Cette recherche doctorale examine, dans un pays en proie à une « passion pour l’égalité » (Forsé et al, 2013), le degré d’acceptation à l’égard des très hauts revenus. Elle se situe au croisement de la sociologie des inégalités, de l’économie du vedettariat et de la justice sociale.Déjà présente dans le débat opposant John Rawls (1971 et 2001) et Robert Nozick (1974) au travers de l’exemple de Wilt Chamberlain, la figure de la star nous permet de répondre à une question centrale et contemporaine : les très hautes rémunérations sont-elles justes socialement ? La thèse se base sur un travail qualitatif articulé autour de la réalisation et de l’analyse de 55 entretiens semi-directifs. Elle repose également sur un travail d’analyse quantitative qui a permis de représenter l’évolution des inégalités de revenus ainsi que l’évolution des revenus des sportif.ve.s et des comédien.ne.s les mieux payé.e.s en France et dans le monde. Des régressions linéaires ayant pour variables à expliquer les rémunérations des stars de football ou de cinéma permettent de mesurer l’effet propre des caractéristiques individuelles des stars.La première partie détermine la place occupée par les comédien.ne.s et les footballeurs professionnels, désigné.e.s par la presse comme stars, dans la distribution des revenus en France. La deuxième partie élabore une définition subjective du statut de star et restitue les déterminants, selon les personnes interrogées, de la rémunération des stars. L’analyse des réponses des personnes interrogées à propos des facteurs explicatifs des revenus des cadres d’entreprise permet de mettre en avant la spécificité des stars. La troisième partie analyse l’opinion des Français à l’égard des revenus des stars. Inspirée de l’enquête PISJ (Forsé et Galland, 2011), une liste de 10 métiers – ou statuts — appartenant au décile (voire pour certains au centile ou au millime) supérieur (star de cinéma, star de football, blogueur, mannequin, animateur de télévision, médecin généraliste, professeur d’université, ministre, cadre supérieur et PDG d’une grande entreprise) a permis de constituer un dispositif empirique destiné à apprécier le degré d’acceptation à l’égard des rémunérations des stars dans une réflexion élargie aux plus hautes rémunérations. Il en résulte que le niveau de la rémunération de Cristiano Ronaldo, de Lionel Messi, d’Angelina Jolie et de Gérard Depardieu n’est accepté ni en raison d’une justification libertarienne (Nozick, 1974) ni par rejet de l’arbitraire du mérite individuel (Rawls, 1971 et 2001). Les très hauts revenus — et notamment ceux des stars — font l’objet d’une acceptation qui s’explique majoritairement par la combinaison d’un principe de stratification (logique individuelle de contribution-rétribution) et d’un principe de correction (l’utilité sociale). Enfin, l’examen des variables sociodémographiques montre que plus la personne se situe à gauche du spectre politique, plus elle critique les très hautes rémunérations. L’acceptation des très hauts revenus est donc un jeu à trois pôles entre une logique économique (contribution individuelle-rétribution individuelle), un principe de correction (l’utilité sociale) et un attachement à la notion d’égalité (le positionnement politique). / Drawing on the sociology of inequality, the star system economy and social justice, this PhD dissertation aims to examine whether French people, who live in an “equality-obsessed country“ (Forsé et al. 2013), accept high earnings.The “star”, which has already been used in the debate between Rawls (1971; 2001) and Nozick (1974) through the example of the well-known NBA star-player Wilt Chamberlain, enables us to answer one key and contemporary question: do people believe that high earnings are socially fair? To investigate this issue, I used both qualitative and quantitative methods, working with a total sample of 59 interviewees and conducting 55 semi-structured interviews, each two-hours long on average. The quantitative part of my research consists of a statistical analysis using multiple data sources (INSEE, WID, annual pundit surveys…), in order to provide an account of the evolution of movie and football stars’ earnings, in relation to the general evolution of incomes and incomes in the top percentiles (top 1%, top 0.1%, top 0.01%, and top 0.001%). Regression linear analyses allow us to determine the impact of the stars’ individual characteristics.The aim of the first part of this dissertation is to find how the top paid football players and actors (dubbed as football stars and movie stars by the press) are ranked in France’s income distribution. The second part seeks to provide a subjective definition of the star’s status and to identify, according to the interviewees, how their earnings are garnered. The analysis of the factors explaining the earnings of management executives by the interviewees helps us to insist on the specificity of the stars’ earnings. The third part examines French opinion on stars’ earnings. Using a PISJ-inspired list (Forsé et Galland, 2011) of 10 jobs or statuses belonging to the 10% (or top 1% or top 0.1%) (movie star, football-star, blogger, model, TV host, doctor, university teacher, management executive), I tried to investigate empirically the interviewees’ attitude towards not only stars’ earnings but high earnings in general.Finally, my research shows that interviewees accept the position of Cristiano, Lionel, Angelina Jolie and Gérard Depardieu among top earners, and agree with their earnings exceeding millions of euros. The joint use of the two principles (on the one hand, the stratification principle, based on the acceptance of an economics-based logic, and on the other hand, the corrective principle of social utility) leads to a reasoned acceptance of the earnings of movie stars and football stars. I therefore show that the acceptance of the level of movie stars’ and football stars’ earnings differs from the libertarian approach of Robert Nozick (1974) and from the rejection of individual merit (Rawls, 1971 and 2001). The analysis of the interviewees’ answers in relation to sociodemographic variables indicates that there is a link between the interviewees’ political beliefs and their attitude toward high earnings. The more left-wing they declared themselves, the more critical they were of the perceived hierarchy in earnings and of the very high ones. The acceptance of high earnings can be seen as a ménage-à-trois between an economics-based logic (individual contribution leads to individual earning), a corrective principle (social utility) and the valuation of equality (political belief).

