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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Alteration of the soil mantle by strip mining in the Namaqualand Strandveld

Prinsloo, H. P. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the occurrence of specific soil properties that may be important for vegetation functioning and the possible effect of the loss of or changes in these properties on rehabilitation success on the sandy coastal plains of the West Coast, South Africa. The study area covered approximately 9 400 ha on the Namaqualand coast in the vicinity of Brand-se-Baai (31º18'S 17º54'E), approximately 350 km north of Cape Town and 70 km north-west of the nearest town, Lutzville. A soil survey was done to reveal the presence of important pedological features. The 20 soil profiles surveyed are situated within six vegetation communities. Pedological features such as surface water repellency, permeable apedal subsurface horizons, subsurface impediments such as cemented (calcrete or dorbank) hardpans and significantly more clayey (cutanic, luvic) horizons were identified. A comparative study between rehabilitated and natural soils indicates that mining operations result in the formation of saline sand tailings, stripped of a large portion of the clay and organic matter fraction. The natural leaching of solutes, over a period of 25 months, is sufficient to lower salinity of the tailings to levels comparable to natural soils. This leaching can also results in lowering of soil fertility. Removal of the dorbank and the dense neocutanic horizon in the western side of the mine, loss of topographical features such as small dune systems and heuweltjies, destruction of natural soil profile morphology and the lowering of organic carbon and clay plus silt fraction can have detrimental effects on attempts at rehabilitation of this area to a natural condition similar to that which preceded the mining operation. Infiltration fingering and deep percolation results in the development of an aquifer below the reach of shallow-rooted desert shrubs. A method of water acquisition by vegetation through water distillation is investigated as a possible solution to the apparent discontinuum between the shallow root systems and deeper-lying aquifer. Volumetric water content measurements indicated that precipitation of 29.5 mm, over a period of 10 days, did not result in any variation at 235 mm, 360 mm and 900 mm depths. An average volumetric water content increase of 0.4 mm per night was measured in the first 23.5 cm of soil surface. This amount is a significant source of water that can explain the shallow root distribution. Water vapour movement due to temperature gradients can explain the diurnal volumetric water content fluctuations observed. Further studies are necessary to determine to what extent the depth of water infiltration influences the capacity of subsurface dew to provide plants with a nocturnal water source. Findings of this study can be summarised into two concepts namely: • Heuweltjies, small dune systems, and variation in depth of cemented hardpans are the main features that contribute to pedosphere variation and possibly to biodiversity. • Pedogenic features such as topsoil hydrophobicity, and cemented dorbank and dense more clayey (cutanic, luvic) subsurface horizons are important components of a soil water distillation process that could be a driving force behind vegetation functioning in this region. Mine activities result in the loss of certain pedogenic features and soil properties that that could be key ingredients to ecosystem functioning. The inability to recognise their significance and ignorance thereof when planning rehabilitation methods might prevent sustainable restoration of the environment.
362

Prozessbasierte Modellierung von Erosion, Deposition und partikelgebundenem Nähr- und Schadstofftransport in der Einzugsgebiets- und Regionalskala

