Le cerveau humain n'est pas seul face au monde. Il nait, grandit et vieillit, entouré par d'autres cerveaux qui poursuivent des buts similaires aux siens : survivre et s'accomplir. Dans cette quête, le cerveau humain apprend tôt l'immense valeur de la coopération et de la mise en commun des compétences, dont le total excède presque toujours la somme des parties. S'élever au-dessus de la nature, la comprendre et la maitriser ; ensemble. Mais la nature du cerveau est d'être égoïste, car ses subtiles machineries n'ont pas été sélectionnées par l'évolution pour permettre la perpétuation d'autres gènes que ceux qu'il porte en lui. Si l'émergence de la conscience constitue peut-être une promesse d'affranchissement vis-à-vis de cette contrainte en lui permettant de se conformer à des valeurs morales ou spirituelles, une multitude de mécanismes inconscients ou préconscients veillent à empêcher qu'autrui n'entrave l'accomplissement de sa finalité biologique. Lorsque deux individus visent une ressource indivisible, telles que les faveurs sexuelles d'un tiers, et plus généralement quand la possibilité du partage est supprimée par une urgence homéostatique qui réveille l'égoïsme tapi au fond de leurs natures, la coopération laisse place à la compétition sociale. C'est alors une affaire de compétence, de motivation et peut-être, de chance. Qu'il prenne la forme d'une lutte à mort, d'une guerre de mots, ou d'un simple combat de regards, ce conflit se résout dans un double évènement – la victoire de l'un et la défaite de l'autre – qui constitue la brique élémentaire de toute hiérarchie sociale biologique. L'issue d'un conflit social est avant tout une information, qui en dit long au perdant sur sa capacité à poursuivre ses buts en présence de l'autre. Son cerveau apprend qu'au milieu de cette nature qu'il peut espérer maitriser, il existe un autre cerveau qui peut le maitriser, lui. Ainsi, les hiérarchies sociales biologiques sont avant tout des hiérarchies de contrôle. Contrôle de certains individus par d'autres individus, auquel s'associent la préséance de certains buts sur d'autres et probablement une vulnérabilité variable face à certaines maladies mentales et somatiques. Les neurosciences sociales commencent seulement à se pencher sur la manière dont les informations relative aux hiérarchies sociales et aux conflits interindividuels est perçue, traitée et intégrée par le cerveau humain. A ce jour, seules quelques publications pionnières – poursuivant souvent des objectifs différents du notre – ont jeté les premières lumières sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques qui permettent à un être humain d'évaluer le niveau de contrôle ou le rang hiérarchique dont disposent ou pourraient disposer les autres individus de son groupe social. Dans cette thèse, nous exposons un certain nombre de résultats expérimentaux qui apportent chacun un éclairage nouveau sur les bases cérébrales des processus de hiérarchisation et de compétition sociales. Tout d'abord, l'utilisation de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) nous a permis de localiser les processus impliqués dans l'apprentissage des aptitudes compétitives qui accompagne l'expérience des victoires et des défaites sociales. Cette première étude ayant entre autres mis en exergue l'importance du cortex préfrontal dorsomédian pour cet apprentissage « par renforcement » des relations de dominance sociale, nous avons ensuite utilisé la stimulation électrique transcranienne directe pour révéler le rôle causal joué par cette structure dans la régulation des comportements de compétition sociale... [etc] / The humain brain is not facing the world alone. It grows and ages, surrounded by other brains which pursue goals similar to his owns: survive and achieve. In this quest, the human brain soon learns the great value of cooperating and uniting competences, whose whole is almost always greater than the sum of the parts. Standing above nature, understanding it and mastering it ; together. But the nature of the brain is to be selfish, because its subtle machinery was not selected by evolution to allow others’ genes to spread, but only the ones it carries itself. While the emergence of consciousness may well constitute a promise of freeing from this heritage by allowing the compliance with moral and spiritual values, a myriad of unconscious or preconscious mechanisms make sure that others do not hinder the achievement of its biological ends. When two individuals desire an indivisible resource – such as the sexual favors from a third party – and more generally when the possibility of sharing is made impossible by a homeostatic urgency, latent egoisms wake up and social competition appears at the expense of cooperation. Then, it becomes a matter of competence, motivation and chance maybe. Be it a struggle to death, a war of words or a gaze fight, this conflict ends up with a double-event – one’s victory and other’s defeat – which constitute the core building block of any biological social hierarchy. The outcome of a social conflict is first information, which speaks volumes about the ability of the loser to pursue his own goals when the other is present. His brain learns that within this nature which may be mastered, another brain exists which may master him. Thus, biological social hierarchies are control hierarchies. Control of some individuals over others, which corresponds to the priority of some goals over others and, possibly, to the variable vulnerability in front of a subset of mental and somatic disorders. Social neurosciences only begin to investigate how information relative to social hierarchies and conflicts is perceived, processed and integrated by the human brain. Only a few studies have shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms which enable humans to evaluate the degree of control or the hierarchical status of other members in his social group. In this dissertation, we report several experimental results which may advance our understanding of how the brain process social competition and social hierarchy. First, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowed us to localize the processes involved in learning the competitive skills of other individuals from the experience of social defeats and victories. Having highlighted the importance of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for the “reinforcement-learning” of social dominance relationships, we have then used transcranial direct current stimulation to demonstrate the causal role played by this structure in the regulation of competitive social behaviors. In a third study – also using fMRI, we showed that the neural sensitivity to asymmetries of competitive skills underlie political preferences of individuals regarding social hierarchy, the higher this sensitivity the more prone subjects were to legitimate socioeconomics inequalities and the domination of some social groups over others. In a fourth study, we explored the reaction of the amygdala to the perception of facial dominance and we found that this evolutionary ancient structure was able to distinguish dominant from subordinate individuals very rapidly. Finally, in our last behavioral study, we revealed that men and women differ in how they compare their own intellectual competence to those of other people and that these gender differences may derive from a sex-dependent mental representation of social hierarchies

