar de trabajo en el mundo contemporáneo, los efectos de la globalización sobre las actitudes culturales y las relaciones de sujeto a la experiencia y de reestructuración de la enseñanza se producen en RMEPOA. El trabajo de campo se realizó a partir de mayo de 2008 a febrero de 2009 y del análisis de la información, es posible entender que el papel desempeñado por las nuevas configuraciones de la familia es un elemento recurrente en las descripciones y que los profesores atribuyen nuevos significados a su trabajo. También es importante destacar la perplejidad con que los maestros y hacer frente a describir la "muchos mundos" en la escuela diario, al referirse a las numerosas posibilidades que los estudiantes expresen en sus orígenes, experiencias, deseos y socializaciones. Esta diversidad y la complejidad se narran en las historias de vida de los profesores colaboradores con diferentes formas: a) a veces, con el escepticismo y el desencanto, b) como un reto de movilización y, c), de forma objetiva y realista. Estos fueron los principales elementos de análisis que llevaron a la discusión de las descripciones en la búsqueda de entendimiento para el problema de la investigación. Lejos de establecer las normas reglamentarias o un acto de vouyerismo narrativa delante de los profesores, la investigación con historias de vida se revela como un potencial para actuar en el binomio investigación y formación, lo que permite los maestros y el personal investigador resignificación una vida vivida en las escuelas.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Purpose: The purpose is to try to map todays research in the subject field, structure the problems dealt with and compile the empirical results obtained. In expectation of creating new moods of thought, approaches and ideas.</p><p>Method: Secondary analyses on relevante literature</p><p>Main results: The usage of Internet will continue to increase, new habits will develop, the Internet will develop more and more to a hobby, the usage of Internet functions will increase.</p><p>Keywords: Youth, Internet usage, Social changes, Everyday life, New styles of communications, New habits and experiences.</p>

Abstract Purpose: The purpose is to try to map todays research in the subject field, structure the problems dealt with and compile the empirical results obtained. In expectation of creating new moods of thought, approaches and ideas. Method: Secondary analyses on relevante literature Main results: The usage of Internet will continue to increase, new habits will develop, the Internet will develop more and more to a hobby, the usage of Internet functions will increase. Keywords: Youth, Internet usage, Social changes, Everyday life, New styles of communications, New habits and experiences.

Mental Violence in present study is similar to a western concept, bullying. But is has its characteristics, forms and causes in Chinese workplace. It is a form of indirect interpersonal aggression and identified through the perceptions of its receivers. It does not involving touching receivers physically but is psychologically damaging. It exists between individuals of equal status, such as colleagues. Moreover, it is a two-way phenomenon, which could be reversible. Mental Violence may be the result of a conflict of values. It is particularly evident among the Chinese New Educated Youth. Chinese New Educated Youth is that cohort of young people who were partly Confucian and Collectivistic for emphasizing harmony but also partly Individualistic and Westernized for pursuing personal goals. For this cohort, the above two orientations were incompatible and dissonant leading to stress. Furthermore, they had a competitive lifestyle which was no longer supported by the welfare of a planned economy this exacerbates their stress. To relieve stress, Mental Violence was employed in their daily contacts, e.g. in workplaces. The evidence in support of this account was discussed and evaluated. There is no excuse for any violence. However, we have to say sometimes a kind of violence is not always too noxious for someone, such as the sender of violence. To some limited extent, violence could be considered as positive and it at least helped people to relieve stress and recover a balance from unbalanced situation. Mental Violence is such violence. It is a result of negotiation and a side effect of stress as well. Nevertheless, most of things are double-edged swords. Mental Violence is no exception. For the sender, it might be a buffer and makes him or her relaxed; for the receiver, it is absolutely negative, discomfort and even aggressive. For helping readers to clearly understand such violence, and for advising others to raise their awareness of the violence, this study would explore its causes and characteristics. From ancient traditional society to the present modern one, Confucianism and Collectivism afterwards