Schindewolf, Marcus 20 April 2012 (has links) (PDF)
The process based soil erosion simulation model EROSION 3D is applied on regional scale for the federal state of Saxony/Germany. This survey is aimed on modeling soil loss, sediment transport, deposition resp. the input of particle attached nutrient and pollutant input into surface water bodies for 10years storm event and three land use scenarios. The available region-wide geo-data were preprocessed to be used in the parameterization interface DPROC. This software has been extended to parameterize large areas as well as small catchments. The basis of parameterization is a relational data base consisting of measured or estimated specific model soil parameters. These values have been derived by heavy rainfall simulation experiments below field conditions. The data base has been extended by the new results, which cover different soil tillage practices. The new experiments were conducted with a newly developed methodology. The experimental results show a significant relation of soil loss from the mechanical impact due to soil tillage. Only the non-tillage practice is able to protect soils efficiently from erosional soil losses. In order to describe particle attached nutrient and pollutant transport, soil samples were analyzed determining the element content of different particle fractions. The regional scale simulations identify the Saxonian Loess Belt as hotspot of soil erosion. However considerable amounts can also be expected in certain areas of the low mountain range. Particle attached element inputs into surface water bodies correspond to main sediment delivery areas. The amounts of erosional soil losses could be reduced to 90 % in case of consequently and area-wide transformation to conservation tillage practices. The calculated phosphorous inputs into surface waters on catchment scale are proofed to be valid. Compared to empirical based phosphorous and heavy metal yields the results in this study exceed this findings by a wide range. The differences are caused by lacking an event based consideration, which disregards system maximal impacts. Since erosion is an exclusive non continuous process, those maximal impacts are highly relevant and have to be considered in case of planning and execution of erosion and water protection concepts. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das prozessbasierte Erosionsprognosemodell EROSION 3D flächendeckend auf regionaler Ebene für den Freistaat Sachsen angewendet. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, Bodenabtrag, Sedimenttransport und -deposition bzw. den Eintrag partikelgebundener Nähr- und Schadstoffe in Oberflächengewässer für ein 10jähriges Starkniederschlagsereignis und drei verschiedene Landnutzungsszenarien zu beschreiben. Dazu wurden im Vorfeld verfügbare Geo-Basisdaten so aufbereitet, dass sie für die semiautomatische Parametrisierung mit der Software DPROC verwendet werden können. Diese Software wurde so erweitert, dass sowohl größere Einzugsgebiete als auch einzelne Teileinzugsgebiete parametrisiert werden können. Grundlage der Parametrisierung bildet eine relationale Datenbank, die auf Messwerten bzw. davon abgeleiteten Schätzwerten aus Starkregenexperimenten unter Feldbedingungen basiert. Der vorhandene Datenfundus wurde durch neue Ergebnisse zu verschiedenen Verfahren der ackerbaulichen Bodenbearbeitung mittels neu entwickelter Methodik korrigiert und erweitert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Feststoffaustrages von der Eingriffsintensität bei der Bodenbearbeitung. Dabei ist die Direktsaat die einzige Bewirtschaftungsform, die den Boden effektiv vor Erosion schützt. Um den selektiven partikelgebundenen Nähr- und Schadstofftransport prozessbasiert abzuschätzen, wurden die Stoffgehalte für die Partikelfraktionen Sand, Schluff und Ton an Bodenproben bestimmt. Die regionalskalierten Simulationen identifizieren die sächsische Lössregion als Schwerpunkt der Bodenerosion in Sachsen. Beträchtliche Bodenabträge sind darüber hinaus in den sächsischen Mittelgebirgen zu erwarten. Partikelgebundene Stoffeinträge in Oberflächengewässer verteilen sich in Abhängigkeit von den Sedimentliefergebieten. Die Bodenumlagerungsprozesse einschließlich der damit verbundenen partikelgebundenen Stoffeinträge lassen sich bei konsequenter Umstellung auf konservierende Bewirtschaftungsmethoden entsprechend den Modellergebnissen um mehr als 90 % reduzieren. Im Rahmen der Modellvalidierung konnte die Zuverlässigkeit der berechneten Phosphorausträge auf Einzugsgebietsebene belegt werden. Verglichen mit empirisch basierten mittleren jährlichen Abschätzungen sind die in dieser Arbeit berechneten ereignisbezogenen Phosphor- und Schwermetallausträge um ein Vielfaches höher. Zurückzuführen sind diese Unterschiede vor allem darauf, dass bei den rein empirischen Ansätzen, die maximale Belastungsspitzen unberücksichtigt bleiben. Da Erosion stets ein diskontinuierlicher Prozess ist, sind diese Belastungsspitzen im höchsten Maße relevant und bei der Planung und Durchführung von Erosions- und Gewässerschutzkonzepten unbedingt zu berücksichtigen.
363

