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Desde o IV Congresso Mundial de Parques Nacionais e Áreas Protegidas, celebrado na cidade de Caracas em 1992 e onze anos mais tarde na cidade de Durban, na África do Sul, a comunidade internacional de especialistas se debate em uma aberta e ampla discussão para encontrar saídas técnicas e éticas à questão de manejar áreas naturais em estreita relação com a presença humana, dentro e próxima dos seus limites. Nesse sentido, um novo paradigma estaria por se implantar. Esse trabalho deseja provar que as posições contrárias em debate, obrigatoriamente, terão que levar em consideração as realidades percebidas pelas comunidades humanas envolvidas e, muito especialmente no caso brasileiro, terão de ser identificados os pontos frágeis da administração nacional, que impedem fazer frente a qualquer uma das duas posições em conflito. Utilizando como base os estudos de percepção comunitária e as análises sociais, ambientais e de infra-estrutura em duas Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral (Reserva Biológica do Lago Piratuba, Amapá e Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo), identificam-se as variáveis que apóiam ou rejeitam os argumentos de cada grupo, comparando-os com os acertos e conclusões em construção desde a Reunião de Almeria, Espanha, recém-celebrada em junho de 2007 e o Congresso Latinoamericano de Parques Nacionais e Outras Áreas Protegidas, realizado em Bariloche, Argentina, em outubro do mesmo ano . Os dados de campo foram coletados entre 19 comunidades de ambas as unidades, produtos de oficinas participativas e entrevistas sistematizadas em cada uma delas. Da mesma forma, estudos observacionais destacaram a situação em que essas comunidades vivem e foram, ainda percorridas as unidades em estudo, em toda sua extensão, com inclusão de sua zona de amortiguamento. Após confrontar os dados entre UCs e entre comunidades e realizar a análise estatística correspondente a partir de testes paramétricos e não paramétricos, o trabalho sugere uma série de propostas práticas e também filosóficas capazes de atender às necessidades de todas as partes envolvidas e de ajudar na compreensão de sua importância para áreas de proteção integral. Conclui-se que a falha do sistema brasileiro não deve atribuir-se às categorias, ou à presença de comunidades humanas na área de influência dos ecossistemas protegidos, mas a um problema de gestão, o qual, arrastando-se por décadas e mantendo o atual padrão administrativo, não conseguirá garantir nem a proteção da natureza, nem o desenvolvimento social dessas comunidades. Da mesma forma, conclui-se que o conflito em debate poderá diminuir quando os esforços forem concretizados em uma estrutura administrativa eficaz, em lugar de empenhar grandes esforços de confrontação epistemológica que imobilizará ambos os lados. Há verdadeiros indícios de que, em nível internacional, poderá encontrar-se um caminho para o desenvolvimento e a conservação no que se refere às UCs de proteção integral. No caso do Brasil, o mérito em pauta ainda terá que responder os desafios desse binômio. / Since the IV World Parks / IUCN Congress carried on in 1992, in Caracas, followed eleven years later in Durban, South Africa, the international community of specialists broadly opened the discussion to study the whole set of possibilities for managing natural protected areas, in intimate relation with the human settlements living inside and surrounding areas. A new paradigm was established. This thesis aims to prove that opposite positions in debate have imperative obligation to consider the realities perceived by the communities involved and, in the case of Brazil, very especially, it must be identify the national administration fragilities which difficult to deal with any of the two sides in conflict. Using the communities perception studies and the social, environmental and infrastructure analysis on two Strict Protected Areas as a platform, this work identified several variables that can support, or reject any of the arguments in both sides, allowing the author to compare with recent achievements under construction since the IUCN´s Almeria Meeting, in Almeria, Spain, celebrated in June, 2007 and the Latin American National Parks and Other Protected Area Congress, in Bariloche, Argentina, in October of the same year. The data collected on Lago de Piratuba Biological Reserve, in Amapa (on the northern coastal zone of the Amazon Region) and State Park of Itaunas, in Conceição da Barra (also in the northern coastal zone of the State of Espírito Santo), covered data from 19 different communities, product of workshops, structured and semi-structured interviews and observational studies, as well. Data translated the impacts of several human communities over the natural systems, and the overall situation of those communities inside the units and within the buffer zone. Once the data is compared between units and communities using several non-parametrical tests, the study suggests practical and philosophical mainframes for a management model capable of considering the needs of both sides in conflict, in order to understand the role of Integral Protected Areas without any interference. One of the conclusions is that the cause for a possible Brazilian failure to work on former paradigms of protection is not attributable to protected areas categories, or even to the presence of human communities in the influenced areas of protected ecosystems, but rather a management model which has been used for decades, unable to coop or to pledge neither the protection of nature, nor the social development of those communities. It also concluded that the conflict will considerably diminish, when efforts will come with an efficient administrative structure. It will reduce the enormous epistemological confrontation among specialists in both sides. There are significant evidences, at international level, to find out ways to consolidate autonomous social development and protected areas conservation. In the case of Brazil, recently recognized by its progress in setting areas for conservation, does not have the same prestige in responding to this binomial equation.

