nÃo hà / Durante quase trÃs meses, no segundo semestre de 2008, a pesquisadora acompanhou integrantes de um grupo de conversaÃÃo da praÃa do Ferreira, no Centro de Fortaleza, para buscar compreender como cada um forma suas opiniÃes sobre polÃtica justamente Ãs vÃsperas de uma eleiÃÃo. O estudo tomou como base o consumo de produtos midiÃticos ou midiatizados sobre a polÃtica, sobretudo o HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito, para perceber de que forma esses conteÃdos eram apropriados e ressignificados pelos integrantes do grupo. A abordagem foi etnogrÃfica, para que fossem captadas conversas espontÃneas dos indivÃduos, para depois submetÃ-las Ãs tÃcnicas da AnÃlise da ConversaÃÃo e da AnÃlise do Discurso. Diferentemente de estudos de recepÃÃo midiÃtica, em que sÃo promovidos, geralmente, grupos focais ou entrevistas, neste caso buscou-se dar Ãnfase à fala cotidiana mais rotineira, com a mÃnima intervenÃÃo, para se perceber, na recorrÃncia das estratÃgias discursivas, como certas opiniÃes vÃo se cristalizando, a partir tambÃm da prÃpria estrutura do grupo. Para a compreensÃo deste objeto e de seus resultados, foram usados conceitos de autores contemporÃneos que trataram das aÃÃes cotidianas, como Pierre Bourdieu, com as ideias de espaÃo social e habitus, Erving Goffman, com o de interaÃÃo social, situaÃÃo e face, e Harold Garfinkel, com sua proposta de reflexividade, chave da etnometodologia. TambÃm foi retomada a percepÃÃo cada vez mais crescente da presenÃa dos media na sociedade, com poderes mas tambÃm com limitaÃÃes, numa relaÃÃo que ainda precisa ser recorrentemente pesquisada por seguir em franca transformaÃÃo na sociedade. Entre as conclusÃes desta pesquisa, està a de que a exposiÃÃo das opiniÃes nÃo se dà sà por uma argumentaÃÃo lÃgica evidente, mas tambÃm por contradiÃÃes, utilizadas muitas vezes como estratÃgia para manter a coesÃo do grupo e a prÃpria conversaÃÃo viva. Elementos midiÃticos sobre polÃtica sÃo largamente usados como ponto de partida para conversas, mas nem sempre com o enquadramento aparentemente sugerido pelos produtores; hà uma aÃÃo subversiva, que se torna compreensÃvel pelo recurso à memÃria, tanto de outros fatos midiÃticos como de aÃÃes vividas por cada indivÃduo, e que servem para dar um tom de verdade à opiniÃo emitida. O HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito, nesse ponto, à a principal fonte de assuntos das conversas sobre polÃtica, mas nÃo isoladamente; hà um forte diÃlogo dos acontecimentos dessa campanha municipal com campanhas anteriores, o que cria uma lÃgica prÃpria e argumentos que fogem do controle dos produtores do marketing polÃtico. / For nearly three months in the second half of 2008, the researcher followed members of a conversation group in PraÃa do Ferreira, in downtown Fortaleza, to try to understand how each one form their opinions on policy just on the eve of an election. The study focused on the consumption of media products about politics, especially the HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito (time free elections), to see how such material was accepted and reinterpreted by the band members. The approach was ethnographic, to capture spontaneous conversations of individuals, and then submit them to the techniques of Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis. Unlike studies of media reception, which are promoted, often, focus groups or interviews, in this case sought to emphasize the everyday speech, with minimal intervention, to understanding, on the recurrence of discursive strategies, as some reviews are crystallized, from the structure of the group. To understand this object and its results were used concepts of contemporary authors who have wrote about everyday actions, such as Pierre Bourdieu, with the ideas of social space and habitus, Erving Goffman, the social interaction, situation and face, and Harold Garfinkel, with his proposal of reflexivity, key of ethnomethodology. It was resumed the increasing awareness of the growing presence of media in society with power but with limitations, a relationship that remains to be investigated to be changing too in society. Among the conclusions of this research is that exposure of the views not only gives a clear logical argument, but also contradictions, often used as a strategy to maintain group cohesion and the conversation lively. Elements of media policy are widely used as a starting point for talks, but not always with the guidelines suggested by the producers apparently. There is a subversive action, that is understandable by the use of memory, as other media events as experienced by each individual, and which serve to give a real effect of truth to the opinions. The HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito is the main source of topics of conversation about politics, but not in isolation, there is a strong dialogue between that campaign events with previous campaigns, which creates its own logic and arguments beyond the control of producers of political marketing.