Depuis les années 2000 il y a eu des amplifications et des intensifications de la communauté de chercheurs/euses et des outils scientifiques engagés dans l’Éducation Physique (EP). Ce processus s’est produit/se produit dans diverses tensions qui ont commencé à être problématisées dans des études et des débats. Incitée par ce processus et ces problématisations, je me suis approchée des Études Sociales de la Science et de la Technologie, qui ont permis la réalisation de cette recherche, guidée par la question suivante: de quelle façon fait-on la science dans l’EP Brésilienne? Pour la répondre, j’ai fait une étude ethnographique auprès de deux groupes de recherche de l’EP, ayant une durée d’environ un an et quatre mois dans chacun, où j’ai suivi des humains et des non-humains, des associations et des controverses. En accompagnant/vivant le quotidien de ces groupes je suis arrivée à la conclusion qu’il y a de multiples sciences en EP. Il a été possible d’identifier que, dans la pratique, la science de l’EP est celle développée: par des scientifiques qui s’intéressent au domaine des sciences exactes; travaillant à plein temps comme chercheurs/euses dans le laboratoire; avec l’utilisation des outils technologiques; avec l’établissement de rapports avec des entreprises privées, avec des réponses à des questions sur des comparaisons de forces, de moments de force et d’exercices; avec des méthodologies scientifiques qui offrent des réponses à la question ‘comment va-t-on mesurer (?)’; avec l’utilisation de logiciels qui traduisent en nombres les résultats obtenus dans différents tests et équipements; avec l’analyse statistique; et avec de nombreux processus de ‘purifications’. Au-delà de celle-ci, la science de l’EP est aussi celle qui est développée: par des scientifiques qui sont professeurs d’EP dans l’enseignement scolaire; basée sur des questions concernant l’éducation; visant ‘comprendre’; avec des expériences acquises dans les écoles; avec des méthodologies qualitatives de recherche; avec des outils méthodologiques qui permettent de ‘donner la voix’ aux professeurs et aux élèves enquêtés; avec des décisions sur les ‘catégories d’analyses’; avec des résultats dans le format d’un texte descriptif et herméneutique, avec des repères qui ‘est un texte pour l’univers académique’; avec des descriptions ‘sur qui’ et ‘où’ les faits scientifiques ont été construits; et en se plaçant en tension avec une science historiquement hégémonique dans l’EP. Face à ces constatations j’ai commencé à comprendre/proposer qu’on fasse de la science dans l’EP Brésilienne à partir de différentes ontologies, celles qui, d’après les espaces/temps où elles sont promulguées, existent de manière indépendante ou coexistent pour que, ensemble, elles deviennent une seule science dans l’EP. Appuyée sur la notion de distribution, j’ai identifié que les faits scientifiques, les routines des chercheurs/euses, les textes produits et les choix avec qui dialoguer établissent des indépendances académiques entre les sciences vécues par les groupes enquêtés. Par contre, en analysant les relations que ces groupes ont établies auprès d’un programme de Post- Graduation en EP, et les processus d’évaluation et le soutien régis par Capes et CNPQ, à travers la notion de coordination, j’ai constaté que, pour en devenir ‘une’, les multiples sciences de l’EP coexistent de manière hiérarchique et face à la calibration de leurs différences. Et à partir de la notion d’inclusion j’ai réfléchi sur les engagements des sciences étudiées en s’associant à différentes pratiques d’intervention de l’EP. Finalement, en comprenant que les sciences de l’EP sont multiples, le principal acheminement/provocation de cette thèse c’est qu’en réfléchissant/en rapportant/en questionnant à propos de la science de l’EP (ici, il faut remarquer le singulier) il devient indispensable de réfléchir/rapporter /questionner à propos des types de rapports qui ont été et sont aujourd’hui établis entre les sciences de l’EP (ici, il faut remarquer multiples), et quelles en sont leurs conséquences. / Desde os anos 2000 ocorreram ampliações e intensificações da comunidade de pesquisadores/as e dos aparatos científicos comprometidos com a Educação Física (EF). Esse processo aconteceu/acontece em meio a diversos tensionamentos que passaram a ser problematizados em estudos e debates. Instigada por esse processo e problematizações me aproximei dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia, os quais provocaram a realização desta pesquisa, guiada pela seguinte questão: de que modo se faz ciência na EF brasileira? Para respondê-la realizei um estudo etnográfico em dois grupos de pesquisa da EF, com a duração aproximada de um ano e quatro meses em cada um deles, em que segui humanos e não-humanos, associações e controvérsias. Ao acompanhar/viver o dia