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23270号 / 人博第985号 / 新制||人||233(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||985(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 内田 由紀子, 教授 齋木 潤, 教授 月浦 崇 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Network data, particularly social network data, is widely collected in the context of interactions between users of online platforms, but it can also be observed directly, such as in the context of behaviours of animals in a group living environment. Such network data can reveal important insights into the latent structure present among the nodes of a network, such as the presence of a social hierarchy or of communities. This is generally done through the use of a latent variable model. Existing network models which are commonly used for such data often aggregate the dynamic events which occur, reducing complex dynamic events (such as the times of messages on a social network website) to a binary variable. Methods which can incorporate the continuous time component of these interactions therefore offer the potential to better describe the latent structure present. Using observed interactions between mice, we take advantage of the observed interactions’ timestamps, proposing a series of network point process models with latent ranks. We carefully design these models to incorporate important theories on animal behaviour that account for dynamic patterns observed in the interaction data, including the winner effect, bursting and pair-flip phenomena. Through iteratively constructing and evaluating these models we arrive at the final cohort Markov-Modulated Hawkes process (C-MMHP), which best characterizes all aforementioned patterns observed in interaction data. The generative nature of our model provides evidence for hypothesised phenomena and allows for additional insights compared to existing aggregate methods, while the probabilistic nature allows us to estimate the uncertainty in our ranking. In particular, our model is able to provide insights into the distribution of power within the hierarchy which forms and the strength of the established hierarchy. We compare all models using simulated and real data. Using statistically developed diagnostic perspectives, we demonstrate that the C-MMHP model outperforms other methods, capturing relevant latent ranking structures that lead to meaningful predictions for real data. While such network models can lead to important insights, there are inherent computational challenges for fitting network models, particularly as the number of nodes in the network grows. This is exacerbated when considering events between each pair of nodes. As such, new computational tools are required to fit network point process models to the large social networks commonly observed. We consider online variational inference for one such model. We derive a natural online variational inference procedure for this event data on networks. Using simulations, we show that this online learning procedure can accurately recover the true network structure. We demonstrate using real data that we can accurately predict future interactions by learning the network structure in this online fashion, obtaining comparable performance to more expensive batch methods.