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T13:59:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandamarcondesmachadosilva.pdf: 1117035 bytes, checksum: cdd046907e5cdf700edb0af2202a0fb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:05:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandamarcondesmachadosilva.pdf: 1117035 bytes, checksum: cdd046907e5cdf700edb0af2202a0fb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:05:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandamarcondesmachadosilva.pdf: 1117035 bytes, checksum: cdd046907e5cdf700edb0af2202a0fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Não sendo clara a diversidade de respostas defensivas e as influências que exercem sobre estas, é vantajoso se obter cada vez mais informações sobre a espécie. Assim, elaborou-se uma relação dos comportamentos defensivos e a descrição de cada ato. Também se relacionou fatores abióticos, corporais e sociais com as respostas exibidas. Foram observados 54 espécimes adultos, divididos em grupos de cinco e mantidos por 10 dias consecutivos. Os experimentos foram realizados em três fases (Aproximação, Preensão e Manuseio), excluindo o Manuseio as fases foram repetidas em três horários e em dois recintos. Na Preensão realizou-se o pinçamento dos indivíduos em dois locais do corpo para exercer níveis diferentes de estresse. Foram identificadas 20 atos comportamentais, classificados como passivos e ativos, sendo que na fase de aproximação observou-se menor diversidade de atos defensivos (10) do que nas fases de preensão (17) e de manuseio (18). Analisando os três níveis de estresse, foi observada maior frequência de respostas ativas na Preensão do pescoço do que na Preensão do corpo e este do que na Aproximação. Com relação aos recintos, foi encontrada maior frequência de comportamentos passivos nos indivíduos inseridos em um ambiente coletivo do que quando individualizados. Havendo uma pequena influência da temperatura nas respostas exibidas, porém sem alterar a significância dos resultados dos recintos. Esse estudo caracterizou o repertório comportamental defensivo da serpente Crotalus durissus, sendo identificados e descritos dois novos atos antipredatórios (saltar e bufar). Assim, podemos compreender seus padrões de ação e também auxiliar nas precauções contra acidentes durante as atividades no campo e em laboratório. O estudo também confirmou a influência da temperatura nas respostas defensivas e registrou a diferença de comportamento quando os indivíduos estavam sozinhos e com outros espécimes. Com isso, podemos inferir algum grau de interação entre os indivíduos, não tendo sido descrito antes nessa espécie. / The variety of defensive responses and the influence they exert on these are not being clear, because of that it is advantageous to obtain more information about the species. Thus, it was elaborated a list of defensive behavior and the description of each act. We also related abiotic, physical and social factors with the displayed answers. We observed 54 adult specimens and divided into groups of five and kept for 10 consecutive days.The experiments were carried out in three phases (approach, apprehension and handling), excluding the handling, the phases were repeated three times and in two enclosures. On apprehension it held clamping of individuals in two locations of the body to exert different levels of stress. We identified 20 behavioral acts, classified by passive and active, and in the approach phase there were less diversity of defensive actions (10) than in apprehension phase (17) and handle phase (18). Analyzing the three levels of stress, we observed higher frequency of active responses at prehension of posterior region of the head follow by body prehension and the lower frequency during approach. Regard to the enclosures, it was found more passive behavior at individuals into a collective enclosure than in individualized. There was a small influence of temperature on responses, the layers analyzed set the model for the significance of the results of the enclosures. This study characterized the defensive behavioral repertoire of Crotalus durissus snake, identified and described two new anti predatory acts (jump and hiss). So, we can understand their patterns of action and also assist at preventive measures to avoid accidents during the activities in the field and in the laboratory. The study also confirmed the influence of abiotic factors on the defensive responses and recorded the difference in behavior when individuals were being individualized and with other specimens. Therefore, we can infer some interaction between the specimens, this had not been described before in this species.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which the use of social stories that integrate a child’s particular restricted and repetitive behaviors results in differential social outcomes compared to the use of social stories that do not integrate restricted and repetitive behaviors. A non-concurrent multiple baseline experimental design across participants was used to examine the effects of two Social Story interventions on the frequency of appropriate social behaviors made by participants in a school setting. Field notes were also completed during each day of data collection in order to document the social context, events, activities, moods and behaviors of participants associated with each data collection session. Field notes also included the researcher’s thoughts, observations, and reflections on these variables. Overall, the intervention that included participants’ restricted interests within the Social Story had the effect of increasing participants’ appropriate social behaviors in contrast to the intervention that did not employ restricted interests. This research substantiates the principle that the restricted interests of children with ASD should not be viewed as a form of deficiency that needs to be eliminated. Rather, restricted interests should be viewed as reinforcing agents that increase children’s motivation to pursue activities that involve social initiations and interactions with their peers.