a dia desses grupos cheguei à conclusão de que há múltiplas ciências da EF. Foi possível identificar que, na prática, a ciência da EF é aquela desenvolvida: por cientistas que possuem interesse pelas áreas exatas; com a dedicação exclusiva dos/das pesquisadores/as ao laboratório; com a utilização de aparatos tecnológicos; com o estabelecimento de relações com empresas privadas; com respostas às questões sobre comparações de forças, torques e exercícios; com metodologias científicas que ofereçam respostas à pergunta ‘como vamos medir(?)’; com a utilização de softwares que traduzem para o formato de números os resultados obtidos em diferentes testes e equipamentos; com análise estatística; e com inúmeros processos de ‘purificações’. Além dessa, a ciência da EF também é aquela desenvolvida: por cientistas que são professores de EF escolar; com base em questões sobre educação; com objetivos de ‘compreender’; com experiências adquiridas nas escolas; com metodologias qualitativas de pesquisa; com instrumentos metodológicos que permitem ‘dar voz’ ao professorado e aos estudantes investigados; com decisões sobre as ‘categorias de análises’; com resultados no formato de um texto descritivo e hermenêutico, com demarcações que ‘é um texto para o universo acadêmico’; com descrições ‘sobre quem’ e ‘onde’ os fatos científicos foram construídos; e posicionando-se em tensão com uma ciência historicamente hegemônica na EF. Mediante essas constatações passei a compreender/propor que se faz ciência na EF brasileira a partir de diferentes ontologias, as quais, conforme os espaços/tempos em que são promulgadas, existem de maneira independente ou coexistem para que, juntas, se tornem uma única ciência da EF. Apoiada na noção de distribuição identifiquei que os fatos científicos, as rotinas dos/as pesquisadores/as, os textos produzidos e as escolhas com quem dialogar estabelecem independências acadêmicas entre as ciências vivenciadas pelos grupos investigados. Já, ao analisar as relações que esses grupos estabelecem com um programa de pós-graduação em EF, e os processos de avaliação e fomento regidos pela Capes e CNPQ, por meio da noção de coordenação, constatei que, para se tornam ‘uma’, as múltiplas ciências da EF coexistem de maneira hierárquica e mediante a calibração de suas diferenças. E a partir da noção de inclusão refleti sobre os comprometimentos das ciências investigadas ao se associarem a diferentes práticas de intervenção da EF. Enfim, ao compreender que as ciências da EF são múltiplas, o principal encaminhamento/provocação desta tese é que ao se pensar/referir/indagar sobre a ciência da EF (nota-se, no singular) passa a ser indispensável pensar/referir/indagar sobre os tipos de relações que foram e estão sendo estabelecidas entre as ciências da EF (nota-se múltiplas), e quais são as suas consequências. / Since the beginning of the years 2000, there has been an enlarging and intensifying movement within the community of researchers and the scientific devices committed with Physical Education (PE). This process occurred and occurs among diverse tensions that have become the object of studies and debates. Incited by such process and discussions, I approached the Social Studies on Science and Technology which led me to carry out this research guided by the following question: how is science performed in Brazilian Physical Education? In order to get an answer to this question, I made an ethnographic study in two research groups of PE with an approximate duration of one year and four months on each, where I followed up humans and non-humans, associations and controversies. Upon following-up and experiencing the daily activities of these groups, I found out that there are multiple sciences on PE. It was possible to identify that, in practice, the PE science is developed by scientists interested on exact areas with exclusive dedication to laboratory research by utilizing technological devices and establishing relations with private companies; by trying to find answers to questions regarding the comparison of strengths, torques and exercises; by applying scientific methodologies that offer answers to the question ´how to measure…?