Location, form and function in Shetland's prehistoric field systems

Turner, Valerie Erica January 2012 (has links)
Shetland boasts exceptionally well-preserved, but largely overlooked, field systems spanning a period of approximately 4000 years (Neolithic/Bronze Age – Viking/Norse). These have the potential to vastly increase our understanding of past agricultural practices and life styles. This study uses topographical survey, Shape Analysis, GIS, soil survey and micromorphology to answer questions relating to their location, form and function/management, pioneering the use of new tools and testing current models. An holistic landscape approach to the field systems is developed and tested against a multi-period site. Previously unknown types and periods of field systems are identified through survey and shape analysis, tools demonstrated to be valuable in refining the emerging model of field classification. GIS has illuminated pre-, during and post- construction factors influencing boundary form. New insights into location arise from the survey and GIS. Soils work has demonstrated that existing models of soil management over-simplify a complex situation, that thin acidic soils retain cultural information and that accretion was important to the sustainability of these peaty soils. While soils were sustainable over extended periods, the cultural inheritance of managed land appears to be limited. This thesis therefore presents the most holistic and comprehensive understanding of Shetland field systems which has so far been attempted.
364

Improvement of the competitiveness of the sugar beet crop in the Netherlands / Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Rübenanbaus in den Niederlanden

Hanse, Bram 03 May 2011 (has links)
No description available.
365

The influence of Acacia Mearnsii invasion on soil properties in the Kouga Mountains, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Van der Waal, Benjamin Wentsel January 2010 (has links)
The invasion of Acacia mearnsii in the Kouga catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa, has various negative impacts on the ecosystem. These impacts include: reduced species richness, increased water use, increased nutrients and increased N cycling rates. The native shrubby fynbos vegetation has adapted to the acidic nutrient poor soils and Mediterranean climate of the Kouga Mountains. Fynbos, however, is currently being out competed by the much taller Acacia mearnsii trees, due to their competitive nature and ability to fix nitrogen, thereby enriching the soil. The invaded sections of the valley bottoms and lower hill slopes are characterised by an almost complete monoculture of Acacia mearnsii, with very few fynbos species still present. The Department of Water and Environmental Affairs sponsored Working for Water programme started clearing Acacia mearnsii in 1996 in the Kouga Mountains. Cleared sites have remained bare for long periods, indicating that soil properties are not favourable for indigenous propagule re-establishment. The aim of this research was to assess how A. mearnsii invasion and clearing affect fynbos recovery through its impact on soils. This was done by characterising vegetation and soil properties on fynbos, infested and cleared slopes. Vegetation cover for various growth forms was determined and a species list was compiled for each plot. The slope angle, surface hardness, litter cover, bare ground cover and soil depth were measured in the field, whereas water repellency, particle size and the chemical composition were measured in the laboratory. Furthermore, the plant establishment capacity of soils from fynbos, infested and cleared slopes was calculated. This was done by germinating fynbos seeds and growing fynbos plants in soils from the various slopes. The effect that invasion and clearing has on soil erosion was quantified using erosion plots on fynbos, infested and cleared slopes. The invasion and clearing of Acacia mearnsii led to an increase in soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and manganese. Furthermore, soils became more acidic, with increased water repellency and reduced surface hardness. The vegetation changed to a tree-dominated structure, replacing the native species. Native plant germination was relatively unaffected by invasion and clearing, with an increase in germination just after clearing. Plant growth of a native grass, Themeda triandra, and herb, Helichrysum umbraculigerum, has increased on soils from cleared slopes. This study showed that soil movement increased on slopes which are invaded and cleared of Acacia mearnsii, with erosion rates doubling on invaded slopes
366

Dinâmica da matéria orgânica em solo tratado com resíduos orgânicos nos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Estado de Sergipe / Organic matter dynamics in soil treated with organic waste in the Coastal Plains of the state of Sergipe