En France, un habitant sur quatre est exposé aux inondations. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes donc intéressés aux mécanismes de l'adaptation individuelle à ces risques naturels. Plus précisément, nous avons examiné l'influence des caractéristiques des individus et de leurs situations par rapport aux risques sur leurs décisions d'adaptation. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative auprès de 331 personnes résidant en zone inondable dans les départements de l'Aude et du Var. Le questionnaire utilisé lors de cette enquête a été développé à partir de la littérature et de l'analyse d'une enquête exploratoire par entretiens semi-directifs. D'après nos résultats, la perception de la menace liée aux inondations et la perception de la gravité de l'inondation vécue ont un effet positif sur les intentions d'adaptation, comme décrit dans la Protection Motivation Theory adaptée au domaine des inondations (Grothmann et Reusswig, 2006). Nos résultats suggèrent également l'existence d'une rétroaction négative de la mise en place d'une mesure de prévention sur la perception de la menace liée aux inondations. Cela invite à considérer avec prudence les relations observées empiriquement entre les perceptions et les décisions d'adaptation passées. De plus, nos résultats montrent une relation positive entre des indicateurs de la fréquence et de la sévérité des inondations et les perceptions de ces caractéristiques par les répondants. Comme ces perceptions ont un effet positif sur l'intention de s'adapter, cela signifie que les personnes les plus susceptibles de s'adapter sont celles qui sont exposées aux inondations les plus sévères et fréquentes dans l'échantillon étudié. Nous avons aussi examiné les relations entre les perceptions et les attitudes dans les domaines des risques financiers et d'inondation et étudié l'influence de ces variables sur l'adaptation individuelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé la sous-échelle psychométrique concernant les risques financiers de l'échelle DOSPERT (Weber et al., 2002; Blais et Weber, 2006) et développé une sous-échelle psychométrique sur le même modèle, mais qui concerne les risques d'inondation. Cette dernière présente des cohérences interne et externe satisfaisantes. L'analyse des données récoltées en utilisant les sous-échelles des domaines des risques financiers et d'inondation suggère que ces deux types de risques ont tendance à entrer en compétition. Ainsi, l'importance accordée par les individus aux risques financiers par rapport aux risques d'inondation semble avoir un effet négatif sur les intentions d'adaptation. En conséquence, les mesures de prévention ne peuvent pas être considérées comme des formes d'auto-assurance, qui permettent de réduire uniquement les risques de pertes financières. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent que l'adaptation individuelle dépend notamment des perceptions et attitudes des individus en ce qui concerne les risques financiers, les risques d'inondation, mais aussi de leurs perceptions concernant les moyens d'adaptation aux inondations. Or, d'après la théorie de l'amplification sociale du risque (Kasperson et al., 1988), les perceptions et attitudes peuvent être modifiées par l'expérience directe ou indirecte d'un risque. Nos résultats corroborent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le fait d'avoir vécu une inondation modifie les perceptions et attitudes non seulement dans le domaine des risques d'inondation, mais aussi dans celui des risques financiers. Pour examiner l'influence de l'expérience indirecte des inondations sur l'adaptation individuelle, nous avons développé un modèle théorique qui décrit les relations entre les composantes à considérer pour étudier la diffusion d'un moyen d'adaptation au sein d'un réseau social. Ce modèle prend notamment en compte les interactions sociales. / In France, one in four inhabitants is exposed to floods. In this thesis, we studied the mechanisms that lead individuals to adapt to these natural risks. More specifically, we examined the influence of the characteristics of individuals and their situations relating to risks on their adaptation decisions. To do so, we conducted a quantitative survey of 331 inhabitants of flood-prone areas in the South of France. To design the questionnaire used in the quantitative survey, we relied on the literature and on the analysis of an exploratory qualitative survey. According to our results, the appraisal of the threat posed by floods and the perception of the severity of past experiences of such disasters have a positive effect on adaptation intentions, as described in the Protection Motivation Theory (Grothmann and Reusswig, 2006). Our results also suggest the existence of a negative