Bakgrund: Fotbollsklubbar är idag underutvecklade vad gäller användandet av entreprenörskap för att motverka kriser. Detta är märkligt då idrott befinner sig i en föränderlig miljö som kräver anpassning. Samtidigt är idrottsföreningar, som kännetecknas av entreprenörskap, bättre på att prestera när lågkonjunktur råder. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och skapa förståelse för hur fotbollsverksamheten inom idrottsföreningar arbetar entreprenöriellt för att ersätta eventuella intäktsbortfall som orsakats till följd av COVID-19 pandemin. Vidare är syftet att analysera om huruvida det finns skillnader mellan idrottsföreningar och dess entreprenöriella arbete vad gäller intäkter och hur de har motverkat sådana eventuella bortfall. Problemformulering: Hur arbetar fotbollsverksamheten inom idrottsföreningar entreprenöriellt för att ersätta eventuella intäktsbortfall som blivit till följd av COVID-19 pandemin? Metod: Studien baseras på kvalitativ fallstudiemetod, där intervjuer genomförts med åtta idrottsföreningar. Olika analysmetoder är kombinerade. Forskningsansatsen är abduktiv, då inslag av induktion används bland annat i analysen, medan den deduktiva ansatsen är genomgående. Slutsatser: Studiens slutsatser visar att svenska fotbollsklubbar har arbetat entreprenöriellt genom att skapa nya och utveckla befintliga intäktsströmmar. Fotbollsklubbarna har bland annat skapat nya evenemang och utökat sin försäljning av både befintliga och nya produkter. Det visar sig också att en förenings serietillhörighet inte får direkta konsekvenser för dess entreprenöriella arbetssätt. / Background: Today, football clubs are underdeveloped in the use of entrepreneurship to counter crises. This is surprising since sports are in a changing environment that constantly requires adaption. At the same time, sports clubs, which are characterized by entrepreneurship, tends to perform better when a recession prevails. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and create an understanding of how football clubs work entrepreneurially to compensate for any loss of revenue caused as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the purpose is to analyze whether there are differences between football clubs and their entrepreneurial work in terms of income and how they have counteracted such possible losses. Research question: How does the football business within sports clubs work entrepreneurially to compensate for any loss of revenue that has resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic? Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative case study method, where interviews were conducted with eight sports associations. Different analysis methods are combined. The research approach is abductive, as elements of induction are used in for instance the analysis, while the deductive approach is consistent. Conclusions: The conclusions of the study, shows that Swedish football clubs have worked entrepreneurially by creating new and developing existing revenue streams. The football clubs have, among other things, created new events and increased their sales of both existing and new products. It also turns out that an association’s serial affiliation does not have direct consequences for its ability to work entrepreneurially.

Background: Rising global uncertainty and volatility have changed how businesses envision themselves and their future. Particularly Social Business Hybrids emphasize the importance of purpose beyond profit. Their aim is to develop a more inclusive and green economy by pursuing and creating both financial and social value. This aim, however, comes with the risk of mission drift, meaning that the organization could prioritize one value at the expense of the other. As this is an emergent strategic dilemma in the field of social entrepreneurship, it is prudent to find ways to manage the risk of mission drift. In this context, considerable attention has to be given to the question of how employees of Social Business Hybrids manage the risk of mission drift, as their viewpoint has mostly been neglected by prior scholarship. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to provide an understanding of why the management of mission drift is relevant for Social Business Hybrids and to give new insights into perspectives that employees of Social Business Hybrids have towards tactics and strategies that support successful management of mission drift. By researching the critical role that employees play as stakeholders in the context of mission drift management, we aim to enrich current literature by deriving new insights into strategies that can help Social Business Hybrids successfully balance their dual objectives. Method: This study is based on: Qualitative, inductive research; Ontology – Relativism; Epistemology – Social Constructionism; Methodology – Grounded Theory; Data Collection – 12 semi-structured in-depth Interviews; Sampling – Purposive, Snowball; Data Analysis – Grounded Analysis  Conclusion: In our findings, we ascertained distinct sources that anticipate a risk for mission drift. Further, we identified detailed tactics that can significantly support the management of mission drift. Finally, resulting from the findings, a framework was developed, that proposes five distinctive overarching strategies, which are enabled by two underlying mechanisms that employees in Social Business Hybrids apply to manage mission drift.