My thesis focuses on the problems of ecotourism, or more precisely its borders from an anthropological perspective, using example of a typical Cambodian community named Chambok. Based on five months of research, together with ethnographic methods of research I found out that boundaries of ecotourism are complex, multi-layered, problematic and negotiated and also that there are so called "grey zones" encompassing them. It is the conceptualization of these zones and boundaries, which is my contribution to current anthropological debate about ecotourism, which has been largely left out until now.

The present thesis deals with the subjective dimension of social stratification, more specifically subjective class and subjective status. The author begins by pointing to the subjective aspects of traditional theoretical backgrounds of class and hierarchical conception of social stratification. Then he analyzes subjective class and status as their analogous concepts and describes their application in empirical research, both foreign and Czech sociology. The analytical part presents its own secondary analysis of data from a representative survey ISSP 1992, 1999, 2009 and Social distance 2007 for the Czech Republic. Through this analysis author describes the differences between the two approaches and changes of their distribution and relation in time. Whereas subjective status is relatively stable in selected period, subjective class goes through a lot of changes. These changes are caused primarily by subjectively identified working class, whose representation weakens in time and approaches the class to subjective status. The author also deals with the differences of the declared reasons for identifying with class. For the lower classes it is especially their income which has the highest importance, middle and upper class also mentions the education and type of employment. But for higher classes it...

Bab edh-Dhra is the most extensively excavated cemetery from Early Bronze Age, Jordan. Despite thorough study, the social structure and existence of social inequality remain unclear. This was addressed using osteological evidence of physiological stress to compare between family tombs. In societies exhibiting social inequality, individuals of lower status experience higher levels of stress. Evidence of physiological stress (femoral length, LEH, metabolic disorders, periosteal reactions, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) was recorded using standard methods for 250 adults. The artifact counts in this study have been previously published. Differences in the frequency of stress indicators were compared using chi-square tests. The results show no difference in the frequency of stress indicators between tombs and no correlation between artifacts and frequency of stress indicators. This indicates that families at Bab edh-Dhra experienced similar stress levels and low inequality. This may be due to cultural practices, subsistence methods or lack of data.

The educational system is going through a rapid shift towards digital learning, a phenomenon happening all over the world. This thesis examines the possibilities and conditions for digital learning amongst primary school children living in the township Kayamandi in Stellenbosch, South Africa. The project was carried out as a case study and has used a focused ethnographic approach. The objective was to conduct an explorative study of digital learning in a smaller township and to provide an understanding of the educational system, technology adoption in schools and among children, children's and teachers' digital literacy, and what opportunities for digital learning exist today. Three Kayamandi schools in Stellenbosch have been visited for observation: Kayamandi Primary School, Ikaya Primary School, and A.F. Louw Primary School. In addition, interviews have been conducted with different stakeholders within education, as well as focus groups and a survey with the children. Among the findings this master’s thesis shows that a digitalisation is ongoing but that there is an uneven accessibility to digital technologies and data which could be tackled with a tailored digital strategy. This study also notes on positive effects from using edtech programs and indicates that personalised learning and gamification might be key to success for digital learning in a township. A preliminary conclusion is that there are possibilities for digital learning, but the conditions are complex and various contextual factors need to be addressed in a collective and mindful manner. / Utbildningssystemet går igenom en snabb förändring mot digitalt lärande, ett fenomen som händer över hela världen. Denna avhandling undersöker möjligheterna och förutsättningarna för digitalt lärande bland grundskolebarn som bor i kåkstaden Kayamandi i Stellenbosch, Sydafrika. Projektet utfördes som en fallstudie och har använt ett fokuserat etnografiskt tillvägagångssätt. Målet var att genomföra en explorativ studie av digitalt lärande i en mindre kåkstad och att ge en förståelse för utbildningssystemet, teknikanvändningen i skolorna och bland barnen, barnens och lärarnas digitala kunskaper och, vilka möjligheter till digitalt lärande som finns idag. Tre Kayamandi-grundskolor i Stellenbosch har besökts för observation: Kayamandi Primary School, Ikaya Primary School och A.F. Louw Primary School. Dessutom har intervjuer genomförts med olika intressenter inom utbildning, samt fokusgrupper och en enkät med barnen. Bland resultaten visar denna masteruppsats att en digitalisering pågår men att det finns en ojämn tillgänglighet till digital teknik och internet som skulle kunna hanteras genom en skräddarsydd digital strategi. Denna studie noterar också positiva effekter av att använda edtech-program och indikerar att personligt lärande och spelifiering (gamification) kan vara nyckeln till framgång för digitalt lärande i en kåkstad. En preliminär slutsats är att det finns möjligheter för digitalt lärande, men förutsättningarna är komplexa och olika kontextuella faktorer behöver hanteras på ett kollektivt och medvetet sätt.