feedback effect of past adaptation decisions on the appraisal of the threat posed by floods. Consequently, caution should be taken when interpreting the observed relations between perceptions and past adaptation decisions. Moreover, our results show a positive relation between indicators of the frequency and severity of floods and the respondents' perceptions of these features. Since these perceptions have a positive effect on the intention to adapt, it implies that the individuals who face the most frequent and severe floods are the most likely to adapt to these risks in our sample. We also examined the relations between perceptions and attitudes in the domains of financial and flood risks and studied the influence of these variables on individual adaptation to floods. To do so, we used the financial subscale of the DOSPERT psychometric scale (Weber et al., 2002; Blais and Weber, 2006) and developed a new subscale following this model, but relating to flood risks. The new subscale has acceptable internal and external consistencies. The analysis of the data collected using the flood and financial risks subscales suggests that these two types of risks tend to compete with each other. Hence, the importance granted by the respondents to financial risks compared to flood risks seems to have a negative effect on their adaptation intentions. Consequently, precautionary measures cannot be treated as types of self-insurance, which reduce only the risk of financial loss. Thus, our results suggest that individual adaptation to floods depends in particular on people's perceptions and attitudes regarding financial and flood risks, but also on their perceptions regarding the measures that can be taken to adapt to floods. According to the social amplification of risk framework (Kasperson et al., 1988), perceptions and attitudes can be modified by the first-hand or indirect experience of a risk. Our results support the hypothesis that first-hand flood experience changes attitudes and perceptions, not only in the flood domain, but also in the financial domain. To examine the role of indirect experience of floods on individual adaptation, we designed a theoretical model. It describes the relations between the components which can be taken into account to study the diffusion of an adaptation measure within a social network. In particular, social interactions are represented in this model.

The workplace is a place where many people spend a lot of their awake time. It is a place where many people have the main part of their social contexts, and because of this, it is considered relevant to investigate job satisfaction closer to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. This essay is completed with a qualitative method and four semi-structured deep interviews have been conducted and the aim of the paper is to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that affect the job satisfaction of employees in service-oriented professions. The selection consists of four people employed in service professions, and the results have been analyzed using qualitative content analysis, previous research and theories related to job satisfaction. The results show five factors that are of the utmost importance for creating a high level of job satisfaction, and these are social interactions, communication, appreciation, motivation, and salary and benefits. These factors are in part consistent with earlier research but also indicate new approaches. The analysis aroused a curiosity about gender and it would therefore be interesting to approach the area in perspective about gender in further research. / Arbetsplatsen är en plats där många människor spenderar mycket av sin vakna tid. Det är också en plats där många människor har huvuddelen av sina sociala sammanhang och på grund av detta anses det vara av relevans att undersöka arbetstrivsel närmre för att få en djupare förståelse om ämnet. Denna C-uppsats är genomförd med en kvalitativ metod och fyra semistrukturerade djupintervjuer har genomförts. Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar arbetstrivseln för anställda inom servicenära yrken. Urvalet utgörs av fyra personer anställda i servicenära yrken och resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys, tidigare forskning samt teorier kopplade till arbetstrivsel. Resultatet visar på fem faktorer som är av störst vikt för att skapa en hög grad av arbetstrivsel och dessa är sociala interaktioner, kommunikation, uppskattning, motivation samt lön och förmåner. Dessa faktorer stämmer till viss del överens med tidigare forskning men indikerar också på nya infallsvinklar. Analysen väckte en nyfikenhet kring genus och det skulle därför vara intressant att närma sig området i perspektiv om genus i vidare forskning.

