Estudos sobre o software, que ocupa um lugar destacado dentre as tecnologias da informação, têm abordado suas atividades a partir do enfoque econômico. Tendo como objetivo alcançar uma compreensão a respeito do modo de construção de práticas estratégicas de produtores/fornecedores de software referentes aos seus produtos e/ou serviços, a nossa visada ao mercado de software é feita a partir de um enfoque econômico e social. Por isto, balizamos o estudo na busca de um entendimento a respeito da construção social deste mercado, significando uma busca de aspectos históricos relevantes sobre o seu desenvolvimento e de elementos característicos da estrutura social deste mercado. Apreendemos esta estrutura a partir da identificação de diferentes tipos de atores deste mercado, de relações de dominação existentes entre eles, de práticas estratégicas que utilizam, mobilizando diferentes espécies de capitais (p. ex.: financeiro, tecnológico, comercial, social, simbólico), e a partir da estruturação das suas ofertas, em termos de modalidades de software e serviços relacionados. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a Sociologia Econômica, a Teoria dos Campos, Estratégia como Prática e Capacidades Dinâmicas. Para as análises da pesquisa utilizamos múltiplas fontes de evidências e diferentes métodos, como observação participante, pesquisa histórica e estudo de caso, combinados num desenho de pesquisa onde cada etapa procura subsídios nos resultados das anteriores. Adotamos como estratégia de pesquisa, análises no nível macro, da construção e da estrutura social do mercado de software, e análises no nível micro, de práticas estratégicas de empresas posicionadas do lado da demanda e do lado da oferta de software, com um estudo de caso no mercado de software para imobiliárias. Dentre os resultados da pesquisa está a identificação de práticas estratégicas de empresas de software, que agrupamos em categorias como “incorporação de inovação”, “desenvolvimento de produto”, “licenciamento de uso”, “prestação de serviços de suporte técnico e manutenção” e “comercialização de software produto”. Foi possível estabelecer vinculações destas práticas com elementos da estrutura social do campo pesquisado, particularmente com as relações de dominação. / Scientific studies on software, which occupy a notorious place in the field of information technology, approach their activities from an economic perspective. Aiming to reach an understanding on how to build strategic practices for producers /suppliers of software, vis-à-vis products and/or services, the target software market is, therefore, seen from an economic and social focus. This work was framed to foster comprehension on the social construction of this market, leading to an investigation of its relevant historical aspects and the main characteristics of its social structure. Such structure is acknowledged from the identification of different types of actors in this market as well as the power relations between them which, through their strategic practices, mobilize different kinds of capital (e.g.: financial, technological, commercial, social, and symbolic). It also focuses on their framework of offers regarding their types of software and related services. The theoretical focal point is on the Economic Sociology, the Theory of Fields, Strategy as Practice and the Dynamic Capabilities. Multiple sources of evidence and different methods were used in the analysis of this survey, such as participant observation, historical research and case study, combined with a research design in which each step of the search results from previous outcomes. The search strategy used included analyses at the macro level, of social construction and social structure of the software market, as well as analyses at the micro level of strategic practices of companies placed on the software demand and supply sides, with a study case in the software market for real estate. Among the results of the research is the identification of strategic practices of software companies, which grouped into categories such as "incorporation of innovation", "product development", "license of use", "provision of technical support and maintenance" and "software product marketing". It was possible to establish connections between these practices and the elements of the social structure of this field researched, particularly with the relations of domination.