Conceptualizing social entrepreneurship has proven to be challenging. Social enterprises are often regarded as enterprises that create social value or social impact. However, social value and social impact remain ill-defined and ambiguous concepts. This paper provides a qualitative description of how social enterprises create value, what their impact is and what this entails for managing and conceptualizing them. The analysis is based on a case study that comprises of: a comprehensive review of the literature, four in-depth interviews with for-profit social enterprises that work with renewable energy access in developing countries and secondary data on their impact and environmental context. We find that social enterprises create value through building intricate networks with their stakeholders. They use feedback from their customers and the market to pivot their business models to increase their potential for value creation. The increase in utility of their customers is an important part of their impact. This is also the value creation the customer cares about and is willing to pay for. However, there is impact beyond this increased utility, which seems to result from two things: the fact that the problems and needs the social enterprises target have positive externalities (1); and the fact that the social enterprises seem to purposefully design their value proposition, business model and value chain to maximize positive externalities and minimize negative externalities (2). Finally, we propose that in their value proposition, business model and value chain social entrepreneurs combine a logic of empowerment, collaboration and control.

Although much research has been conducted on the association between poverty and happiness, little is known about its mediators and moderators. Thus, our understanding of how – and the conditions under which -- poverty affects happiness is imprecise. This study assessed stress as a mediator of the negative association between poverty and happiness using a sample of 345 farmers and fish farmers living in Ghana. Further, Psychological Capital (PsyCap, consisting of hope, optimism, resilience, and self-confidence) was examined as a two-stage moderator of the poverty-happiness relationship, as mediated by stress. There was no support for the stage 1 moderation, and while there was support for stage 2 moderation, it was in a direction opposite from what was hypothesized (for overall PsyCap and PsyCapF2). The negative moderation at stage 2 suggests that PsyCap (overall and PsyCap2) is associated with a weakening of an unexpected positive association between stress and happiness. PsyCapF2, appears to reflect agency or general self-efficacy. Although the hypothesized model was not supported this study has provided insights into how future research of Ghanaians might be better designed. It also has shown that the positive PsyCap-happiness relationship found in several Western samples is replicable among Ghanaian farmers, a collectivist and highly religious community. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Conception of social entrepreneurship has been investigated in the paper on base of Russian and international practices. It promotes to complex investigation of small entrepreneurship with social direction of activity; explore of its functions, which caused of modern problem solve. The innovation potential of social entrepreneurship has been discovered. Social entrepreneurship has been investigated especially at social sphere. At modern condition problem solve of preschool education is realized on base quality service development and private schools. Results of research have been based on investigation of parents’ opinion toward private preschools’ services; analyze of parents’ willingness to use this services. Main tendency and impacts of social entrepreneurship have been explored by example of private preschools of Yekaterinburg. In result it was demonstrated that parents prefer notionally private preschools. Their position explained by inviting of wide services. However they are ready practically to use state preschools, because this services chipper and dependable by their opinion. / В работе раскрывается понятие социального предпринимательства в российской и международной практике. Это позволяет более полно определить явление социальной направленности малого предпринимательства; изучить его функции, способные разрешить актуальные социальные проблемы. Выявляется инновационный потенциал социального предпринимательства. Особым аспектом исследования было изучение социального предпринимательства в социальной сфере. На сегодняшний день, решение проблем дошкольного образования осуществляется как путем совершенствования качества предоставления дошкольных услуг, так и с помощью частных образовательных учреждений. В рамках данной работы представлены основные результаты проведенного социологического исследования по определению отношения родителей к частным детским садам, анализа готовности родителей воспользоваться услугами частных детских садов. Выделяются общие тенденции и факторы развития социального предпринимательства в дошкольном образовании на примере частных детских садов г. Екатеринбурга. В результате исследования было выявлено, что родители теоретически отдают предпочтение частным детским садам. Их позицию объясняется привлекательностью более широкого спектра услуг. Однако практически они готовы отдать своего ребенка в муниципальный детский сад, поскольку услуги этой организации дешевле и, с точки зрения родителей, надежней.

No description available.