`; by utilizing software that convert into digits the results obtained in different tests and equipment with statistical analysis and numberless ´purification` processes. Besides, the PE Science is also developed by scientists that are teachers of school PE based on issues about education with the objective of ´understanding` through experiences acquired in the schools; with qualitative research methodologies; with methodology instruments that allow ´giving voice` to inquired teachers and students; with decisions about ´analysis categories`; with results in the format of a descriptive and hermeneutical text; with demarcations identifying that ´it is a text for the academic universe`; with descriptions ´about who` and ´where` the scientific facts were constructed; and positioning itself n tension with a science that has been historically hegemonic in PE. These findings have led me to understand and to propose that one makes science in the Brazilian PE from different ontologies which, according to the spaces and times where and when they are enacted, exist in an independent way or which co-exist so that, together, they become a sole PE science. Supported by the distribution notion, I identified that the scientific facts, the routines of the researchers, the texts produced and the choices of the dialogue counterparts establish academic independences among the sciences experienced by the investigated groups. Meanwhile, the analyses of the relations that these groups establish with a post-graduation program in PE and of the processes to assess and to foster ruled by Capes and CNPQ, by means of the coordination notion, I have found out that in order to become ´one` the multiple PE sciences co-exist in hierarchic mode and through the calibration of their differences. From the notion of inclusion, I have thought over the commitments of the investigated sciences when they connect with different intervention practices of PE. In short, upon understanding that PE sciences are multiple, the main referral and provocation of this dissertation is that when one thinks, refers and enquires about PE science (that is, in the singular) it becomes essential to think, to refer and to enquire about the types of relations that have been or are being established among PE sciences (that is, multiple) and which are their consequences. / Desde los años 2000 han ocurrido ampliaciones e intensificaciones de la comunidad de investigadores/as y de los aparatos científicos comprometidos con la Educación Física (EF). Ese proceso sucedió/sucede en medio de diversas que comenzaron a ser problematizadas en estudios y debates. Instigada por ese proceso y por esas problematizaciones me aproximé a los Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y Tecnología, los cuales motivaron la construcción de esta investigación, guiada por la siguiente interrogante: ¿de qué modo se hace ciencia en la EF brasilera? Con el fin de dar respuesta a dicha pregunta realicé un estudio etnográfico en dos grupos de investigación de la EF, con la duración aproximada de un año y cuatro meses en cada uno de ellos, en los cuales seguí a humanos y no-humanos, asociaciones y controversias. Al acompañar/vivir el día a día de esos grupos llegué a la conclusión de que existen múltiples ciencias de la EF. Fue posible identificar que, en la práctica, la ciencia de la EF es aquella desarrollada: por científicos que tienen interés en las ciencias duras; con dedicación exclusiva de los/as investigadores/as al laboratorio; con el uso de instrumentos tecnológicos; con el establecimiento de relaciones con empresas privadas; con respuestas a las cuestiones sobre comparaciones de fuerzas, torques y ejercicios; con metodologías científicas que ofrezcan respuestas a la pregunta ‘cómo vamos a medir(?)’; con la utilización de softwares que traducen al formato de números los resultados obtenidos en diferentes tests y equipamientos; con análisis estadístico; y con innumerables procesos de ‘purificación’. Además de esa, la ciencia de la EF es también aquella desarrollada: por científicos que son profesores de EF escolar; con base en cuestiones sobre educación; con objetivos de ‘comprender’; con experiencias adquiridas en las escuelas; con metodologías cualitativas de investigación; con instrumentos metodológicos que permiten ‘dar voz’ al profesorado y a los estudiantes investigados; con decisiones sobre las ‘categorías de análisis’; con resultados en el formato de un texto descriptivo y hermenéutico, con demarcaciones de que ‘es un texto para el universo académico’; con descripciones ‘sobre quien’ y ‘dónde’ los hechos científicos fueron construidos; y posicionándose en contraposición a una ciencia históricamente hegemónica en la EF. Mediante esas constataciones pasé a comprender/proponer que se hace/produce ciencia en la EF brasilera a partir de diferentes ontologías, las cuales, conforme los espacios/tiempos en que son promulgadas, existen de forma independiente o coexisten para que, juntas, se conviertan en una única ciencia de la EF. Apoyada en la noción de distribución identifiqué que los hechos científicos, las rutinas de los/as investigadores/as, los textos producidos y las elecciones de con quien dialogar establecen independencias académicas entre las ciencias vivenciadas por los grupos investigados. A su vez, al analizar las relaciones que esos grupos establecen con un programa de posgrado en EF, y los procesos de evaluación y fomento regidos por la Capes y el CNPQ, a través de la