Orientador: Wilson Suzigan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veiga_Rogerioda_M.pdf: 1564369 bytes, checksum: d5de7d0295cc37b57237c71516e34ec5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O Brasil é um país com profundas desigualdades, que se expressam em diferentes campos da vida social. A industrialização brasileira não contribuiu para a redução da desigualdade, além de transformá-la em parte integrante de sua estrutura. Por um lado, os produtos e serviços da indústria atendem majoritariamente a uma pequena parcela da população brasileira; por outro, os segmentos de renda mais alta ocupam os melhores empregos. Neste ambiente, surgem as novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) em um contexto de mudanças no capitalismo mundial, cuja marca é o crescimento da participação do conhecimento no valor dos produtos. Os softwares integram as TICs e são os responsáveis pelo dinamismo e diversidade de aplicações. O software penetra na sociedade em todos os setores da economia e da vida social. Nas atividades produtivas, tem como uma de suas funções ser um insumo na produção, responsável pela organização do conhecimento. Para os indivíduos, permite acesso a uma elevada quantidade de informações e é peça-chave na empregabilidade. A inclusão social no segmento de software deve ser pensada tendo como objetivo a mudança da lógica do modelo de desenvolvimento brasileiro, cujo dinamismo se baseia na diversificação do consumo das classes mais altas, e não na massificação dos produtos já existentes.Uma política voltada para o segmento de software deve envolver dois lados, demanda e oferta. Pelo lado da demanda, a inclusão digital deve ser intensificada e políticas para a difusão do software na economia devem ser criadas. Pelo lado da oferta, a demanda, gerada pela expansão massiva do mercado de software deve ser atendida por empreendimentos formados por pessoas de baixa renda, em um modelo cujo dinamismo reside na adição de novos consumidores no mercado, até incluir a grande maioria da sociedade brasileira / Abstract: Brazil is a country with deep inequalities, observed in many social aspects. Industrialization did not reduce such inequalities, as expected. On the contrary, it developed a production structure that reproduces inequalities. On the one hand manufacturing industry excludes a great number of citizens from the consumption of its products and services. On the other hand, the best industrial jobs are occupied by few people from the higher income classes. In this context, the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as part of the technological evolution of world capitalism, raises the importance of knowledge in the value of final products. Software development activities are an important part of ICTs, responsible for most of its functionalities. Computer programs penetrate in all levels of the economy and society. At the firm level, they function as a kind of raw material for production processes. At the individual level, they are a way to get information and to access a variety of services, including application for a job. Social inclusion in the software segment should aim to change the logic that guides Brazilian development. The dynamism based on the consumption diversification of higher income classes should be changed to a dynamism derived from the spread of the benefits of software to the majority of the population. A policy for the software segment should include a component acting to reduce the digital divide and to diffuse software throughout the economy. Another component should be responsible for establishing a software industry able to attend the market generated by the diffusion of software, having as employees people from the lower income classes / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

