The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about preschool teachers' different experiences of exclusion in free play within child groups in preschool education. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a flexible interview guide, and to address our research questions, we utilized a phenomenographic analysis model. The gathered material was analyzed based on the socio-cultural theory and its various concepts.The study involved eight interviews with preschool teachers who have varying years of experience in the profession. The results of the study indicate that the preschool teachers consider free play has an important meaning for children in preschool, and exclusions can occur for several reasons. It can be due to deficiencies in play skills or social interactions. The preschool teachers have described approaches that can act preventively to prevent children from being excluded in free play.The conclusion of the study shows that the preschool teachers largely employ the same approaches in preventive work and seek assistance from special educators if necessary. / Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om förskollärares olika erfarenheter av exkludering i den fria leken i barngrupper i förskolans utbildning. Vi har använt semistrukturerade intervjuer med flexibel intervjuguide och för att få svar på våra frågeställningar har vi använt en fenomenografisk analysmodell. Det material som framkommit har analyserats utifrån den sociokulturella teorin och dess olika begrepp. I studien genomfördes åtta intervjuer med förskollärare som har olika långa erfarenheter av yrket. Resultatet av studien visar att förskollärarna anser att den fria leken har en viktig betydelse för barnen i förskolan och att exkluderingar kan ske av olika orsaker. Det kan bero på brister gällande lekkompetens eller i sociala samspel. Förskollärarna har beskrivit förhållningssätt som kan verka förebyggande för att barn inte ska exkluderas i den fria leken. Slutsatsen av studien visar att förskollärarna till stor del använder samma förhållningssätt i det förebyggande arbetet och att de tar hjälp av specialpedagoger om så behövs.

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Access control solutions face challenges of the implications of social and emotional behaviour of their human users. Thus, the research questions I set out for my thesis deal with how the social and emotional aspects of humans affect access control security interactions and what the implications of considering these aspects when designing access control systems will have for the emotional experience of authorised users. By selecting cases from my fieldwork representative of the social and emotional experiences of authorised users of current access control solutions I have been able to uncover issues of how the technological system is inconsiderate of the social and emotional behaviour of its human users, resulting in negative social and emotional experiences of access control solutions. However, by considering how technology can be designed to reshape the social behaviour of users I have explored ways of designing access control solutions that consider both the technological security and the emotional experience of authorised users.

La tesi propone evidenze empiriche e teoriche sull’importanza delle abilità cosiddette non cognitive come elemento fondamentale del capitale umano individuale. In particolare, ci si propone di discutere se, e in che portata, queste capacità relazionali incidano sulle performance lavorative e sulle decisioni concernenti la salute. La tesi propone le reti sociali, o “social networks”, come possibile misurazione di queste capacità interpersonali. Il primo capitolo presenta una dettagliata rassegna della letteratura sulle abilità non cognitive, e sui loro effetti su salari e stato di salute, e discute l’appropriatezza dell’utilizzo delle variabili di “social networks” come misura per tali abilità. Il secondo capitolo stima a livello empirico l’impatto delle capacità relazionali sui salari. Per una completezza di metodologia e per verificare la robustezza dei risultati, le stime vengono effettuate con diverse metodologie econometriche. Il terzo capitolo analizza gli effetti di queste abilità sociali sul consumo di sigarette, e discute la loro importanza rispetto ad altri fattori rilevanti, come tasse e comportamenti dei genitori. Il capitolo applica diversi stimatori, lineari e non, ed esamina le differenze, in termini di grandezza e significatività statistica, nei risultati ottenuti. / This thesis provides further evidence on the importance of including non-cognitive and social skills as a component of individual human capital. In particular, it aims to assess whether interpersonal skills, measured through social network metrics, influence labour market and health attainment. The first chapter reviews the literature on non-cognitive skills and their impact on various outcomes, and discusses the use of social network metrics as measure of interpersonal skills. The second chapter empirically estimates the impact of these social skills on earnings. The effect is estimated comparing alternative empirical strategies to model social interactions, to fully examine the robustness and the meaning of the results obtained. The third chapter examines the effect of these skills on individual smoking behaviour over the young adulthood life. In particular, it examines the role of popularity and social skills on smoking decision, and compares the relative importance of these skills to other factors, such as cigarette taxes, and parents’ smoking behaviour. It also analysed the extent to which using non-linear estimators affects the significance and the magnitude of the effects of these factors.

Cette thèse comporte trois essais sur les interactions sociales en sciences économiques. Ces essais s’intéressent à la fois au côté théeorique qu’empirique des interactions sociales. Le premier essai (chapitre 2) se concentre sur l’étude (théorique et empirique) de la formation de réseaux sociaux au sein de petites économies lorsque les individus ont des préférences homophilique et une contrainte de temps. Le deuxième essai (chapitre 3) se concentre sur l’étude (principalement empirique) de la formation de réseau sociaux au sein de larges économies où les comportement d’individus très distants sont aproximativement indépendants. Le dernier essai (chapitre 4) est une étude empirique des effets de pairs en éducation au sein des écoles secondaires du Québec. La méthode structurelle utilisée permet l’identification et l’estimation de l’effet de pairs endogène et des effets de pairs exogènes, tout en contrôlant pour la présence de chocs communs. / This thesis includes three essays on social interactions in economics, both from a theoretical and applied perspective. The first essay (chapter 2) focusses on the (theoretical and empirical) study of a network formation process in small economies characterized by the fact that individuals have homophilic preferences and a time constraint. The second essay (chapter 3) is focussed on the study (mostly empirical) of a network formation process in large economies characterized by the fact that distant individuals have approximately independent behaviours. The last essay (chapter 4) is an empirical study of peer effects in education for Quebec high-school teenagers. The structural method used allows for the identification and estimation of the endogenous peer effect and the exogenous peer effects, while controlling for the presence of common shocks.

The study focuses on social interaction networks in Vacation Village Estates mobile home community. Analysis involves relevant data from an eleven-item questionnaire obtaining demographic variables and results of fifty-seven participating families' mutual ratings on an Acquaintance Volume Scale, ranging from 5, "very close friend," to 1, "do not know." Specifically examined were two social interaction constellations, reciprocal choices, high-scoring families and isolates. Three hypotheses tested measured greater length of residence, greater similarity of occupations, and greater similarity of religious activity, as relevant to "the greater amount of social interaction." Hypothesis 1, "greater length of residence," tested with correlation coefficient and F score was retained at .05 level of significance. Remaining hypotheses were rejected not achieving significance.