Este trabalho buscou compreender um cenário de conflito ambiental na região do município de Caravelas e do Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos, incluindo seu entorno, no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de uma área que abrange ecossistemas mundialmente ameaçados e interdependentes (fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, manguezais e recifes de corais) onde ocorre elevado grau de endemismo de espécies, e se localiza a principal área de reprodução da baleia jubarte (Megaptera novaeagliae). Historicamente, esta região tem presenciado diversas atividades. Destacam-se a extração de pau-brasil, a caça das baleias jubarte, e a exportação de café, madeira, cacau e coco através da Estrada de Ferro Bahia-Minas. Verifica-se também a propagação de instituições ambientalistas e do monocultivo de eucalipto, bem como a presença do turismo de mergulho e observação de baleias, da pesca artesanal e da mariscagem. Objetivando entender os conflitos ambientais em torno das práticas de conservação e de projetos de desenvolvimento no município de Caravelas e no ParNaM dos Abrolhos, esta pesquisa se utilizou da abordagem construtivista da sociologia ambiental e dos estudos de conflitos ambientais articulados com as percepções sociais, resultando na categoria analítica dos pacotes perceptivos. Foram realizadas 45 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 46 interlocutores pertencentes aos distintos grupos sociais envolvidos com o uso do espaço local (ambientalistas, pescadores, poder público local, ribeirinhos, setor privado e setor turístico), observação participante, registro fotográfico e pesquisa documental entre março e maio de 2008. A análise da degravação das entrevistas revelou a existência de um cenário polarizado por ambientalistas e parte do setor turístico de um lado, que constituiu o pacote do ecodesenvolvimento, e pelo poder público, grandes empresas (porto da Aracruz Celulose e a carcinicultura da COOPEX) e parte do setor turístico de outro, o pacote do progresso. A disputa se dá pela utilização do espaço em questão através de uma lógica de desenvolvimento aliado a conservação ambiental resultando na implementação de uma Reserva Extrativista (Resex de Cassurubá) e na revitalização do ecoturismo, defendida pelo pólo dos ambientalistas, em oposição ao desenvolvimento como aumento de oferta de emprego e recolhimento de impostos através do estabelecimento de grandes empresas no município como a Aracruz e a COOPEX, defendido pelo poder público local. Quanto às populações locais, os ribeirinhos e os pescadores, verificou-se que a sua maioria não era favorável a atividades que colocariam em risco o manguezal e os recifes de corais, como a carcinicultura e a dragagem do canal para o porto, mas que sentiam a falta do estabelecimento de uma grande empresa que absorvesse a mão-de-obra deles, e muitos desconhecem ou apresentam incertezas quanto à Resex. Também foram apresentadas as diversas percepções acerca dos ecossistemas locais a partir dos distintos grupos sociais entrevistados. / This study has tried to learn the environmental conflict scene in the region of the city of Caravelas up to Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos (National Marine Park of Abrolhos), including its surroundings, in the South of Bahia, Brazil. The scope focused on this work has interdependent worldly endangered ecosystems − segments of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, mangroves and coral reefs – in which there is a high level of endemism of species, and it is also the main breeding ground of Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeagliae). This region has historically experienced a variety of activities, such as pau-brasil extraction, the whaling of Humpback Whale; and coffee, wood, cocoa and coconut exports through the Bahia-Minas railway. There has also been a growing number of environmentalist institutions, eucalyptus monoculture, diving tourism, whale watching, artisanal fishing and shellfish gathering. The goal of this study was to understand the environmental conflicts concerning conservation measures and development projects in the city of Caravelas and in ParNaM dos Abrolhos. This research has used the constructionist approach from environmental sociology and environmental conflicts studies associated with social perceptions, which resulted in the analytical concept of perceptive packages. Forty-five not-strictly-planned interviews were conducted with 46 interviewees that belonged to the different social groups involved in the using of the area. They were environmentalists, fishermen, local civil power representatives, riparian inhabitants, private business representatives and tourism business representatives. There was also participative observation, photographic documentation and documental research between March and May of 2008. The analysis of the interviews transcription revealed the existence of a scenery divided in two conflictive groups: the environmentalists and part of the touristic sector that comprises the package of ecodevelopment (sustainable development) on one side, and the public power, big companies (Aracruz Celulose Harbour and shrimp farming of COOPEX) and the other part of the touristic sector on the other side, the package of progress. The two parties contest for the use of the area. The environmentalists stand for the idea of development along with environmental conservation through the implementation of the Extractive Reserve of Cassurubá (Resex de Cassurubá) and the improvement of ecotourism. On the other hand, the local public power is in favor of development as a way to increase the number of job opportunities and tax collection due to the establishment of big companies, like Aracruz and COOPEX, in the city. Concerning local people, riparian inhabitants and fishermen, it was found that their majority were not in favor of activities that would be risky for the mangroves and the coral reefs such as the shrimp farming and the dredging of the channel to the harbour. However, they lacked for the establishing of a big company that could use their work force. Besides, many were unaware or uncertain about Resex. It was also presented distinct perceptions of local ecosystems from different social groups interviewed.