noción de coordinación, constaté que, para que se transformaran en ‘una’, las múltiples ciencias de la EF coexisten de manera jerárquica y a través de la asimilación de sus diferencias. Y a partir de la noción de inclusión reflexioné sobre los compromisos de las ciencias investigadas al asociarse con diferentes prácticas de intervención de la EF. Finalmente, al comprender que las ciencias de la EF son múltiples, el principal direccionamiento/ provocación de esta tesis es que al pensar/referir/indagar sobre la ciencia de la EF (nótese, en el singular) pasa a ser indispensable pensar/referir/indagar sobre los tipos de relaciones que fueron establecidas y se establecen entre las ciencias de la EF (nótese múltiples), y cuáles son sus consecuencias.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:12:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4939.pdf: 2773447 bytes, checksum: 937ca96488b0a121f4e65c9ffecd4f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The Information Society is defined in terms of production, circulation and access to knowledge. Therefore, the copyright became a strategic element to the social, economical, political and cultural configuration of the Information Society. The history of copyright, including the creation of the current international regime for the protection of intellectual property rights, reveals the link established between this category of protection and international political economy. At the same time, new information and communication technologies allow diversification in creating process and access to knowledge, as well as enable the making of new devices which enhance the protection of intellectual assets. This scenario led to the questioning of the forms of regulation of copyright that goes through a process of reconstruction of meaning. The contradiction that is established in the Information Society is emphasized in the field of scientific production and communication, since it involves legitimate social interest as well as principles common to the scientific community. The present study aims to examine this contradiction in the international scenario considering the normative aspects linked to the international copyright protection, evaluating and comparing documents and international regulatory actions of the following international organizations: UNESCO, WIPO and WTO. The objective is to verify, by comparative analysis and data from interviews with key informants, the level of openness of organizations to dialogue with civil society. It will analyze the specific case of the inclusion of Open Access on the Agenda for Development administered by WIPO, and the effects of these debates on the international regime for the protection of intellectual property, as well as on the reconstruction of the legal framework of copyright in Brazil. / A Sociedade da Informação é definida em termos da produção, circulação e acesso ao conhecimento. Por isso, o direito autoral torna-se elemento estratégico para a configuração socioeconômica, política e cultural da Sociedade da Informação. A história da criação do direito autoral, incluindo a formação do atual regime internacional de proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, nos revela o elo que se estabeleceu entre essa categoria de proteção dos bens intelectuais e a economia política internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, as novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação possibilitam a diversificação nos processo de criação e acesso ao conhecimento, bem como permitem a criação de novos dispositivos que intensificam a proteção dos bens intelectuais. Esse cenário provocou questionamento quanto às formas de regulação do direito autoral que passa por um processo de reconstrução de significado. A contradição que se estabelece na Sociedade da Informação é ressaltada no campo de produção e comunicação científica, uma vez que envolve interesses sociais legítimos, além de princípios e práticas comuns à comunidade científica. O presente estudo tem a finalidade de analisar essa contradição no cenário internacional considerando os aspectos normativos ligados ao regime internacional de proteção dos direitos autorais, avaliando e comparando documentos internacionais e ações regulatórias das seguintes Organizações Internacionais: UNESCO, OMPI e OMC. Objetiva-se verificar, pela análise comparativa e dados obtidos em entrevistas com informantes-chave, o nível de abertura dessas organizações para o diálogo com a sociedade civil. Será analisado o caso específico da inclusão do Open Access nas discussões da Agenda para o Desenvolvimento administrada pela OMPI e os efeitos disso para o regime de proteção da propriedade intelectual, bem como para a reconstrução do marco legal do Direito Autoral no Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4680.pdf: 