Abstract Knowledge management is a new academic discipline that has been growing during the past decade but is still in its embryonic stage with much potential left. What makes knowledge management an attractive research field is its multi-discipline perspective. In the knowledge management the context is important because the value of an organization’s knowledge is context-based. In this research the context are the innovation networks within the software industry and thus besides knowledge management the research contributes to the software business literature. The aim of this study was to get an understanding about the interaction the in asset-based value creation within innovation networks. This was done by examining the effects of the interaction in asset development and deployment in innovation networks, where activities are related to research, development and innovation collaboration. This was studied against the theoretical framework that was developed in this research based on earlier studies. This study shows that in the examined research context actors from outside of the software industry have a direct effect on both asset development and deployment based on their funding requirements and aims. The study shows that in this wider environment trust, openness and mutual benefits are important factors of the interaction atmosphere, regarding where funding is targeted and where the actual work is done. This study shows the importance of the interaction framework as a motivator and an entity that enables direct benefits to participating actors from their interaction and collaboration. It also shows that some of the episodes where interactions occur need to be regular, on-going and have a certain rhythm. As a result of this research a framework of interaction in the asset-based value creation in innovation networks was created. It shows how funding mechanisms affect the asset development and deployment, as well as that some episodes where interactions occur are especially important, because they limit or support value creation. Moreover, the role, contributions, aims and motivations of actors are seemingly different within these episodes. / Tiivistelmä Tietojohtaminen on uusi akateeminen tieteenala, joka on ollut kasvussa viimeisen vuosikymmen ajan, mutta on silti alkuvaiheessa ja omaa paljon potentiaalia. Tietojohtamisesta tekee vetovoimaisen tutkimusalan sen monitieteinen perspektiivi. Tietojohtamisessa konteksti on tärkeää, koska organisaation tiedon arvo on kontekstipohjainen. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkimuskontekstina ovat ohjelmistoteollisuuden innovaatioverkostot ja siispä tietojohtamisen lisäksi tutkimus myötävaikuttaa ohjelmistoliiketoiminnan kirjallisuutta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli ymmärtää vuorovaikutusta varantoihin pohjautuvassa arvonluonnissa innovaatioverkostoissa. Tämä tehtiin tutkimalla vuorovaikutuksen vaikutusta varantojen kehittämisessä ja käyttöönotossa innovaatioverkostoissa, joissa aktiviteetit liittyvät tutkimus-, kehittämis- ja innovointiyhteistyöhön. Tätä tutkittiin teoreettista kehikkoa vasten, joka kehitettiin tutkimuksen aikana aiempiin tutkimuksiin pohjautuen. Tutkimus osoittaa, että tarkastellussa tutkimuskontekstissa ohjelmistoteollisuuden ulkopuolisilla toimijoilla on suora vaikutus, sekä varantojen kehittämiseen, että käyttöönottoon rahoitusvaatimustensa ja tavoitteidensa pohjalta. Tutkimus osoittaa, että tässä laajemmassa ympäristössä luottamus, avoimuus ja molemminpuoliset hyödyt ovat vuorovaikutusilmapiirin tärkeitä osatekijöitä sen suhteen mihin rahoitus ohjataan ja missä tosiasiallinen työ tehdään. Tutkimus osoittaa vuorovaikutuskehikon tärkeyden motivaattorina ja kokonaisuutena, joka mahdollistaa suorat hyödyt osallistuville toimijoille heidän vuorovaikutuksestaan ja yhteistyöstään. Se myös osoittaa, että joittenkin niistä tapahtumista, joissa vuorovaikutusta tapahtuu, täytyy olla säännöllisiä, jatkuvia ja omata tietty rytmi. Tutkimuksen tuloksena luotiin vuorovaikutus varantoihin pohjautuvassa arvonluonnissa innovaatioverkoissa kehikko. Se osoittaa kuinka rahoitusmekanismit vaikuttavat varantojen kehittämiseen ja käyttöönottoon. Kuten myös, että jotkin tapahtumat, joissa vuorovaikutusta tapahtuu, ovat erityisen tärkeitä, koska ne rajoittavat tai tukevat arvonluontia. Sen lisäksi toimijoiden rooli, myötävaikutus, tavoitteet ja motivaatio ovat ilmeisen erilaisia näissä tapahtumissa.

Virtual-team professionals have reported experiencing low job satisfaction due to lack of face-to-face interaction leading to stress, miscommunication, and role-confusion. Dissatisfaction among virtual teams has increased turnover and management costs for organizations. Despite these known associations, there was a gap in the literature investigating efficient leadership practices to improve job satisfaction for highly skilled virtual teams. Participative leadership offers an effective approach to increase job satisfaction among face-to-face teams and innovative teams. This study explored the relationship between participative leadership and job satisfaction among highly skilled virtual teams within the global software industry. A quantitative study with a correlational design was utilized among 173 participants from the International Association for Software Architects. Participants took a voluntary online survey by responding to an invitation post on the group LinkedIn page. The questionnaire included participative leadership scale (Ismail, Zainuddin, & Ibrahim, 2010), job satisfaction scale (Wall, Cook, & Warr, 1979), and demographic questions. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive relationship between participative leadership and job satisfaction, r(172) = .67, p < .001. Regression analysis revealed that job position had a control effect on job satisfaction, F(2, 170) = 89.46, p < .001, R2 = .51. Higher-ranked professionals enjoyed higher job satisfaction when participative leadership was present. Study results are beneficial for global software organizations to streamline leadership practices for highly skilled virtual teams to ensure high levels of job satisfaction. Ensuring high job satisfaction among skilled global talent helps innovative organizations cut costs, increase competitive advantage, and ensure high work quality.