Este trabalho buscou compreender um cenário de conflito ambiental na região do município de Caravelas e do Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos, incluindo seu entorno, no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de uma área que abrange ecossistemas mundialmente ameaçados e interdependentes (fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, manguezais e recifes de corais) onde ocorre elevado grau de endemismo de espécies, e se localiza a principal área de reprodução da baleia jubarte (Megaptera novaeagliae). Historicamente, esta região tem presenciado diversas atividades. Destacam-se a extração de pau-brasil, a caça das baleias jubarte, e a exportação de café, madeira, cacau e coco através da Estrada de Ferro Bahia-Minas. Verifica-se também a propagação de instituições ambientalistas e do monocultivo de eucalipto, bem como a presença do turismo de mergulho e observação de baleias, da pesca artesanal e da mariscagem. Objetivando entender os conflitos ambientais em torno das práticas de conservação e de projetos de desenvolvimento no município de Caravelas e no ParNaM dos Abrolhos, esta pesquisa se utilizou da abordagem construtivista da sociologia ambiental e dos estudos de conflitos ambientais articulados com as percepções sociais, resultando na categoria analítica dos pacotes perceptivos. Foram realizadas 45 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 46 interlocutores pertencentes aos distintos grupos sociais envolvidos com o uso do espaço local (ambientalistas, pescadores, poder público local, ribeirinhos, setor privado e setor turístico), observação participante, registro fotográfico e pesquisa documental entre março e maio de 2008. A análise da degravação das entrevistas revelou a existência de um cenário polarizado por ambientalistas e parte do setor turístico de um lado, que constituiu o pacote do ecodesenvolvimento, e pelo poder público, grandes empresas (porto da Aracruz Celulose e a carcinicultura da COOPEX) e parte do setor turístico de outro, o pacote do progresso. A disputa se dá pela utilização do espaço em questão através de uma lógica de desenvolvimento aliado a conservação ambiental resultando na implementação de uma Reserva Extrativista (Resex de Cassurubá) e na revitalização do ecoturismo, defendida pelo pólo dos ambientalistas, em oposição ao desenvolvimento como aumento de oferta de emprego e recolhimento de impostos através do estabelecimento de grandes empresas no município como a Aracruz e a COOPEX, defendido pelo poder público local. Quanto às populações locais, os ribeirinhos e os pescadores, verificou-se que a sua maioria não era favorável a atividades que colocariam em risco o manguezal e os recifes de corais, como a carcinicultura e a dragagem do canal para o porto, mas que sentiam a falta do estabelecimento de uma grande empresa que absorvesse a mão-de-obra deles, e muitos desconhecem ou apresentam incertezas quanto à Resex. Também foram apresentadas as diversas percepções acerca dos ecossistemas locais a partir dos distintos grupos sociais entrevistados. / This study has tried to learn the environmental conflict scene in the region of the city of Caravelas up to Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos (National Marine Park of Abrolhos), including its surroundings, in the South of Bahia, Brazil. The scope focused on this work has interdependent worldly endangered ecosystems − segments of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, mangroves and coral reefs – in which there is a high level of endemism of species, and it is also the main breeding ground of Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeagliae). This region has historically experienced a variety of activities, such as pau-brasil extraction, the whaling of Humpback Whale; and coffee, wood, cocoa and coconut exports through the Bahia-Minas railway. There has also been a growing number of environmentalist institutions, eucalyptus monoculture, diving tourism, whale watching, artisanal fishing and shellfish gathering. The goal of this study was to understand the environmental conflicts concerning conservation measures and development projects in the city of Caravelas and in ParNaM dos Abrolhos. This research has used the constructionist approach from environmental sociology and environmental conflicts studies associated with social perceptions, which resulted in the analytical concept of perceptive packages. Forty-five not-strictly-planned interviews were conducted with 46 interviewees that belonged to the different social groups involved in the using of the area. They were environmentalists, fishermen, local civil power representatives, riparian inhabitants, private business representatives and tourism business representatives. There was also participative observation, photographic documentation and documental research between March and May of 2008. The analysis of the interviews transcription revealed the existence of a scenery divided in two conflictive groups: the environmentalists and part of the touristic sector that comprises the package of ecodevelopment (sustainable development) on one side, and the public power, big companies (Aracruz Celulose Harbour and shrimp farming of COOPEX) and the other part of the touristic sector on the other side, the package of