2944445 bytes, checksum: c5eeb5f5344075c7239eb08d0d7e5e66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Sociology of Science, presently also known by the Social Studies of Science and Technology, with theoretical and methodological inheritance from the Sociology of Knowledge, debates subjects about the nature of scientific activity and the relationship and interactions between science, technology and society. In this way this research centers on mapping the field of Sociology of Science by its scientific production, as a way to display its trajectory and reflect on its institutionalization as a field of knowledge. The studies about the analysis of scientific production can be included in the field of Sociology of Science and be made ever more frequent. The motivation to investigate this theme is justified by the fact that after the coming of the Internet a variety of different knowledge bases of scientific articles were available online which made much easier the process of data collection and also the treatment of the same. In light of this, the studies of the analysis of scientific production become ever more recurrent. Confronting this reality the research objective of this research was created as to investigate how the field of Sociology of Science configures itself from its scientific production represented by the data base Scopus. The objectives of study were: a) identify and analyze the scientific production on the field of Sociology of Science up from the articles indexed in the database Scopus; b) to understand how the field of Sociology of Science is internationally build, by constructing bibliometric indicators of scientific production like themes in the scope, published journals, authorship, temporal, institutional and geographic distribution of the articles. On the methodological point of view the research is supported on the bibliometric approach and the achieved results shows that a) the field of Sociology of Science follows a parallel growth with the field of Social Studies of Science and Technology; b) the Network Actor Theory is the methodology with the greatest representation in the field, with a growth rate, followed by Ethnographic studies. This exponential growth on the Network Actor Theory is the points to the existence of a trend by other fields in its use; c) around 40% of articles were written in collaboration. / A Sociologia da Ciência, atualmente também conhecida pelos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia, com heranças teóricas e metodológicas da Sociologia do Conhecimento, debate assuntos sobre a natureza da atividade científica e as relações e interações entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. Dessa forma esta pesquisa concentra-se no mapeamento do campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir de sua produção científica, a fim de revelar sua trajetória e refletir acerca da sua institucionalização enquanto área do conhecimento. Por sua vez, os estudos sobre a análise da produção do conhecimento científico podem ser incluídos no campo da Sociologia da Ciência e se tornam cada vez mais frequentes. A motivação para investigar esse tema justifica-se pelo fato de que após o surgimento da Internet várias bases de dados de artigos científicos foram disponibilizadas online o que tornou mais fácil não só o processo da coleta de dados, mas também no tratamento dos mesmos. Em vista disso, os estudos de análise da produção científica se tornaram cada vez mais recorrentes. Diante dessa realidade constitui-se como problema de pesquisa dessa dissertação investigar como se configura o campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir de sua produção científica representada na base de dados Scopus. Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) identificar e analisar a produção científica no campo da Sociologia da Ciência a partir dos artigos científicos indexados na base de dados Scopus; b) compreender como o campo da Sociologia da Ciência se constitui internacionalmente, por meio da construção de indicadores bibliométricos da produção científica, tais como temas abordados, periódicos publicadores, autoria, distribuição temporal, institucional e geográfica dos artigos. Do ponto de vista metodológico a pesquisa apoia-se na abordagem bibliométrica e os resultados obtidos apontaram que a) o campo da Sociologia da Ciência segue em crescimento paralelamente com o campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia; b) a Teoria Ator Rede é a metodologia com maior representatividade dentro do campo, com uma taxa de crescimento, seguida pelos Estudos Etnográficos. Esse crescimento exponencial da Teoria Ator Rede aponta a existência de certo modismo por outras áreas do conhecimento em sua utilização; c) cerca de 40% dos artigos foram escritos em colaboração.