represent a kind of gentle culture which deeply influences traditional Chinese. Chinese traditional philosophy, such as Confucianism and Taoism, stresses the significance of the harmony relationship for the growing, maturing and success of the Chinese. Chinese New Educated Youth who were disciplined for such a culture in thoughts and behaviours while growing up. Therefore, to keep harmony and to avoid conflict becomes a key characteristic for Chinese interactions in a collective society. However, the opening policy to the West world exposed China to the influence of Individualism which is absolutely unlike Confucian or Collectivism. Confucianism s influence has been challenged by Westernized values because of globalization. The difference between two values made Chinese New Educated Youth confused in their thoughts and appropriate behaviours in interpersonal relationships. To recover a balance, they need to relieve such a stress from the confusion and other stressors as well. While using the two value systems in interaction with others, Mental Violence usually happened. Therefore, the conflict of two different values in dealing with social relationship became one cause for Mental Violence. In present research, I tried to reveal Mental Violence, a particular kind of daily conflict in interactions among modern Chinese. For pursuing why Chinese New Educated Youth was special and experienced Mental Violence often, they were compared with other generations in China. Therefore, this research invited participants from three generations (Chinese New Educated Youth, the older generation who were born before 1970s, and the younger generation who were born in 1980s) and from different cities in China. Participants occupations covered different professions, and all of them worked in three sizes of offices (small, big and single). Both of qualitative and quantitative data collecting methods were used in the study. They contained semi-structural interviewing and filling up the questionnaire. And main methods of data analysis are factor analysis, correlation and Thematic Analysis. The result indicated that Mental Violence of Chinese educated youth occurred in workplace was the most often, but was largely unseen by people outside of the group. Because I had to establish why this cohort would be inclined to apply more Mental Violence in daily life, I compared them with their previous generation and the later generation through measuring demographics, westernised, individualism and collectivism. Three generations are different in the Individualism-Collectivism tendency. Chinese New Educated Youth were always in the middle. They were seemed as partly Collectivistic and partly Individualistic. Linked with categories of Mental Violence Chinese New Educated Youth usually experienced, it seems they applied double standards to deal with social interactions. Due to such standards made them failed in establishing good relationships with colleagues, in other words, whatever Chinese New Educated Youth or their colleagues did not feel happy in their social interactions, it means Chinese New Educated Youth have conflict in Individualism-Collectivism tendency. Otherwise, through the investigation, I noticed significant demographical difference other than the generation in experiencing Mental Violence. Male participants reported experiencing Mental Violence more than female ones. The higher education the participant got, the more he or she experienced Mental Violence. Comparing with other occupations, intellectual respondents reported sending Mental Violence the most. Participants who worked as staffs experienced Mental Violence more than people who worked as administrators in the workplace. And people who were singles experienced Mental Violence the most in workplace. Because conflict of relationship seems a sensitive topic for Chinese, I started interviews from talking about overviews of participants workplaces with them. Therefore, the result also shows characteristics of structure and social relationship of Chinese modern offices. China had lot of small size offices in which 2 to 10 staffs worked. Small offices organised small relative closed groups. In such a group, staffs had long time for face to face interaction everyday. Such offices were much more than single offices where only one person worked in and big offices where more than ten persons in. Both of the above characteristics of workplace are not beneficial for physical aggressions as previous study proved but could considered as a structural factor for Mental Violence. Actually, the Mental Violence which reported occurring in small offices is the most often, especially among Chinese New Educated Youth. Hope this research could be a model for further more thorough relevant study. All of the above would be a step towards further study on Mental Violence and Chinese New Educated Youth.

Administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko kaita – tai dėsningas istorinis procesas, kurio pasekmė - ypatingas šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės turinys ir specifika. Administracinės teisės, kaip atskiros teisės šakos, susiformavimą XVIII amžiuje sąlygojo kokybiškai naujų, socialiai reikšmingų visuomeninių santykių, reikalaujančių atskirų, specialių normų jiems reguliuoti, atsiradimas Europos valstybėse. Tolesnės administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko evoliucijos metu ieškoma tam tikrų ypatumų, leidžiančių atskirti administracinę teisę nuo kitų teisės šakų, tačiau šiuolaikinėje teisėje tradicinis teisės normų skirstymas į šakas praranda prasmę, nes nepaaiškina realiai susiformavusių tendencijų. Administracinės teisės, kaip atskiros teisės šakos, skyrimo kriterijai - nevienareikšmiai, todėl praktinė jų vertė yra sąlyginė. Esminis kriterijus, padedantis nustatyti šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko nuolat kintančią apimtį, yra jo santykis su kitomis teisinės sistemos dalimis. Vertybinių orientacijų poslinkių nulemta administracinės teisės reguliavimo dalyko kokybinė kaita sąlygoja šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės reguliacinės funkcijos nuolatinę plėtrą, didėjančią visų teisinės sistemos dalių sąveiką ir administracinės teisės misijos esminius turinio pokyčius. Ateityje šios tendencijos turėtų stiprėti, siekiant įgyvendinti esminę šiuolaikinės administracinės teisės paskirtį ir misiją - žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsaugą. / The change of administrative law regulation subject is a long historical process, resulted in a specific content and particularity of contemporary administrative law. The formation of administrative law as a separate branch of law in the 18 century Europe was determined by the coming of qualitatively new, socially significant public intercourse which required special rules of organizing. In the further evolution of administrative law regulation subject certain characteristics are being sought, which could enable to distinguish administrative law from the other branches of law. Still in the contemporary legal system traditional attribution of law norms to separate branches of law looses its significant because it does not explain the real substantive tendencies. The criterions of the attribution of administrative law to a separate branch of law are ambiguous that is why their practical worth is conditional. Crucial criterion which helps to identify the scope of contemporary administrative law regulation subject is its relations to other parts of legal system. The qualitative change of administrative law regulation subject determined by the shift of value orientations conditions the constant expansion of the regulatory function of administrative law, growing interaction of all parts of the legal system and fundamental alteration of administrative law mission content. In the future these tendencies should intensify in order to implement the essential purpose and mission of... [to full text]

Submitted by Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti (mfcavalcanti@gmail.com) on 2016-03-11T19:01:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Biblioteca - Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti.pdf: 2672379 bytes, checksum: f272b379223157f078e3b06fbe70c47a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-11T19:02:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Biblioteca - Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti.pdf: 2672379 bytes, checksum: f272b379223157f078e3b06fbe70c47a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-11T19:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Biblioteca - Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti.pdf: 2672379 bytes, checksum: f272b379223157f078e3b06fbe70c47a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-11 / Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has attracted growing interest from a wide variety of actors over the last 30 years, especially due to a general agreement that it could be an important tool for tackling many of the world’s social ills. In the academic sphere, this growing interest did not translate into a matured field of study. Quite the opposite, a quick look at this literature makes it evident that: SE has been consistently subjected to numerous theoretical discussions and disagreements, especially over the definition of the concept of SE which is often based on a taken-for-granted notion of social change; it has been more systematically investigated in restricted contexts, often leaving aside so called developing/emerging countries like Brazil and especially lacking in-depth qualitative studies; SE literature lags behind SE practices and few studies focus on how SE actually occurs in a daily and bottom-up manner. In order to address such gaps, this thesis examines how social entrepreneurship practices accomplish social change in the context of Brazil. In this investigation I conducted an inductive practicebased, qualitative/ethnographic study in three Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) located in different cities in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Data collection lasted from February 2014 until March 2015 and