progress. The two parties contest for the use of the area. The environmentalists stand for the idea of development along with environmental conservation through the implementation of the Extractive Reserve of Cassurubá (Resex de Cassurubá) and the improvement of ecotourism. On the other hand, the local public power is in favor of development as a way to increase the number of job opportunities and tax collection due to the establishment of big companies, like Aracruz and COOPEX, in the city. Concerning local people, riparian inhabitants and fishermen, it was found that their majority were not in favor of activities that would be risky for the mangroves and the coral reefs such as the shrimp farming and the dredging of the channel to the harbour. However, they lacked for the establishing of a big company that could use their work force. Besides, many were unaware or uncertain about Resex. It was also presented distinct perceptions of local ecosystems from different social groups interviewed.

Este trabalho buscou compreender um cenário de conflito ambiental na região do município de Caravelas e do Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos, incluindo seu entorno, no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de uma área que abrange ecossistemas mundialmente ameaçados e interdependentes (fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, manguezais e recifes de corais) onde ocorre elevado grau de endemismo de espécies, e se localiza a principal área de reprodução da baleia jubarte (Megaptera novaeagliae). Historicamente, esta região tem presenciado diversas atividades. Destacam-se a extração de pau-brasil, a caça das baleias jubarte, e a exportação de café, madeira, cacau e coco através da Estrada de Ferro Bahia-Minas. Verifica-se também a propagação de instituições ambientalistas e do monocultivo de eucalipto, bem como a presença do turismo de mergulho e observação de baleias, da pesca artesanal e da mariscagem. Objetivando entender os conflitos ambientais em torno das práticas de conservação e de projetos de desenvolvimento no município de Caravelas e no ParNaM dos Abrolhos, esta pesquisa se utilizou da abordagem construtivista da sociologia ambiental e dos estudos de conflitos ambientais articulados com as percepções sociais, resultando na categoria analítica dos pacotes perceptivos. Foram realizadas 45 entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 46 interlocutores pertencentes aos distintos grupos sociais envolvidos com o uso do espaço local (ambientalistas, pescadores, poder público local, ribeirinhos, setor privado e setor turístico), observação participante, registro fotográfico e pesquisa documental entre março e maio de 2008. A análise da degravação das entrevistas revelou a existência de um cenário polarizado por ambientalistas e parte do setor turístico de um lado, que constituiu o pacote do ecodesenvolvimento, e pelo poder público, grandes empresas (porto da Aracruz Celulose e a carcinicultura da COOPEX) e parte do setor turístico de outro, o pacote do progresso. A disputa se dá pela utilização do espaço em questão através de uma lógica de desenvolvimento aliado a conservação ambiental resultando na implementação de uma Reserva Extrativista (Resex de Cassurubá) e na revitalização do ecoturismo, defendida pelo pólo dos ambientalistas, em oposição ao desenvolvimento como aumento de oferta de emprego e recolhimento de impostos através do estabelecimento de grandes empresas no município como a Aracruz e a COOPEX, defendido pelo poder público local. Quanto às populações locais, os ribeirinhos e os pescadores, verificou-se que a sua maioria não era favorável a atividades que colocariam em risco o manguezal e os recifes de corais, como a carcinicultura e a dragagem do canal para o porto, mas que sentiam a falta do estabelecimento de uma grande empresa que absorvesse a mão-de-obra deles, e muitos desconhecem ou apresentam incertezas quanto à Resex. Também foram apresentadas as diversas percepções acerca dos ecossistemas locais a partir dos distintos grupos sociais entrevistados. / This study has tried to learn the environmental conflict scene in the region of the city of Caravelas up to Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos (National Marine Park of Abrolhos), including its surroundings, in the South of Bahia, Brazil. The scope focused on this work has interdependent worldly endangered ecosystems − segments of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, mangroves and coral reefs – in which there is a high level of endemism of species, and it is also the main breeding ground of Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeagliae). This region has historically experienced a variety of activities, such as pau-brasil extraction, the whaling of Humpback Whale; and coffee, wood, cocoa and coconut exports through the Bahia-Minas railway. There has also been a growing number of environmentalist institutions, eucalyptus monoculture, diving tourism, whale watching, artisanal fishing and shellfish gathering. The goal of this study was to understand the environmental conflicts concerning conservation measures and development projects in the city of Caravelas and in ParNaM dos Abrolhos. This research has used the constructionist approach from environmental sociology and environmental