Moura, Juliana Augusta 15 October 2013 (has links)
In the state of Sergipe, more precisely in the center-south region of the Coastal Plains serves as the stage for one of the largest citrus production in the country. The intensive cultivation of these soils reduces the content of organic matter that is the key component to ensure its quality. Thus, the use of alternate layering residues format, can be a viable alternative to the revitalization of citrus orchards. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the labile and stable soil organic matter, carbon management index and microbial activity in soil treated with organic waste and citrus cultivation in the state of Sergipe. Soil samples were collected in the layers 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm in a citrus (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) orchard treated either with organic residues or mineral fertilizer, or a combination of the two (conventional management, where the projection of the plant canopy was kept clean of weeds, and no mineral fertilization; humus residues; alternate layering residues (in situ made compost); alternate layering residues + NPK; only NPK; humus residues + NPK; and a native forest soil as reference). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability by the software SISVAR. To evaluate the microbial activity was also determined the coefficient of correlation (p . 5) via the computer application SAEG. The study of C in the labile and stable organic matter were more effective than isolated evaluation of total organic carbon (TOC) to check for changes in the dynamics of C in the soil. The C in particulate organic matter (C-POM) was more sensitive than the content of C in complexed organic matter (C-COM). Overall, the treatments that have provided incorporation of organic residues showed carbon management index (CMI) close to the native forest. The fulvic acids fraction (FAF) helped identify the changes in soil for different types of management. The humin fraction (HUMF) showed the highest levels of C relative to FAF and humic acids fraction (HAF). The incorporation of organic waste to the crowning of the orange zone also caused an increase in microbial respiration rates, in total content of organic matter, as well as the elevation of pH, P, Ca and Mg treatments when compared to native forest and conventional management. The ratio stratification was effective to evaluate the influence of different management practices between depths indicating treatments Humus, Humus + NPK and altenate layering residues + NPK as the most effective in increasing the organic matter content in the soil. The benefits caused to soil after the incorporation of organic waste show that the use of practices more conservationist contributes to the improvement of the soil. / No estado de Sergipe, mais precisamente no centro-sul, a regiao de Tabuleiros Costeiros serve de palco para uma das maiores producoes citricolas do pais. O cultivo intensivo feito de forma inadequada nesses solos reduz o teor de materia organica que e o componente fundamental para assegurar a sua qualidade. Dessa forma, o aproveitamento dos residuos organicos no formato de compostagem laminar, pode ser uma alternativa viavel para a revitalizacao de pomares citricolas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliacao das fracoes labeis e estaveis da materia organica do solo, do indice de manejo do carbono e da atividade microbiana em solo tratado com residuos organicos e cultivado com citros no estado de Sergipe. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em tres profundidades (0-5, 5-10 e 10-15 cm) em area cultivada com laranja pera (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) sob diferentes tratamentos (manejo convencional onde a area sob a copa da planta e mantida limpa e sem aplicacao de fertilizantes; humus, aplicado sob a copa da planta; compostagem laminar, com residuos organicos como restos culturais e estercos dispostos em camadas alternadas sob a copa da planta; compostagem laminar + NPK; NPK; humus + NPK; o mesmo solo sob mata nativa foi usado como referencia). Os resultados foram submetidos a analise de variancia e as medias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade por meio do software SISVAR. Para avaliacao da atividade microbiana tambem foi determinado o coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson (p.5) atraves do aplicativo computacional SAEG. O estudo do C nas fracoes labeis e estaveis da materia organica foram mais eficazes do que avaliacao isolada do carbono organico total (COT) para verificar alteracoes na dinamica do C no solo. O C da materia organica particulada (CMOP) se mostrou mais sensivel do que o teor de C na materia organica complexada (CMOC). No geral, os tratamentos que tiveram incorporacao de residuos organicos proporcionaram indices de manejo de carbono (IMC) proximos ao da mata nativa. A fracao acidos fulvicos (FAF) ajudou a identificar as mudancas ocorridas no solo em funcao dos diferentes tipos de manejo. A fracao humina (FHUM) apresentou os maiores teores de C em relacao a FAF e a fracao acidos humicos (FAH). A incorporacao de residuos organicos a zona de coroamento da laranjeira tambem promoveu um aumento das taxas de respiracao microbiana, nos teores totais de materia organica, assim como, a elevacao de pH, P, Ca e Mg dos tratamentos quando comparados a mata nativa e ao manejo convencional. A relacao de estratificacao mostrou-se eficaz ao avaliar a influencia das diferentes praticas de manejo entre as profundidades indicando os tratamentos Humus, Humus + NPK e compostagem laminar + NPK como os mais eficazes em aumentar o teor de materia organica no solo. Os beneficios ocasionados ao solo, apos a incorporacao de residuos organicos demonstram que a utilizacao de praticas mais conservacionistas contribui em muito para a melhoria do solo.
367

Indicadores microbiológicos e bioquímicos da qualidade do solo em transição para cultivo orgânico de feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) / Microbiological and biochemical indicators of the quality of ground transitioning to organic cultivation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