This field study of two-year-old children using art materials in a preschool setting was concerned with how children constructed meaning about the art-making process through their interactions with others. The study was theoretically grounded in the work of George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer and Lev Vygotsky, who share a common view that meaning is socially constructed through interpersonal interactions. The study focused on children’s early use of art media and their social interaction as a significant factor in their artistic expression. Monthly videotaped and written observations documented four 2-year-aids’ participation with art media during their attendance at weekly parent-2-year old program. Over two subsequent years, the data were expanded to include observations of additional 2- year-aids, and parent and teacher interviews. Observations in a 3 and 4-year-old classroom coupled with extensive teacher interviews provided insights into teachers’ assumptions and values which guided their interactions. Observations of the 2-year-olds were coded into art episodes, and analyzed in terms of behaviours, interactions, and values. Based on Vygotsky’s idea that children’s shift from biological development to higher cognitive functioning occurs through interpersonal interaction, children’s exploratory use of materials was described. Analysis of their explorations revealed that intentionality and visual interest were crucial components in their art experiences. Analysis suggested that children as young as 2 years possess aesthetic sensitivity. There did not appear to be any single factor that could account for children’s selection or placement of colors or marks on a piece of paper. Social interactions around art-making occurred within spatial-temporal frames which contributed to the way the art-making context was defined by the participants. Through interpretations derived from interactions with peers and adults, children constructed understanding about cultural values for work, production, ownership, and neatness. They learned little about art skills or the relationship of their art-making experiences to art in the adult world. The study concludes with presentation of an interactionist model of children’s artistic expression which describes the dialectical relationship between biological development and social interaction. The model eliminates the need to debate issues around innate or cultural origins of children’s visual expression, through its inclusion of biological and social components. Using the interactionist model and Vygotsky’s notion of scaffolding can help teachers address conflicts surrounding the definition of developmentally appropriate art education for young children. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

La notion de besoin caractérise souvent une nécessité biologique, le strict minimum pour se nourrir et se loger. Les besoins ont pourtant souvent été définis comme relatifs et propres à une situation donnée. Les incitations culturelles et sociales tendent à fournir des motivations puissantes aux individus, les conduisant à prendre des décisions parfois à leur détriment au plus ou moins long-terme. Ces choix révèlent certains besoins allant au-delà de la seule survie. Ma thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre ces décisions en incluant des composants sociaux ou culturels à la théorie standard de la consommation. Elle contribue à faire le lien entre deux branches importantes de la littérature économique: l'analyse de la demande, et l'économie comportementale/sociale. Les différents chapitres répondent à des questions telles que : pourquoi les personnes souffrant de malnutrition dépensent une part significative de leur budget en biens ostentatoires (premier chapitre) ? Pourquoi des personnes différant seulement par le groupe social auquel elles appartiennent ne consomment pas les mêmes biens (deuxième chapitre) ? Les interactions sociales contribuent-elles à la persistance de goûts locaux (troisième chapitre) ? Et l'intégration commerciale contribue-t-elle à la convergence des goûts (quatrième chapitre) ? Ces sujets requièrent de considérer la signification sociale des choix de consommation, en plus de l'effet du revenu, des prix et de leur valeur fonctionnelle. En d'autres termes, ils requièrent de penser la consommation comme un langage. / The notion of need often characterizes the strict minimum amount of food and shelter to survive. Needs have however recurrently been described as essentially relative and context-driven. Indeed, cultural and social incentives tend to provide powerful motivations for individuals to engage in choices sometimes detrimental to their short- or long-term fitness. These choices reveal certain needs which are beyond mere sustenance. My thesis aims at better understanding these decisions by including cultural and social components to a standard theory of consumption. By doing so, it contributes to bridge the gap between two important branches of the literature: demand analysis and behavioral/social economics. The different chapters adress questions such as: Why do malnourished people spend a significant portion of their budget on conspicuous goods (first chapter)? Why do people of different social groups choose to consume different types of goods, given similar prices, income and demographics (second chapter)? Do social interactions contribute to the persistence of localized tastes (third chapter)? And does market integration contribute to taste convergence (fourth chapter)? These topics require to take into account the social meaning of consumption choices, aside from income, prices and functionality. In other words, they require to consider consumption as a language.