by Chan Kin-Leung, Fung Kit-Chu, Kitlen. / "Innovations, software for education 1998" (23 p.) inserted. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-53). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / Chapter / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Project Objectives --- p.1 / Organisation of the Report --- p.2 / Research Methodology --- p.2 / Chapter II --- BACKGROUND OF THE EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE MARKET --- p.4 / Emergence of the Market --- p.4 / Market Segments --- p.6 / Size and Potential of the Market --- p.7 / Market Players and Their Relationships --- p.8 / Business Cycle --- p.12 / Chapter III --- SMALL BUSINESS --- p.14 / Definition --- p.14 / Is Innovations a Small Business? --- p.15 / Chapter IV --- "INNOVATIONS, THE SUBJECT COMPANY" --- p.16 / History --- p.16 / Operation --- p.16 / Business Objectives --- p.17 / Business to Date --- p.18 / Chapter V --- COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COMPANY --- p.20 / SWOT Analysis --- p.20 / Financial Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter VI --- SURVEY RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.26 / Growth Rate of the Market --- p.27 / Schools' Awareness of the Purchasing Channels --- p.28 / Purchase Barriers --- p.29 / Effectiveness of Marketing Activities --- p.29 / Software Selection Criteria --- p.30 / Schools' Spending Power --- p.31 / Chapter VII --- RECOMMENDTAIONS --- p.32 / Business Strategy --- p.32 / Sales and Marketing Strategy --- p.36 / Operational Strategy --- p.38 / Implementation Plan --- p.39 / Financial Forecast after Implementation Plan --- p.42 / Chapter VIII --- CONCLUSION --- p.44 / APPENDIX --- p.46 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.52

The dissertation aims to obtain an integrated and comprehensive perspective on measurement issues that play a strategic role in organisations that aim at continuous quality improvement through TQM. The multidimensional definition of quality is proposed to view quality holistically. The definition is dynamic, thus dimensions are subject to evolution. Measurement of the quality dimensions is investigated. The relationship between quality and cost, productivity and profitability respectively is examined. The product quality dimensions are redefined for processes. Measurement is a strategic component ofTQM. Integration of financial measures with supplier-; customer-; performance- and internal process measurement is essential for synergism. Measurement of quality management is an additional strategic quality dimension. Applicable research was integrated. Quantitative structures used successfully in industry to achieve quality improvement is important, thus the quality management maturity grid, cleanroom software engineering, software factories, quality function deployment, benchmarking and the ISO 9000 standards are briefly described. Software Metrics Programs are considered to be an application of a holistic measurement approach to quality. Two practical approaches are identified. A framework for initiating implementation is proposed. Two strategic software measurement issues are reliability and cost estimation. Software reliability measurement and modelling are introduced. A strategic approach to software cost estimation is suggested. The critical role of data collection is emphasized. Different approaches to implement software cost estimation in organisations are proposed. A total installed cost template as the ultimate goal is envisaged. An overview of selected software cost estimation models is provided. Potential research areas are identified. The linearity/nonlinearity nature of the software production function is analysed. The synergy between software cost estimation models and project management techniques is investigated. The quantification aspects of uncertainty in activity durations, pertaining to project scheduling, are discussed. Statistical distributions for activity durations are reviewed and compared. A structural view of criteria determining activity duration distribution selection is provided. Estimation issues are reviewed. The integration of knowledge from dispersed fields leads to new dimensions of interaction. Research and practical experience regarding software metrics and software metrics programs can be successfully applied to address the measurement of strategic indicators in other industries. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Operations Research)