This paper takes a psychoanalytic approach to analyse the protagonist Scout Finch’s identity formation and her rebellion against social expectations of femininity. Her aggressiveness plays a central role in her character development, reflecting Maycomb’s societal struggle in dealing with discontent in its social, political, and economic situations. Understanding the dynamics behind her aggression and life choices is examined through Lacanian concepts of lack and desire in the context of the Imaginary and Symbolic Order. Her desires are substantiated explicitly and implicitly through her pursuit of emulating the father figure—the Symbolic Order, and the aggressiveness in her behaviour stems from the premature severance from the Imaginary Order, which parallels the defeat that Maycomb experienced in the American Civil War. As a result, Scout Finch’s identity is heavily influenced by the values and ideologies of the father figure, as well as the social conventions dictated by her society.

M. S.

This study investigates how power relations were negotiated and expressed through the use of certain linguistic practices in a public context. More specifically, it looks closer at how job applicants presented themselves publically through newspaper advertisements and which discursive codes they made use of to portray themselves as reputable, desirable employees that fit into the bourgeois concept of respectability. The survey accordingly moves within the theoretical frameworks of the respectability discourse, altering power relations, self-presentation and the public sphere, and does so through the application of linguistic methods on a very specific material not commonly looked at from these macro-perspectives. The first part of the analysis identifies which specific social groups that used the press as a channel for self-presentation, focusing on the aspects of gender, marital status, work experience and occupational title. Through establishing this information, we reach an understanding of who can be ascribed an active participation in the public sphere and where to place these individuals along the social scale. Thereafter, the vocabulary of the advertisers is scrutinized and compared to see how strategies to create an air of respectability around yourself may have differed with the personal aspects mentioned above. Conclusively, the results from these enquiries serve as the basis for a larger discussion on whether the assertive self-promotion of the job advertisers can be interpreted as a self-empowerment among a section of London’s labourers, or whether the publication of the adverts rather is to be seen as a consolidation of already existing power relationships. The findings prove that through their strict adherence to the concept of respectability in a desire to win the favour of their social superiors, the linguistic strategies of the adverts cannot be interpreted as an early form of working class-movement with the intention of overthrowing the social order. On the contrary, the hierarchical structure of the 18th century was as present as ever when society moved towards the next centenary and was consolidated even further by the linguistic strategies of the advertisers.

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-12-07T13:26:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Fabrício Barcelos.pdf: 1276353 bytes, checksum: f7f8344c2179f9f60cf72fb45a7a428e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T13:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Fabrício Barcelos.pdf: 1276353 bytes, checksum: f7f8344c2179f9f60cf72fb45a7a428e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / O processo de enfermagem constitui a implementação do método científico no trabalho da categoria especificando sua atuação dentre as demais e, é considerado o alicerce para aprendermos a pensar como um enfermeiro. Esta pesquisa teve como foco a coleta de dados nos pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e, embasamo-nos na Teoria das Representações Coletivas segundo Émile Durkheim para observar se o enfermeiro relaciona a coleta de dados como um aspecto distintivo na hierarquia da profissão; Identificar se o enfermeiro relaciona ou não a coleta de dados como um elemento contribuinte para a sua legitimidade profissional; analisar a importância atribuída por esses profissionais à coleta de dados no processo de trabalho em saúde e interpretar as representações coletivas dos enfermeiros sobre a prática da coleta de dados dos pacientes em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Realizamos uma pesquisa etnográfica que se processou com enfermeiros que atuam na Unidade de Terapia Cardio-Intensiva Cirúrgica (UTCIC) de um hospital de referência nacional em cardiologia na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizamos diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante durante o período de janeiro a abril de 2012. A interpretação das respostas buscou os significados a partir da construção de categorias temáticas, visando a sua articulação em categorias mais amplas que se relacionem com conceitos representativos da teoria socioantropológica. Temas que se mostraram relevantes neste sentido foram a autonomia e hierarquia profissional / The nursing process is the implementation of the scientific method at work of the category specifying its activities among others, and is considered the foundation for learning to think like a nurse. This research focused on collecting data on patients after cardiac surgery and was based on Collective Representation Theory of Émile Durkheim seconds to see if the nurse relates the data collection as a distinctive feature in the hierarchy of the profession; identify whether or not the nurse relates the data collection as a contributing element on your professional legitimacy; analyze the importance given by these professionals to collect data in the process of health work and interpret the collective representations of nurses about the practice of collecting data of patients after cardiac surgery. We conducted an ethnographic study that took place with nurses working in Cardio Care Unit Surgical Intensive (UTCIC) a national referral hospital in cardiology in the city of Rio de Janeiro. We use a field journal, semi-structured interviews and participant observation during the period January-April 2012. The interpretation of the meanings sought answers from the construction of thematic categories, seeking its articulation in broader categories that relate concepts representative of anthropological theory. Themes that are relevant in this regard were the autonomy and professional hierarchy