This master thesis investigates how independent coworkers, such as entrepreneurs and freelancers, develop their entrepreneurial competencies through social and professional interactions in a coworking space. Since its early beginnings in 2005, coworking spaces have grown to a global phenomenon. Hence, a continually increasing number of individuals work from these spaces. The reason for this is, that coworking spaces help people to feel more socially integrated and to get social and professional support. In the empirical part, this thesis focuses on coworking spaces of mid-sized cities in Sweden. By conducting a qualitative research, we identify professional developments that can be clustered in different entrepreneurial competencies. As stated in the findings, these competencies particularly develop through a combination of the following three theories: (1) experiencing a social community, (2) receiving professional knowledge, and (3) exchanging professional knowledge. In more detail, five types of entrepreneurial competencies have been found: (A) openness, (B) being socially inclined, (C) entrepreneurial thinking, (D) planning, and (E) self-selling. Professionals from 5 different coworking spaces participated in the empirical study. The findings are a result of a research method based on social constructionism with 13 qualitative, semi-structured interviews. In addition to presenting empirical findings and a conclusion, the thesis has a thorough discussion by highlighting theoretical and managerial implications, and the influence of coworking spaces for society and its potential future developments. Moreover, limitations of this study and areas for future research are outlined at the end.

One important part of the management of zoo populations is the exchange of animals. The removal of an individual can have unknown effects on the social dynamics of the group. Social network studies are a well-established method to describe the social interactions within a group. This study aims to describe the social interactions in a group of chimpanzees and to test how social dominance rank predicts social interaction patters using a social network approach. Data was collected via observations on Kolmarden Wildlife Parks chimpanzee group, which is composed of seven males and eleven females. A total of 50 h of data was collected over 16 days. This resulted in a dominance rank and four different social networks for different behaviors (touch proximity, proximity, affiliative and agonistic behavior). The eigenvector coefficient, with the notable exception of the proximity network, was rarely correlated with the dominance rank and the highest ranked individual was never the most central. The more dominate individuals had fewer links to others through proximity and affiliative interactions. My analysis of the social network structure provides some evidence that the removal of high-ranking individuals would be unlikely to disproportionally affect the structure of the social network in this group. I highlight the possibility of further analysis such as knock-out analysis (where you examine the consequences of the removal of specific individuals) on existing data and argue that more observations would help to draw up a well-structured plan for translocations of individuals in this group. / En viktig del i förvaltningen av djurparkspopulationer är utbytet av djur. Att flytta en individ från en grupp kan ha okända effekter på gruppens sociala dynamik. Studier av djurs sociala nätverk är en väletablerad metod för att beskriva sociala interaktioner inom en grupp av djur. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva de sociala interaktionerna i en grupp av schimpanser och testa huruvida en ranking av dominans förutspår mönster i dessa sociala interaktioner genom att tillämpa ’social network analysis’ metoden. Observationsdata samlades in på Kolmårdens djurparks schimpansgrupp, som består av sju hanar och elva honor. Totalt samlades 50 timmar av data under 16 dagar. Detta resulterade i en dominansrankning och fyra olika nätverk för olika typer av sociala interaktioner (närhet med beröring, närhet, affiliativa och agnostiska beteenden). Egienvector koefficienten, med det anmärkningsvärda undantaget för närhets nätverket, var sällan korrelerat med dominansrankningen och den högst rankade individen var aldrig mest central. Mer dominanta individer hade färre länkar till andra genom närhet med beröring och affiliativa interaktioner. Mina analyser av de sociala nätverkens struktur ger vissa bevis för att borttagandet av högt rankade individer inte skulle ge oproportionerliga effekter på den sociala strukturen i denna grupp. Jag uppmärksammar också möjligheterna att med mer analyser som t.ex. knock-out analyser (där man undersöker konsekvensen av att ta bort individer från olika nätverk) på befintlig data, samt mer observationer skulle hjälpa för att kunna göra en väl strukturerad plan för flytt av individer från denna grupp.

We hypothesized that unsupportive social interactions (USI) would be associated with poorer psychological wellbeing in people living with HIV (PLWH), and that this relationship would be explained by increased levels of shame. 106 PLWH completed an online questionnaire including measures of HIV-specific USI, shame, depression, negative affect, and perceived stress. Results suggest that insensitive interactions were related to higher levels of depression, negative affect, and perceived stress through higher levels of shame. Internalized feelings of shame may partially explain the relationship between insensitive interactions and psychological well-being.