was mainly done through participant observations and through in-depth unstructured conversations with research participants. Secondary data and documents were also collected whenever available. The participants of this study included a variety of the studied organizations’ stakeholders: two founders, volunteers, employees, donors and beneficiaries. Observation data was kept in fieldnotes, conversations were recorded whenever possible and were later transcribed. Data was analyzed through an iterative thematic analysis. Through this I identified eight recurrent themes in the data: (1) structure; (2) relationship with other organizational actors (sub-themes: relationship with state, relationship with businesses and relationship with other NGOs); (3) beliefs, spirituality and moral authority; (4) social position of participants, (5) stakeholders’ mobilization and participation; (6) feelings; (7) social purpose; and (8) social change. These findings were later discussed under the lens of practice theory, and in this discussion I argue and show that, in the context studied: (a) even though SE embraces a wide variety of different social purposes, they are intertwined with a common notion of social change based on a general understanding and aspiration for social equality; (b) this social change is accomplished in a processual and ongoing manner as stakeholders from antagonistic social groups felt compelled to and participated in SE practices. In answering the proposed research question the contributions of this thesis are: (i) the elaboration a working definition for SE based on its relationship with social change; (ii) providing in-depth empirical evidence which accounts for and explains this relationship; (iii) characterizing SE in the Brazilian context and reflecting upon its transferability to other contexts. This thesis also makes a methodological contribution, for it demonstrates how thematic analysis can be used in practice-based studies. / O Empreendedorismo Social (SE) tem atraído um interesse crescente de uma ampla variedade de atores ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, especialmente devido a um entendimento de que o mesmo seria uma ferramenta importante para lidar com os problemas sociais do mundo. No âmbito acadêmico, este interesse não se traduziu em um campo de estudos maduro. Muito pelo contrário, um rápido olhar para esta literatura torna evidente que: a mesma tem sido constantemente submetida a inúmeras divergências, especialmente sobre a definição do conceito de SE, que é muitas vezes baseada em uma noção não explicada de mudança social; ele foi mais sistematicamente investigado em contextos restritos, muitas vezes deixando de lado os chamados países em desenvolvimento ou emergentes como o Brasil, em especial, nota-se uma falta de estudos qualitativos aprofundados nos mesmos; a literatura sobre SE se encontra defasada em relação às suas práticas, e poucos estudos se concentram em como o SE ocorre de forma diária e bottom-up. A fim de mitigar essas lacunas, esta tese examina como práticas de SE realizam mudança social no contexto do Brasil. Nesta investigação realizei um estudo indutivo/qualitativo baseado em práticas em três Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs) localizadas em diferentes cidades do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados durou de fevereiro 2014 até março de 2015 e foi feita principalmente por meio de observações participantes e de conversas não-estruturadas. Dados e documentos secundários também foram coletadas sempre que disponíveis. Os participantes deste estudo incluíram uma variedade de partes interessadas das organizações estudadas: dois fundadores, voluntários, funcionários, doadores e beneficiários. Dados de observações foram mantidos em diários de campo, conversas foram gravadas sempre que possível e foram posteriormente transcritas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma análise temática iterativa. Por meio desta, identifiquei oito temas recorrentes nos dados: (1) estrutura; (2) a relação com outros atores organizacionais; (3) crenças, espiritualidade e autoridade moral; (4) a posição social dos participantes, (5) a mobilização e participação das partes interessadas; (6) sentimentos; (7) finalidade social; e (8) a mudança social. Estes resultados foram posteriormente discutidos sob a ótica da teoria de práticas, e nesta discussão argumento e mostro que, no contexto estudado: (a) embora o SE abrace uma ampla variedade de diferentes fins sociais, eles estão interligados com uma noção comum de mudança social baseada em uma compreensão geral e aspiração pela igualdade social; (b) esta mudança social é realizada de forma processual e contínua, enquanto partes interessadas de grupos sociais antagônicos sentiam-se compelidos e participavam das práticas de SE. Ao responder à pergunta de pesquisa proposta, as contribuições desta tese são: (i) a elaboração de uma definição de SE com base em sua relação com a mudança social; (ii) o fornecimento de evidências empíricas que explicam esta relação; (iii) a caracterização do SE no contexto brasileiro e uma reflexão sobre a sua transferência para outros contextos. Esta tese também faz uma contribuição metodológica, pois demonstra como análise temática pode ser usada em estudos baseados em práticas.