conflicts studies associated with social perceptions, which resulted in the analytical concept of perceptive packages. Forty-five not-strictly-planned interviews were conducted with 46 interviewees that belonged to the different social groups involved in the using of the area. They were environmentalists, fishermen, local civil power representatives, riparian inhabitants, private business representatives and tourism business representatives. There was also participative observation, photographic documentation and documental research between March and May of 2008. The analysis of the interviews transcription revealed the existence of a scenery divided in two conflictive groups: the environmentalists and part of the touristic sector that comprises the package of ecodevelopment (sustainable development) on one side, and the public power, big companies (Aracruz Celulose Harbour and shrimp farming of COOPEX) and the other part of the touristic sector on the other side, the package of progress. The two parties contest for the use of the area. The environmentalists stand for the idea of development along with environmental conservation through the implementation of the Extractive Reserve of Cassurubá (Resex de Cassurubá) and the improvement of ecotourism. On the other hand, the local public power is in favor of development as a way to increase the number of job opportunities and tax collection due to the establishment of big companies, like Aracruz and COOPEX, in the city. Concerning local people, riparian inhabitants and fishermen, it was found that their majority were not in favor of activities that would be risky for the mangroves and the coral reefs such as the shrimp farming and the dredging of the channel to the harbour. However, they lacked for the establishing of a big company that could use their work force. Besides, many were unaware or uncertain about Resex. It was also presented distinct perceptions of local ecosystems from different social groups interviewed.

Desde o IV Congresso Mundial de Parques Nacionais e Áreas Protegidas, celebrado na cidade de Caracas em 1992 e onze anos mais tarde na cidade de Durban, na África do Sul, a comunidade internacional de especialistas se debate em uma aberta e ampla discussão para encontrar saídas técnicas e éticas à questão de manejar áreas naturais em estreita relação com a presença humana, dentro e próxima dos seus limites. Nesse sentido, um novo paradigma estaria por se implantar. Esse trabalho deseja provar que as posições contrárias em debate, obrigatoriamente, terão que levar em consideração as realidades percebidas pelas comunidades humanas envolvidas e, muito especialmente no caso brasileiro, terão de ser identificados os pontos frágeis da administração nacional, que impedem fazer frente a qualquer uma das duas posições em conflito. Utilizando como base os estudos de percepção comunitária e as análises sociais, ambientais e de infra-estrutura em duas Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral (Reserva Biológica do Lago Piratuba, Amapá e Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo), identificam-se as variáveis que apóiam ou rejeitam os argumentos de cada grupo, comparando-os com os acertos e conclusões em construção desde a Reunião de Almeria, Espanha, recém-celebrada em junho de 2007 e o Congresso Latinoamericano de Parques Nacionais e Outras Áreas Protegidas, realizado em Bariloche, Argentina, em outubro do mesmo ano . Os dados de campo foram coletados entre 19 comunidades de ambas as unidades, produtos de oficinas participativas e entrevistas sistematizadas em cada uma delas. Da mesma forma, estudos observacionais destacaram a situação em que essas comunidades vivem e foram, ainda percorridas as unidades em estudo, em toda sua extensão, com inclusão de sua zona de amortiguamento. Após confrontar os dados entre UCs e entre comunidades e realizar a análise estatística correspondente a partir de testes paramétricos e não paramétricos, o trabalho sugere uma série de propostas práticas e também filosóficas capazes de atender às necessidades de todas as partes envolvidas e de ajudar na compreensão de sua importância para áreas de proteção integral. Conclui-se que a falha do sistema brasileiro não deve atribuir-se às categorias, ou à presença de comunidades humanas na área de influência dos ecossistemas protegidos, mas a um problema de gestão, o qual, arrastando-se por décadas e mantendo o atual padrão administrativo, não conseguirá garantir nem a proteção da natureza, nem o desenvolvimento social dessas comunidades. Da mesma forma, conclui-se que o conflito em debate poderá diminuir quando os esforços forem concretizados em uma estrutura administrativa eficaz, em lugar de empenhar grandes esforços de confrontação epistemológica que imobilizará ambos os lados. Há verdadeiros indícios de que, em nível internacional, poderá encontrar-se um caminho para o desenvolvimento e a conservação no que se refere às UCs de proteção integral. No caso do Brasil, o mérito em pauta ainda terá que responder os desafios desse binômio. / Since the IV World Parks / IUCN Congress carried on in 1992, in Caracas, followed eleven years later in Durban, South Africa, the international community of specialists broadly opened the discussion to study the whole set of possibilities for managing