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<p>The prehistoric cemetery of Barshalder is located along the main road on the boundary between Grötlingbo and Fide parishes, near the southern end of the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The cemetery was used from c. AD 1-1100.</p><p>The level of publication in Swedish archaeology of the first millennium AD is low compared to, for instance, the British and German examples. Gotland’s rich Iron Age cemeteries have long been intensively excavated, but few have received monographic treatment. This publication is intended to begin filling this gap and to raise the empirical level of the field. It also aims to make explicit and test the often somewhat intuitively conceived results of much previous research. The analyses deal mainly with the Migration (AD 375–540), Vendel (AD 520–790) and Late Viking (AD 1000–1150) Periods.</p><p>The following lines of inquiry have been prioritised.</p><p>1. Landscape history, i.e. placing the cemetery in a landscape-historical context. (Vol. 1, section 2.2.6)</p><p>2. Migration Period typochronology, i.e. the study of change in the grave goods. (Vol. 2, chapter 2)</p><p>3. Social roles: gender, age and status. (Vol. 2, chapter 3)</p><p>4. Religious identity in the 11th century, i.e. the study of religious indicators in mortuary customs and grave goods, with particular emphasis on the relationship between Scandinavian paganism and Christianity.. (Vol. 2, chapter 4)</p><p>Barshalder is found to have functioned as a central cemetery for the surrounding area, located on peripheral land far away from contemporary settlement, yet placed on a main road along the coast for maximum visibility and possibly near a harbour. Computer supported correspondence analysis and seriation are used to study the gender attributes among the grave goods and the chronology of the burials. New methodology is developed to distinguish gender-neutral attributes from transgressed gender attributes. Sub-gender grouping due to age and status is explored. An independent modern chronology system with rigorous type definitions is established for the Migration Period of Gotland. Recently published chronology systems for the Vendel and Viking Periods are critically reviewed, tested and modified to produce more solid models. Social stratification is studied through burial wealth with a quantitative method, and the results are tested through juxtaposition with several other data types.</p><p>The Late Viking Period graves of the late 10th and 11th centuries are studied in relation to the contemporary Christian graves at the churchyards. They are found to be symbolically soft-spoken and unobtrusive, with all pagan attributes kept apart from the body in a space between the feet of the deceased and the end of the over-long inhumation trench. A small number of pagan reactionary graves with more forceful symbolism are however also identified. The distribution of different 11th century cemetery types across the island is used to interpret the period’s confessional geography, the scale of social organisation and the degree of allegiance to western and eastern Christianity. 11th century society on Gotland is found to have been characterised by religious tolerance, by an absence of central organisation and by slow piecemeal Christianisation.</p>

À l’aide des données du recensement canadien de 2006, ce mémoire examine les assortiments éducationnels des couples exogames immigrants-natifs à titre d’indicateur de stratification sociale. Premièrement, les résultats tirés de régressions logistiques multinomiales confirment la présence d’échange (social status exchange : Merton 1941; Davis 1941) entre les natifs et les immigrants, c’est-à-dire qu’un immigrant est davantage susceptible de s’unir avec un natif s’il est plus scolarisé que ce dernier. Ces résultats supportent l’existence d’une stratification sociale entre les immigrants et les natifs. Deuxièmement, l’analyse révèle que l’échange apparait chez les immigrants des deux sexes ayant au moins un baccalauréat, alors que chez les moins scolarisés l’échange ne ressort que chez les hommes. Troisièmement, chez les immigrants de minorité visible, l’échange perdure de la première à la deuxième génération d’immigrant, alors que parmi ceux n’appartenant pas à une minorité visible, l’échange ne concerne que les immigrants de première génération. / Using the 2006 Canadian census data, this thesis examines the educational assortative mating of exogamous couples formed of an immigrant and a native as an indicator of social stratification. First, results from multinomial logistic regression confirm the presence of exchange (status exchange: Merton 1941; Davis 1941) between natives and immigrants, meaning that an immigrant is more susceptible to have native spouse if his education level is higher than the native’s. These results support the existence of a social stratification between natives and immigrants. Second, the analysis reveals that exchange appears for immigrants of both sexes that have at least a bachelor degree, whereas for immigrants that are less educated, exchange is only apparent with men. Third, for immigrants of visible minorities, exchange is present for immigrant of first and second generation, whereas for immigrants who are not of a visible minorities, exchange only appears for first generation immigrants.