<p>Particle pollution in South Korea has become a matter of significant public concern, culminating in its declaration as a “social disaster” through a government proclamation in 2019. This study shows how the existing interventions to tackle particle pollution in South Korea as a “social disaster” contribute to maintaining the status quo, paradoxically. The study attempts to interpret pollution as entanglements, relations, and processes by addressing the discussions and politics surrounding particle pollution, the interventions to tackle it, and what they presuppose and exclude via multi-sited ethnography.</p> <p>What narratives form the bedrock of the current discourses and politics around particle pollution in South Korea? What kinds of population, knowledge systems, values, and interests are incorporated and excluded around particulate matter in Korea? Drawing upon four months of fieldwork, interviews, and collaborative work with residents, scientists, and activists in South Korea, this thesis offers a new understanding of how citizens’ experiences and knowledge practices have reshaped the concepts of pollution, toxicity, and health. The study indicates that the existing practices and knowledge vis-à-vis pollution control have individualized pollution by presuming particular ways of normalcy and excluding others. In doing so, this study captures the multiplicity of particle pollution and shows the existence and stories of different bodies living with/in pollution.</p> <p>Drawing on the literature in feminist science and technology studies as well as medical and environmental anthropology scholarship, this study problematizes harm reduction-based environmental and health intervention practices by describing the current individualized particle pollution responses. The research reveals how people in Korea living with/in particulate matter have perceived, datafied, defined, adjusted, and responded to particle pollution and its toxicity. The study suggests that pollution should be envisaged as entanglements and relations by shedding light on the stories that particulate matter has been perceived, coordinated, and generated in various ways. Lastly, indicating that the knowledge and interventions surrounding particle pollution have exploited and flattened the environment based on the human–nature dichotomy, the study suggests different ways of conceptualizing pollution, while considering the multiplicity of pollution, toxicities, and bodies.</p>

<div> <p>New information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as cell phones, email, and social media, have been transforming how social movements recruit, organize, participate in collective action, and experience repression. Yet, limited scholarship has addressed the uses of these technologies by social movements organizing within American prisons. Using a dialectical interpretive approach, I examine how a coalition of prisoners’ rights organizations uses ICTs to plan and participate in collective resistance across prison walls. The coalition, referred to here as the New Prisoners’ Rights Coalition (NPRC), organizes against low and no-wage prison labor, unhealthy and unsafe prison conditions, and inhumane prisoner treatment. The NPRC has a multi-platform public digital presence and mobilizes prisoner activists and free activists. Through narrative description, I summarize the ways NPRC activists use ICTs from December 2013 through September 2016, noting changes in ICT use over time and in response to movement repression. I find that new ICTs offer innovative ways for NPRC activists to record and document their environments, communicate privately, and communicate publicly. ICTs, however, do not remove all barriers to activism or ensure that activists’ concerns are resolved or even taken seriously. NPRC activists struggle to overcome stigma and mischaracterization online. They face physical repression, interpersonal hostilities, institutional sanctions, economic repression, legal sanctions, interpretive repression, surveillance, and monitoring. In different circumstances, the NPRC responds to repression by increasing ICT use, decreasing ICT use, going dark, migrating from one online platform to another, and shifting digital responsibilities from prisoner activists to free activists. I explain how, most of the time, the digital unreachability of the prison environment makes it difficult for NPRC activists to substantiate their claims of mistreatment, abuse, and injustice. Moreover, I consider how current prison technology policies may be inadvertently pushing NPRC activists into difficult-to-monitor online spaces and exacerbating safety concerns of corrections workers.</p></div>