Funding strategy has often been the determinant factor in the level of success for social entrepreneurships. The strategy could be a preference for internally generated revenue, externally generated revenue or a combination of the two. Interestingly, scarcity of resources has always been ‘a clog in the wheel’ of meaningful execution of projects irrespective of the funding model a social entrepreneur chooses. Through a review of existing literatures, this paper weighs the implications of choosing either externally generated revenue or internally generated revenue; specifically contextualizing the study to US. More so, it attempts to find out which of the two models would ensure optimum productivity, given that scarcity of resources would hamper the chances of effectively running the two models simultaneously. To arrive at a ‘plausible’ response, principles of resource valuation become vital in determining the costs and benefits associated with each model of funding. Consequently, the findings show that though both internally and externally generated revenue are sine qua non to an effective and efficient production of social values, internally generated revenue ensures better optimum production than externally generated revenue.

In Quality Management and Total Quality Management (TQM) customer focus and customer value creation is of importance and in organisations it is of high priority. Quality Management has had an internal focus when it comes to customer value creation but in the 21st century there is a need for an outward orientation and to go beyond the organisational borders. Also an increasing interest in social, societal and environmental issues can be seen, for instance by customers, organisations, quality awards and within the quality area. An area that considers these issues is the societal entrepreneurial sector.   The purpose of this thesis has been to contribute to the knowledge and understanding about customer value creation from a system view. Additionally the purpose has been to contribute to the development of Quality Management. In order to fulfil the purpose, case studies have been performed. Cases within the societal entrepreneurial area have been studied and seven studies have been performed. Data have been collected through interviews, direct observations, participating observations and documents. All data have been collected empirically except in one study where a literature case study was used. The data were analysed through tools such as process mapping, attribute value mapping and rich picture process maps combined with analytical methods for case study research. The research journey started out from TQM and an internal perspective on customer value creation. As the studies went on, the system borders became wider as other areas important to customer value creation were identified: the customer value creating system went from an internal perspective to include an external perspective.    The findings contribute to earlier research findings and give a comprehensive and simplified picture of a complex phenomenon and an opportunity to understand customer value creation from a system view. This thesis provides an overall map of the customer value creating system. Additionally it contributes to the development of Quality Management by expanding the view on customer value creation to include both an internal and an external oriented perspective. It also contributes by suggesting a fifth step in the quality management movement ´System Quality Management´ that considers social, societal and environmental factors through continuous improvement before, during and after value creation for customers. Further it contributes with a developed view on customers and the concept of customer value creation.   The overall map provided includes three areas. Growth and development of societal entrepreneurial initiatives. The result shows important components for the creation of societal value based on the growth and development of societal entrepreneurial initiatives. Included are the processes, input and output important for societal value creation from unidentified needs until societal value can be delivered, management process and support process fields.  Customer value creation in the customer sphere.  Customer value has been found to be created beyond the use or purchase of a product or service. Value has also been found to be created for those that are not in direct contact with an initiative or its product or service. Customer value has been found to spread into society like ripples in a complex system of value creation. And Value Ripple Logic has been developed to describe this phenomenon. Management role in customer value creation. The management’s role in value creation has been found to be of importance in the creation of customer value in an indirect way through interaction with the surroundings and the initiative.  Factors and behaviours have been found which are connected to the leaders and their essential management processes along with their input and output.   The findings presented in this thesis have considerable potential for development. Further studies need to be done within the area concerning how customer value is created and to achieve an even more comprehensive picture of the customer value creating system and the suggested fifth step. The results presented in this thesis are a contribution to the knowledge and understanding about customer value creation from a system view and the development of the Quality Management. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 6 accepterat för publicering och delarbete 7 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 6 accepted for publication and  paper 7 submitted.</p>