natural protected areas, in intimate relation with the human settlements living inside and surrounding areas. A new paradigm was established. This thesis aims to prove that opposite positions in debate have imperative obligation to consider the realities perceived by the communities involved and, in the case of Brazil, very especially, it must be identify the national administration fragilities which difficult to deal with any of the two sides in conflict. Using the communities perception studies and the social, environmental and infrastructure analysis on two Strict Protected Areas as a platform, this work identified several variables that can support, or reject any of the arguments in both sides, allowing the author to compare with recent achievements under construction since the IUCN´s Almeria Meeting, in Almeria, Spain, celebrated in June, 2007 and the Latin American National Parks and Other Protected Area Congress, in Bariloche, Argentina, in October of the same year. The data collected on Lago de Piratuba Biological Reserve, in Amapa (on the northern coastal zone of the Amazon Region) and State Park of Itaunas, in Conceição da Barra (also in the northern coastal zone of the State of Espírito Santo), covered data from 19 different communities, product of workshops, structured and semi-structured interviews and observational studies, as well. Data translated the impacts of several human communities over the natural systems, and the overall situation of those communities inside the units and within the buffer zone. Once the data is compared between units and communities using several non-parametrical tests, the study suggests practical and philosophical mainframes for a management model capable of considering the needs of both sides in conflict, in order to understand the role of Integral Protected Areas without any interference. One of the conclusions is that the cause for a possible Brazilian failure to work on former paradigms of protection is not attributable to protected areas categories, or even to the presence of human communities in the influenced areas of protected ecosystems, but rather a management model which has been used for decades, unable to coop or to pledge neither the protection of nature, nor the social development of those communities. It also concluded that the conflict will considerably diminish, when efforts will come with an efficient administrative structure. It will reduce the enormous epistemological confrontation among specialists in both sides. There are significant evidences, at international level, to find out ways to consolidate autonomous social development and protected areas conservation. In the case of Brazil, recently recognized by its progress in setting areas for conservation, does not have the same prestige in responding to this binomial equation.

<p>Past theory and research have documented several stereotypes that explain why biases against Asian Americans (AAs) in U.S. organizations can occur, such as the Model Minority Stereotype (MMS) and Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome (PFS). The current project expands on past work by proposing a new perspective of stereotypes driving (mis)treatment of AAs: Mechanistic dehumanization. Specifically, I argue that AAs are seen as more robot-like compared to other racial groups in the U.S., which may explain some of the negative workplace treatments they face. To test this phenomenon, I conducted a set of five pre-registered studies to examine the extent to which AAs tend to be more mechanistically dehumanized than other racial groups in the U.S., and its workplace implications. In a pilot study (N = 1,003), the results revealed that East, South, and Southeast AAs tended to be mechanistically dehumanized and internalized this dehumanization more than other groups. In Study 1 (Study 1a, N= 255; Study 1b, N = 427), a survey and experimental study provided support that AA coworkers are more mechanistically dehumanized than White American coworkers, and this mediated the relationship between coworker race and negative work outcomes (e.g., less perceived leadership potential, more exploitative treatment, and less workplace friendship). In another survey study, Study 2 (N = 473) found that mechanistic dehumanization exhibited incremental validity in predicting negative work outcomes for AAs, above and beyond MMS and PFS. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 477), an all-Asian sample found that AAs’ internalization of mechanistic dehumanization predicted more negative work outcomes (e.g., increased burnout, less workplace friendship), above and beyond MMS and PFS. Altogether, the current work supports a mechanistic dehumanization account of bias against AAs, reveals racial subgroup differences, and provides a novel explanation for why AAs experience certain workplace inequities. </p>