When the New Zealand Government restructured the system of the public funding of research (1990-1992) it created Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) as companies operating in a global, market-led economy. One CRI, AgResearch, responded to this environment by corporatisation and instituted a normative system of control of workers which, through strategic plans, vision and mission statements, and performance appraisal processes, encouraged workers to adhere to company goals. This thesis, reporting on an ethnographic study of this CRI, shows how most scientific workers (technical workers and scientists alike) experienced insecurity through estrangement because the contributions they wished to make were less valued both in society and in their work organisation. They were excluded from participation in both organisational and Government policy-making, and felt they did not ‘belong’ anymore. Scientists in particular were also experiencing alienation (in the Marxist sense), as they were losing autonomy over the production of their work and its end use. Scientific workers developed tactics of compliance in order to resist these experiences and ostensibly comply with organisational goals while maintaining and protecting their self-identities, and making their work meaningful. Meanwhile, to outward appearances, the work of the CRI continued. This thesis adds to the sociology of work literature by extending the understanding of the concepts of compliance and resistance in white-collar work, particularly under normative control, by developing two models of resistance. It adds to the stories of the impact on public sector workers of the restructuring of this sector in New Zealand’s recent history, and develops implications for science policy and practice.

This thesis is a socio-economic history of the relationship between music technology and organisational practices in twentieth-century Australia. It argues that the history of technology in the Australian music economy is dependent not only upon the changing technical characteristics of musical instruments and electronic consumer goods but also upon government policy-making, management practices in music technology manufacturing firms and patterns of music technology consumption. The thesis examines economic statistics regarding the import, export and local production of music technology in Australia. The economic statistics have not previously been examined in relation to the history of music technology in Australia. The historical analysis is structured according to a four-part periodisation which includes the Electric Age (1901-1930), the Electronic Age (1930-1950), the Transistor Age (1950-1970) and the Information Age (1970-1990). This periodisation enables the analysis to continually be refocussed as the key technological and socio-economic dynamics change. With this perspective, the history of the relationship between technology and organisation in the Australian music economy has been demonstrated to be dependent on a number of key technological changes. The thesis examines changes including the shift from acoustic to electric recording; the development of transistor-based consumer electronics goods; and the advent of digital information technology. However, a number of key social determinants, particularly organisational modes, are examined including changes from protectionist to more deregulated trade policy; lack of business skills in areas such as marketing, manufacturing technique and industrial research and development; and the development of a sense of popular modernity which is expressed in the consumption of new, technically advanced and glamorous music technology. In addition to the new perspectives on the history of music technology provided by the analysis of empirical economic data, this thesis contributes to the historiography of technology. The analytical framework it proposes locates music technology within what is described as an assemblage of technologies: technologies of production, technologies of sign systems, technologies of power and technologies of the self. This approach makes clear the interdependence of technological and social factors, and the inadequacy of narrow technological determinist and social constructivist accounts. The notion of an assemblage of technologies is further embellished by drawing upon key elements of recent theories of systems analysis: the seamless web, evolution and chaos theory. Through this analytical framework and the socio-economic analysis of the relationship between music technology and organisational practices, the thesis demonstrates that the history of technology cannot be understood unless it is seen as part of a complex and interacting technical, social, economic and institutional system.