”Representation matters: history education through the intersectional lens” is a critical intersectional content analysis based on a qualitative interview study with three grade school teachers and one high school teacher of history. The purpose of the interviews was to chart teachers ́ perspectives on history education and to analyze their history textbooks. The participants’ thoughts were thereafter connected to our pre-constructed theoretical interpretive framework. The result that appeared through the empirical data was that the teachers experience the subject of history as a male dominated arena where women are dedicated minimal attention. Furthermore, the teachers illuminate the fact that Swedish history education is characterized by Eurocentric values, since other cultures and ethnicities remain unattended. In addition, stereotyping is a frequent occurrence. Schools constitutes as childrens’ main social platform and by exposing the pupils to stereotypical illustrations of women and people of color, the children are socialized into normative hierarchical power structures at an early age. The teachers provide testimonies of encounters with children who express hopelessness and exclusion because of deficient representation. This study also shows that the teacher is completely in charge of the pupils’ learning. This means that the teachers own identity and level of interest affect the selection of history which is conveyed to the pupils. Therefore, to rely on the teachers’ good judgement makes education arbitrary and undermines the equivalent school system.

Magistro darbo objektas - organizacinė struktūra kaip esminis indikatorius ryšio tarp oficialios ir socialinės hierarchijos identifikavimui. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti, koks yra ryšys tarp oficialios ir socialinės hierarchijos organizacijoje. Siekiant nurodyto tikslo iškelti tokie uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti grupės narių tarpusavio susigrupavimo organizacijoje svarbą; nustatyti vadovo bei lyderio daromą įtaką grupei ir organizacijos hierarchinei struktūrai; išanalizuoti pasitenkinimo darbu svarbą organizacijos hierarchinei struktūrai; ištirti koks yra ryšys tarp oficialios ir socialinės hierarchijos pasirinktose organizacijose ir koks šių hierarchijų ryšys su pasitenkinimu darbu. Išanalizavus pagrindinę literatūrą, taikant alternatyvų ir analogijų metodus teorinių socialinių tinklų koncepcijų analizėje, prieita prie išvados, kad draugystė yra labai stiprus pagrindas ne tik socialinei bet ir oficialiai hierarchijai. Taikant apibendrinamosios abstrakcijos metodą pastebėta, jog pasitenkinimas savo darbu organizacijoje dar negarantuoja, kad grupės nariai norės siekti geresnių rezultatų bei aukštesnių tikslų, pavyzdžiui, aukštesnio hierarchinio statuso oficialioje organizacijos hierarchijoje. Analizuojant vadovo bei lyderio daromą įtaką organizacijoje susiklostančioms hierarchijoms, lyginant jo vadovavimo stilių poveikį grupės nariams, atkreiptas dėmesys į esminius būtinus sėkmingo darbo elementus - t.y. aukščiausioje hierarchinėje pozicijoje esančio asmens... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the formal and social hierarchy interaction within organization. The study investigates organizational stucture as the main indicator of the formal and social hierarchy interaction. In this paper the significance of the formal and informal groups, the importance job satisfaction, the leader’s influence for the gruop members and for the social hierarchy in organization are analysed. The author highlights how social hierarchy (interaction among all memebers including the leader of organization) is developing with the leadership style. The author emphasizes the importance of the leaders‘ centrality in the internal friendship networks, which is related to objective measures of group performance and their reputation for the leadership among different organizational constituencies. After revising previous articles researches the importance of the social networks in a various levels of hierarchy is revealed. The study investigates how person‘s centrality in the external and internal social networks is related to the social structure in organization. The paper provides results of empirical research Formal and Social Hierarchy Interaction within Organization. The results reveal that there is a strong interaction between formal leader and social leader in the system of hierarchy. Furthermore, the importance of job satisfaction has a week reletionship with formal and social hierarchies in organizations. The study suggest the... [to full text]