近年來，台灣對地方文化的認同與地方文化意識高漲，青年回鄉創業，例如各類巷弄創業與咖啡店，而台灣各地傳統農村也正好遭遇到人口老化、外移等相同之問題；也因此，有一部分創業者選擇在地創業的方式，同時兼顧「社會創業」、「社會企業」的理念與精神，但重點是擺在解決地方問題，協助地方發展，共同的特色就是會大量整合在地資源，因此本研究欲探究在地創業家是如何走過在地創業的歷程，如何整合在地資源使之達到平衡，提供有志返鄉之在地創業者參考。 本研究採個案分析法，選擇多個案分析，共有「老寮hostel」、「大山北月」、「天空的院子與小鎮文創」三個研究個案，除了先從個案的創業歷程觀察，也試著從Timmons Model 創業三要素「機會」、「團隊」、「資源」三者的動態變化，以及內外部的資源分析與串聯，和個案公司擁有的獨特性與競爭優勢來建立核心資源，探討在地創業從無到有，資源不斷交互影響，壯大企業本身之發展過程。 在研究的結果中，我們發現在地創業家從認知到挖掘創業機會、到發現機會皆從自身經驗出發，因此易受自身經驗影響而不同。而在地創業家一定會有自身堅持之理念，但為了解決地方問題與推維持穩定收入常會陷入兩難。另外在地創業家自身擁有的資源一開始容易不足，創業家也會認知到此點，因此會積極在社會關係及社經資料蒐集與調查上，以利未來企業發展與資源串聯，使創業三要素能達成穩定平衡。 我們也針對這些研究發現與結論給出實務上的建議，除了取得創業三要素與外部資源互動之平衡，這是必須要做好之基本功外。也最好能在不偏離在地創業理念之前提下，專心在本身的核心能耐和事業上，善用可掌握之外部資源去發揮最大效益，通常就對地方發展產生正向影響。 / In the recent years, perceptions of local cultural identity and awareness garner significant attention in Taiwan. That is, a variety of entrepreneurial activities in domestic neighborhoods appeared. Taken into consideration issues of aging population and labor force immigration in the countryside, a number of entrepreneurs have adopted the notion of “social entrepreneurship” and “social enterprise,” with emphases on solutions to local struggles and assistance to local development when starting up their businesses. A common feature for such operation is the substantial integration on local resources; thus, this study is anticipated to dig into local entrepreneurial processes and the balances achieved under integrations of local resources. Meanwhile, this study may also be seen as a guidance for future entrepreneurs in developing their businesses locally. In compliance with the case study method, “Mountain Lodge,” “Big Hill North Moon” and “El Patio Del Cielo” are the three research cases selected for this study. To analyze the cases, this study adopts the framework of the Timmons Model, namely the three elements – opportunity, team, and resource – and the dynamics among them, along with internal and external resource analyses and connections. Furthermore, this study underscores the uniqueness and competitive advantage, combination and interaction of internal and external resources of the research cases in developing core competence from scratch to the current stage. This study concludes with the finding that recognitions and explorations of business opportunities derive mostly and mainly from the personal experience of local entrepreneurs, which varies greatly for one and another. Generally speaking, local entrepreneurs tend to be determined as to their beliefs, however, they may be in a dilemma when trying to strike a balance between resolving local issues and maintaining a stable cash flow. Moreover, entrepreneurs, at early stage, often encounter lack of resources. Being aware of such situation, entrepreneurs tend to involve actively in networking and relevant social and economic insight gatherings to facilitate future business development and resource connection, of which, eventually, the dynamic relationship among the three elements of entrepreneurship shall be in a stable equilibrium. In addition to the findings and conclusions, this study propose a number of practical suggestions. Besides balancing the three elements of the entrepreneurial interactions with external resources, local entrepreneurs are recommended not to depart from the premise of their entrepreneurial concept. Local entrepreneurs should focus mainly on core competence and business operation, and make the best use of external resources in maximizing the outcome. By doing so, positive impacts on local development should be anticipated.

During the search for a thesis topic, the researchers established contact with a civil servant at Växjö Municipality in Sweden who introduced them to the prospective project of the Reuse Village as part of the city’s waste management plan to enhance circular economy. Hence, the researchers’ purpose for this thesis is to explore the determined values and stakeholders’ involvement linked to the engagement of entrepreneurs towards a circular economy. Moreover, a thorough explanation of the literature review is conducted including the environmental, economic and social sustainability, in addition to the entrepreneurial and stakeholders’ involvement and the different sustainable oriented entrepreneurs and the values that could possibly influence the entrepreneurs. The researchers used mixed research methods that comprise of qualitative interviews, secondary research, and case studies based on documentary secondary data to give a deeper explanation of the stakeholders and entrepreneurial involvement and show their position in the field of circular economy especially in the Reuse Village project. The main findings of the thesis elaborate more on the importance of circular economy that governments and local municipalities are pushing for. The outcome presents the directions that stakeholders lean towards, regarding the Reuse Village, and shows how the relationship between the stakeholders plays a major role in the progress of the notion of circular economy.