Ce mémoire porte sur les perceptions de l’université et des diplômes (universitaires) chez les lycéens guinéens du privé et du public en classe de terminale. L’atteinte de cet objectif exigeait une exploration de l’expérience scolaire et extrascolaire des élèves. La démarche privilégiée est qualitative et a consisté en des entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de 23 jeunes de deux lycées de la capitale, différents de par leur statut (privé/public) et l’origine sociale de leurs élèves. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que l’expérience scolaire et extrascolaire varie considérablement selon le type de lycée fréquenté. Si le parcours scolaire au privé s’est déroulé sans grands heurts, il est nettement plus chaotique parmi les élèves du public. Les premiers bénéficient d’un cadre d’apprentissage -tant au niveau infrastructurel que professoral- et d’un soutien familial clairement plus propices aux études que les seconds. Hors de l’école, si le temps est consacré aux loisirs pour les lycéens privés, il est marqué par une forte implication dans les activités économiques de survie pour les lycéens et lycéennes du public qui doivent tous se « battre » pour rester aux études. Les données révèlent en outre que la poursuite des études au-delà de la classe de terminale est perçue par les deux groupes de lycéens comme une suite logique de leur parcours scolaire. L’université attire et exerce une forme de « fascination » notamment pour le «bout de papier » qu’elle octroie. Le diplôme universitaire demeure perçu comme une marque distinctive et un symbole de prestige et, surtout dans des milieux populaires, comme un gage d’employabilité. Enfin, pour les jeunes filles du lycée privé, la poursuite des études est présentée comme un moyen d’acquérir une certaine indépendance même si, comme leurs homologues du public, la poursuite des études doit « coexister » avec le projet matrimonial. / This paper aims to analyze the perception of university education and university degree among senior high school students from public and private schools in Guinea. Using a qualitative analysis, the research explores the participants’ academic and nonacademic experience. Semi-directed interviews were conducted among 23 pupils from two high schools in the capital Conakry. The targeted schools differ by their statutes (private/public) and the social origin of their students. As illustrated by the analysis, the academic and nonacademic experiences vary notably depending on the type of high school attended. School trajectories of students from public institutions are more chaotic than those of students in public institutions. The first benefit from a better learning environment—equipment and teachers—and a more favorable familial context than the latter. Outside school, while students in private schools devote their spare time to leisure activities, their public counterparts spend most of their time involved in petty money-earning activities, ‘‘fighting’’ to pay their school fees. In addition, the data show that both private and public schools’ students perceive the pursuit of their studies beyond senior high school as a logical continuation of their academic journey. The university attracts and ‘‘fascinates’’ students, notably for the «piece of paper» it grants. The university degree remains a distinctive mark, a symbol of prestige and, especially among public schools’ pupils, a guarantee of employability. Finally, for girls in private schools, higher education is perceived as a way for future independence, even if they do not disconnect their schooling future from their marital plans.

Le présent mémoire porte sur les représentations sociales de la dangerosité en psychiatrie chez les intervenants de proximité (infirmières, préposés, et agent de sécurité), d’un milieu de soins psychiatriques. Nous cherchons à explorer comment ces intervenants perçoivent et interprètent les risques inhérents à leur métier et comment ils y réagissent en situation d’incertitude. Les concepts de dangerosité, d’ « individu dangereux » et de risque en psychiatrie sont abordés dans le présent mémoire, à travers un angle historique, social et anthropologique, suivant les lectures de Michel Foucault; de Robert Castel; de Ian Hacking; et de Mary Douglas. De l’observation participante dans une unité de soins psychiatriques aigus et des entrevues semi-structurées ont été réalisées auprès d’une dizaine d’intervenants en santé mentale. Une approche ethnographique et interprétative nous a permis de dégager les principales récurrences, divergences et contradictions intra et inter intervenants sur la question de la dangerosité et du risque en psychiatrie. Les résultats sont séparés en fonction de trois grands thèmes : 1) représentations sociales de la dangerosité 2) perceptions du risque au travail 3) réactions face au risque perçu. L’analyse de nos résultats montre que les connaissances qu’ont les intervenants sur la dangerosité ne se limitent pas à celles produites par le savoir expert, elles s’ouvrent aussi sur leur propre réalité clinique. De plus, contrairement aux prédictions du savoir expert, la différence observée entre les pratiques de contrôle des intervenants n’est pas la conséquence d’une surestimation du risque ni d’un manque d’information « objective » sur les facteurs de risque du comportement agressif, mais s’explique davantage en fonction de la présence ou de l’absence d’un lien thérapeutique et du degré de reconnaissance sociale dans les interactions entre les soignants et les soignés. Les éléments qui renforcent ou limitent l’établissement d’un lien de confiance sont explicités dans le présent mémoire. / The present thesis analyzes social perceptions regarding danger and risk experienced in