ROSA, Joyce Rover 30 May 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joyce Rover.pdf: 514538 bytes, checksum: aaa943196dccf7fe52627b0d975e29e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-30 / The soil quality indicators analyses during and after the transition period of conventional to organic production system are very important to evaluated the sustainability of agricultural systems. Soil microbiological and biochemical indicators shall quickly indicate changes occurred on both, soil management and production systems. The objective of this work was to evaluated shifts on microbiological and biochemical soil indicators of a conventional common bean production system in transition to an organic system, under conventional and non-tillage soil management systems after cover crops. Total enzymatic activity (AET), betaglucosidase activity (betaglucosidase), acid fosfatase activity (fosfatase), carbon (CBM) and nitrogen (NBM) of the microbial biomass, the basal soil respiration (RBS) and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) were evaluated on soil samples collected at tillage common bean cycle. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Rice and Beans, in Santo Antônio de Goiás GO, and it was also collected soil samples in a secondary forest area close to the experiment to be used as a reference. The content of carbon and nitrogen of the soil microbial biomass, as well as, microbial and enzymatic activities in conventional and non-tillage systems were independent of the cover crop specie used. Under the experimental conditions, the soil management systems did not show effect in the enzymatic and microbial soil activities. The total and acid fosfatase enzymatic activities of the cropped soils were lower than in the forest soil. The betaglucosidase enzymatic activity was higher in cropped soil than under forest soil in the raining season and lower in the dry season. The soil tillage performed before common bean sowing promoted shifts on the CO2 efflux from soil to the atmosphere, which was verified by an increase on both, basal soil respiration and metabolic quotient. / A análise da qualidade do solo durante e após o período de transição de um sistema produtivo convencional para um sistema orgânico é importante como indicador de sustentabilidade. Indicadores microbiológicos e bioquímicos da qualidade do solo devem responder rapidamente a mudanças no manejo e alterações nos sistemas de produção. Assim, este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações nos indicadores microbiológicos e bioquímicos do solo em um sistema de produção em transição para cultivo orgânico do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sob sistema de preparo convencional (SPC) e direto (SPD) do solo, após o manejo de diferentes plantas de cobertura de solo. Avaliaram-se a atividade enzimática total (AET), a atividade de betaglicosidase (β-glicosidase) e de fosfatase ácida (Fosfatase), o carbono (CBM) e o nitrogênio (NBM) da biomassa microbiana, a respiração basal do solo (RBS) e o quociente metabólico (qCO2) em amostras de solo coletadas durante o ciclo de cultivo do feijoeiro comum. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás GO e área de mata nativa próxima ao ensaio foi utilizada como referência. O teor de carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana no solo, assim como de atividades microbianas e enzimáticas avaliadas, tanto sob SPD quanto sob SPC, foi independente da espécie de planta de cobertura de solo utilizada. Nas condições testadas, o sistema de preparo de solo não teve influência na atividade das enzimas do solo e nem na atividade microbiana do solo. No solo agricultável testado, a atividade enzimática total e de fosfatase ácida foi menor do que em solo não agricultável. No período chuvoso, a atividade de betaglicosidase foi maior em solo agricultável do que em solo não agricultável e menor no período seco. O preparo do solo para a semeadura do feijoeiro comum provocou aumento da perda de gás carbônico, verificado em decorrência de aumento na respiração basal do solo e no quociente metabólico.
368

Prozessbasierte Modellierung von Erosion, Deposition und partikelgebundenem Nähr- und Schadstofftransport in der Einzugsgebiets- und Regionalskala