This thesis is a socio-economic history of the relationship between music technology and organisational practices in twentieth-century Australia. It argues that the history of technology in the Australian music economy is dependent not only upon the changing technical characteristics of musical instruments and electronic consumer goods but also upon government policy-making, management practices in music technology manufacturing firms and patterns of music technology consumption. The thesis examines economic statistics regarding the import, export and local production of music technology in Australia. The economic statistics have not previously been examined in relation to the history of music technology in Australia. The historical analysis is structured according to a four-part periodisation which includes the Electric Age (1901-1930), the Electronic Age (1930-1950), the Transistor Age (1950-1970) and the Information Age (1970-1990). This periodisation enables the analysis to continually be refocussed as the key technological and socio-economic dynamics change. With this perspective, the history of the relationship between technology and organisation in the Australian music economy has been demonstrated to be dependent on a number of key technological changes. The thesis examines changes including the shift from acoustic to electric recording; the development of transistor-based consumer electronics goods; and the advent of digital information technology. However, a number of key social determinants, particularly organisational modes, are examined including changes from protectionist to more deregulated trade policy; lack of business skills in areas such as marketing, manufacturing technique and industrial research and development; and the development of a sense of popular modernity which is expressed in the consumption of new, technically advanced and glamorous music technology. In addition to the new perspectives on the history of music technology provided by the analysis of empirical economic data, this thesis contributes to the historiography of technology. The analytical framework it proposes locates music technology within what is described as an assemblage of technologies: technologies of production, technologies of sign systems, technologies of power and technologies of the self. This approach makes clear the interdependence of technological and social factors, and the inadequacy of narrow technological determinist and social constructivist accounts. The notion of an assemblage of technologies is further embellished by drawing upon key elements of recent theories of systems analysis: the seamless web, evolution and chaos theory. Through this analytical framework and the socio-economic analysis of the relationship between music technology and organisational practices, the thesis demonstrates that the history of technology cannot be understood unless it is seen as part of a complex and interacting technical, social, economic and institutional system.

This thesis is a socio-economic history of the relationship between music technology and organisational practices in twentieth-century Australia. It argues that the history of technology in the Australian music economy is dependent not only upon the changing technical characteristics of musical instruments and electronic consumer goods but also upon government policy-making, management practices in music technology manufacturing firms and patterns of music technology consumption. The thesis examines economic statistics regarding the import, export and local production of music technology in Australia. The economic statistics have not previously been examined in relation to the history of music technology in Australia. The historical analysis is structured according to a four-part periodisation which includes the Electric Age (1901-1930), the Electronic Age (1930-1950), the Transistor Age (1950-1970) and the Information Age (1970-1990). This periodisation enables the analysis to continually be refocussed as the key technological and socio-economic dynamics change. With this perspective, the history of the relationship between technology and organisation in the Australian music economy has been demonstrated to be dependent on a number of key technological changes. The thesis examines changes including the shift from acoustic to electric recording; the development of transistor-based consumer electronics goods; and the advent of digital information technology. However, a number of key social determinants, particularly organisational modes, are examined including changes from protectionist to more deregulated trade policy; lack of business skills in areas such as marketing, manufacturing technique and industrial research and development; and the development of a sense of popular modernity which is expressed in the consumption of new, technically advanced and glamorous music technology. In addition to the new perspectives on the history of music technology provided by the analysis of empirical economic data, this thesis contributes to the historiography of technology. The analytical framework it proposes locates music technology within what is described as an assemblage of technologies: technologies of production, technologies of sign systems, technologies of power and technologies of the self. This approach makes clear the interdependence of technological and social factors, and the inadequacy of narrow technological determinist and social constructivist accounts. The notion of an assemblage of technologies is further embellished by drawing upon key elements of recent theories of systems analysis: the seamless web, evolution and chaos theory. Through this analytical framework and the socio-economic analysis of the relationship between music technology and organisational practices, the thesis demonstrates that the history of technology cannot be understood unless it is seen as part of a complex and interacting technical, social, economic and institutional system.

The intent of the thesis is to ascertain whether mitigation of political risk to the IT industry in Panama can be of value to the country by improving the economy and standard of living.