a psychiatric setting. We seek to explore how psychiatric practitioners and staff, who are confronted daily with aggressivity, perceive the risks inherent in their work and how they react in situations of uncertainty. The concepts of “dangerousness”, “dangerous subjects” and of “risk” in psychiatry are considered in this thesis, through anthropological, historical and sociological perspectives based on the work of Michel Foucault, Robert Castel, Ian Hacking and Mary Douglas. Participant observation in an acute care psychiatric unit, along with semi-structured interviews were carried out with more than ten practitioners (including nurses, beneficiary attendants, and security agents). The use of both an ethnographic and interpretative approach highlighted similarities, disparities and contradictions between the narratives of different categories of staff, as well as between individual staff and practitioners, regarding danger and risk in psychiatry .The results are divided into three disparate themes: 1) social perceptions of dangerousness and risks associated with aggression 2) perceptions of risk in the workplace 3) reaction towards perceived risk. This analysis demonstrates that staff and practitioners’ implicit knowledge regarding ‘dangerousness’ is derived from a continuous incorporation of expert knowledge, based on objective risk factors, and the clinical reality in which they interact on a daily basis. Moreover, contrary to the predictions of experts, the difference between practitioners control practices does not derive from an overestimation of risk, nor is it the consequence of a lack of objective information regarding such risk. It can, instead, be explained by the presence or absence of a therapeutic relationship and by the degree of social recognition between caregiver and patient. The elements that strengthen or limit the establishment of trust will be further elucidated in the present discussion.

Dans cette thèse, insérée dans la cadre de la sociologie de la connaissance, nous nous intéressons à étudier les discours circulant en France sur un comportement vestimentaire, le port du voile. Notre approche porte sur des discours : le premier celui des acteurs sociaux concernés par ce comportement vestimentaire, des jeunes femmes concernées par le port du voile. Le deuxième discours est celui de la presse écrite. Notre travail se base, essentiellement, sur la théorie de Boltanski, pour l'analyse des entretiens, et sur celle d'Habermas, pour l'analyse des discours de la presse écrite. Le traitement de la question de notre recherche, le port du voile, nous a cheminé à interroger la littérature sur la sociologie de journalisme et à établir un rapport articulant les communications journalistiques avec les thématiques théoriques concernant « l'espace public » en retraçant la surmédiatisation et la politisation liées à ce sujet. Nous nous sommes également intéressée à la question du port du voile en tant que pratique vestimentaire et pour la comprendre nous avons donné la parole, à travers des entretiens individuels, aux acteurs de cette pratique.Ce travail a été effectué dans une perspective multi-méthodologique : nous avons à la fois effectué deux types d'analyse : une première analyse discursive, qui nous a permis d'illustrer les procédures journalistiques utilisées dans le traitement da la question du port du voile dans notre corpus de la presse écrite (Le Figaro, Le Monde, Libération et L'Express). Et une deuxième analyse thématique qui nous a conduite à saisir les sentiments, le « vécu » et la « volonté » de personnes qui ont décidé ou qui désirent porter le voile. / In this thesis which would be classified under the sociology of consciousness we focus on the study of the common mainline discourse regarding the Muslim women dress behavior of the veil. Our methodology is based on the speech discourse analysis of : firstly the speech discourse of the socials actors directly involved in this behavior; i.e. the young girls concerned with wearing the veil, most of which already do, or would like to wear it. The secondly is the speech and language used by the printed press in regards to this issue. Our work is primarily based on Boltanski's theory of the interviews analyzing, and on Habermas's work on the speech analyzing of the press.The studying of our research, the veil, walked us to examine the literature on the sociology of journalism and to link between the journalistic communication and those theoretical subjects concerned with the “public space” by tracing the media hype and the politicizing connected with this issue. We also addressed the veil wearing as a customs and dress-code issue. Therefore, and to better understand it, we gave the stage to those directly involved with this practice through individual interviews.This work was carried out in a multi-methodological perspective; whereby we made two types of analysis : The first is a discursive analysis, which allowed us to illustrate the journalistic procedures used in dealing with the issue of the veil amongst a sample of press outlets we choose (Le Figaro, Le Monde, Libération and L'Express). The second is an objective analysis that led us to understand the feelings, the "coexistence" and the "will" of those individuals who have decided or who want "to wear the veil."