Schindewolf, Marcus 27 January 2012 (has links)
The process based soil erosion simulation model EROSION 3D is applied on regional scale for the federal state of Saxony/Germany. This survey is aimed on modeling soil loss, sediment transport, deposition resp. the input of particle attached nutrient and pollutant input into surface water bodies for 10years storm event and three land use scenarios. The available region-wide geo-data were preprocessed to be used in the parameterization interface DPROC. This software has been extended to parameterize large areas as well as small catchments. The basis of parameterization is a relational data base consisting of measured or estimated specific model soil parameters. These values have been derived by heavy rainfall simulation experiments below field conditions. The data base has been extended by the new results, which cover different soil tillage practices. The new experiments were conducted with a newly developed methodology. The experimental results show a significant relation of soil loss from the mechanical impact due to soil tillage. Only the non-tillage practice is able to protect soils efficiently from erosional soil losses. In order to describe particle attached nutrient and pollutant transport, soil samples were analyzed determining the element content of different particle fractions. The regional scale simulations identify the Saxonian Loess Belt as hotspot of soil erosion. However considerable amounts can also be expected in certain areas of the low mountain range. Particle attached element inputs into surface water bodies correspond to main sediment delivery areas. The amounts of erosional soil losses could be reduced to 90 % in case of consequently and area-wide transformation to conservation tillage practices. The calculated phosphorous inputs into surface waters on catchment scale are proofed to be valid. Compared to empirical based phosphorous and heavy metal yields the results in this study exceed this findings by a wide range. The differences are caused by lacking an event based consideration, which disregards system maximal impacts. Since erosion is an exclusive non continuous process, those maximal impacts are highly relevant and have to be considered in case of planning and execution of erosion and water protection concepts.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis V Tabellenverzeichnis IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis XI Symbole und Einheiten XIII Zusammenfassung XV Abstract XVI 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 4 1.3 Stand der Forschung 6 1.3.1 Prozesse und Skalen der Bodenerosion 6 1.3.2 Einflussgrößen der Bodenerosion 8 1.3.3 Erosionsschäden 13 1.3.4 Gesetzliche Regelungen zum Erosionsschutz 15 1.3.5 Erosionsmodellierung 16 1.3.6 Niederschlagssimulationen zur Parametererfassung 25 1.3.7 Kornfraktionsspezifische Verteilung partikelgebundener Nähr- und Schadstoffe 27 2 Material und Methoden 30 2.1 Untersuchungsgebiet 30 2.1.1 Allgemeine Charakteristik 30 2.1.2 Flächennutzung 31 2.1.3 Boden und Relief 31 2.1.4 Gewässer 33 2.1.5 Klima 34 2.1.6 Planungsebenen 34 2.2 Simulationsmodell EROSION 3D 36 2.2.1 Modellgrundlagen 36 2.2.2 Modellalgorithmen 39 2.2.3 Modellparameter 48 2.3 Parametrisierungsinterface DPROC 50 2.3.1 Programmgrundlagen 50 2.3.2 Datenbank 51 2.3.3 Flächenauswahl und Datenzuschnitt 53 2.4 Experimentelle Untersuchungen 56 2.4.1 Untersuchungsstandorte 56 2.4.2 Durchführung von Erosionsexperimenten mit Starkregensimulation 59 2.4.3 Parameterableitung 62 2.4.4 Korrektur- und Erweiterung der DPROC-Datenbank 65 2.5 Ermittlung der Phosphor- und Schwermetalleinträge in Oberflächengewässer 68 2.5.1 Regionalisierung und Validierung amtlicher Datenquellen 68 2.5.2 Probenahmen und Laboranalysen 68 2.5.3 Bestimmung der kornfraktionsspezifischen Phosphor- und Schwermetallgehalte 70 2.5.4 Ermittlung der Phosphor- und Schwermetalleinträge in Oberflächengewässer unter Verwendung der Simulationsergebnisse 71 2.6 Statistische Auswertung der experimentellen Daten 73 2.7 GIS-Daten und Datenaufbereitung 74 2.7.1 Reliefdaten 74 2.7.2 Bodendaten 75 2.7.3 Landnutzung und Bodenbearbeitung 75 2.7.4 Niederschlagsdaten 77 2.7.5 Andere Flächendaten 78 