Die Nutzbarmachung des in den Köpfen von Mitarbeitern und Kunden schlummernden, disruptiven Ideenpotenzials stellt Unternehmen weiterhin vor eine große Herausforderung. Der Ansatz des Idea Mirrors verfolgt in diesem Zusammenhang das Ziel, die Möglichkeiten großer Wandbildschirme zu nutzen, um das kreative Ideenpotenzial von Unternehmen insbesondere in den frühen Phasen des Innovationsprozesses besser sichtbar zu machen und so die Motivation zur Ideengenerierung, zur kommunikativen Ideenvernetzung und zur späteren gemeinschaftlichen Ideennutzung zu fördern. Die Einbettung der Benutzungsschnittstelle in den normalen Geschäftsalltag an halböffentlichen Orten wie Empfangshallen, Cafeterien oder in Gruppenräumen soll die Hemmschwelle zur Interaktion herabsetzen und gleichzeitig die Wahrnehmung der dargestellten Inhalte durch eine breite Nutzerbasis garantieren.

The dissertation aims to obtain an integrated and comprehensive perspective on measurement issues that play a strategic role in organisations that aim at continuous quality improvement through TQM. The multidimensional definition of quality is proposed to view quality holistically. The definition is dynamic, thus dimensions are subject to evolution. Measurement of the quality dimensions is investigated. The relationship between quality and cost, productivity and profitability respectively is examined. The product quality dimensions are redefined for processes. Measurement is a strategic component ofTQM. Integration of financial measures with supplier-; customer-; performance- and internal process measurement is essential for synergism. Measurement of quality management is an additional strategic quality dimension. Applicable research was integrated. Quantitative structures used successfully in industry to achieve quality improvement is important, thus the quality management maturity grid, cleanroom software engineering, software factories, quality function deployment, benchmarking and the ISO 9000 standards are briefly described. Software Metrics Programs are considered to be an application of a holistic measurement approach to quality. Two practical approaches are identified. A framework for initiating implementation is proposed. Two strategic software measurement issues are reliability and cost estimation. Software reliability measurement and modelling are introduced. A strategic approach to software cost estimation is suggested. The critical role of data collection is emphasized. Different approaches to implement software cost estimation in organisations are proposed. A total installed cost template as the ultimate goal is envisaged. An overview of selected software cost estimation models is provided. Potential research areas are identified. The linearity/nonlinearity nature of the software production function is analysed. The synergy between software cost estimation models and project management techniques is investigated. The quantification aspects of uncertainty in activity durations, pertaining to project scheduling, are discussed. Statistical distributions for activity durations are reviewed and compared. A structural view of criteria determining activity duration distribution selection is provided. Estimation issues are reviewed. The integration of knowledge from dispersed fields leads to new dimensions of interaction. Research and practical experience regarding software metrics and software metrics programs can be successfully applied to address the measurement of strategic indicators in other industries. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Operations Research)

Domination in the software application industry has been an issue since its early years. But how do these situations of market domination come into existence? This thesis discusses conventional approaches towards understanding market domination and their inherent weaknesses. As a result a new understanding, based on Actor-Network-Theory and Capital Theory unfolds, which achieves the uncovering of a much deeper complexity on how market domination comes into existence.

Die Nutzbarmachung des in den Köpfen von Mitarbeitern und Kunden schlummernden, disruptiven Ideenpotenzials stellt Unternehmen weiterhin vor eine große Herausforderung. Der Ansatz des Idea Mirrors verfolgt in diesem Zusammenhang das Ziel, die Möglichkeiten großer Wandbildschirme zu nutzen, um das kreative Ideenpotenzial von Unternehmen insbesondere in den frühen Phasen des Innovationsprozesses besser sichtbar zu machen und so die Motivation zur Ideengenerierung, zur kommunikativen Ideenvernetzung und zur späteren gemeinschaftlichen Ideennutzung zu fördern. Die Einbettung der Benutzungsschnittstelle in den normalen Geschäftsalltag an halböffentlichen Orten wie Empfangshallen, Cafeterien oder in Gruppenräumen soll die Hemmschwelle zur Interaktion herabsetzen und gleichzeitig die Wahrnehmung der dargestellten Inhalte durch eine breite Nutzerbasis garantieren.