2.8 Simulationsrechnungen 79 2.8.1 Aufteilung in Untereinheiten 79 2.8.2 Szenarien 79 2.9 Risikoabschätzung 81 2.9.1 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen 81 2.9.2 Oberflächengewässer 82 2.10 Modellvalidierung 84 2.10.1 Gebietsauswahl und Gebietscharakteristik 84 2.10.2 Datengrundlagen der Modellvalidierung 85 2.10.3 Modellparametrisierung 86 3 Ergebnisse 90 3.1 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 90 3.1.1 Starkregensimulationen 90 3.1.2 Ableitung sachsenweiter kornfraktionsspezifischer Stoffgehalte 91 3.2 Ergebnisse aus GIS-Operationen 98 3.2.1 Reliefdaten 98 3.2.2 Landnutzungsdaten 98 3.2.3 Andere GIS-Daten 99 3.3 Ergebnisse aus Simulationsrechnungen 105 3.3.1 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen 105 3.3.2 Oberflächengewässer 112 3.4 Ergebnisse zur Modellvalidierung 126 3.4.1 Aus Messdaten abgeleitete Ergebnisse 126 3.4.2 Simulationsrechnungen zur Modellvalidierung 130 4 Diskussion 132 4.1 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 132 4.1.1 Messdaten 132 4.1.2 Abgeleitete Daten 135 4.1.3 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der experimentellen Daten 141 4.1.4 Kornfraktionsspezifische Stoffgehalte und -verteilungen 142 4.2 GIS-Daten 145 4.2.1 Reliefdaten 145 4.2.2 Bodendaten 145 4.2.3 Landnutzungsdaten 146 4.2.4 Regionalisierte Stoffgehalte 147 4.3 Weiterentwicklung und Korrektur der DPROC-Datenbank 149 4.4 Modellvalidierung 153 4.5 Simulationsrechnungen 156 4.5.1 Bodenabtrag und Deposition 156 4.5.2 Sediment- und partikelgebundener Stofftransport 163 5 Schlussfolgerung 170 6 Literatur 176 Anhang II A I Erosionsmodelle i A II DPROC-Übersetzungstabellen ii A III GIS-Daten viii A IV Interpolierte Oberboden-Schwermetallgehalte xii A V Daten der Starkregensimulationen xix A VI Elementgehalte der Bodenproben lxi A VII Simulationsrechnungen lxxi / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das prozessbasierte Erosionsprognosemodell EROSION 3D flächendeckend auf regionaler Ebene für den Freistaat Sachsen angewendet. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, Bodenabtrag, Sedimenttransport und -deposition bzw. den Eintrag partikelgebundener Nähr- und Schadstoffe in Oberflächengewässer für ein 10jähriges Starkniederschlagsereignis und drei verschiedene Landnutzungsszenarien zu beschreiben. Dazu wurden im Vorfeld verfügbare Geo-Basisdaten so aufbereitet, dass sie für die semiautomatische Parametrisierung mit der Software DPROC verwendet werden können. Diese Software wurde so erweitert, dass sowohl größere Einzugsgebiete als auch einzelne Teileinzugsgebiete parametrisiert werden können. Grundlage der Parametrisierung bildet eine relationale Datenbank, die auf Messwerten bzw. davon abgeleiteten Schätzwerten aus Starkregenexperimenten unter Feldbedingungen basiert. Der vorhandene Datenfundus wurde durch neue Ergebnisse zu verschiedenen Verfahren der ackerbaulichen Bodenbearbeitung mittels neu entwickelter Methodik korrigiert und erweitert. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Feststoffaustrages von der Eingriffsintensität bei der Bodenbearbeitung. Dabei ist die Direktsaat die einzige Bewirtschaftungsform, die den Boden effektiv vor Erosion schützt. Um den selektiven partikelgebundenen Nähr- und Schadstofftransport prozessbasiert abzuschätzen, wurden die Stoffgehalte für die Partikelfraktionen Sand, Schluff und Ton an Bodenproben bestimmt. Die regionalskalierten Simulationen identifizieren die sächsische Lössregion als Schwerpunkt der Bodenerosion in Sachsen. Beträchtliche Bodenabträge sind darüber hinaus in den sächsischen Mittelgebirgen zu erwarten. Partikelgebundene Stoffeinträge in Oberflächengewässer verteilen sich in Abhängigkeit von den Sedimentliefergebieten. Die Bodenumlagerungsprozesse einschließlich der damit verbundenen partikelgebundenen Stoffeinträge lassen sich bei konsequenter Umstellung auf konservierende Bewirtschaftungsmethoden entsprechend den Modellergebnissen um mehr als 90 % reduzieren. Im Rahmen der Modellvalidierung konnte die Zuverlässigkeit der berechneten Phosphorausträge auf Einzugsgebietsebene belegt werden. Verglichen mit empirisch basierten mittleren jährlichen Abschätzungen sind die in dieser Arbeit berechneten ereignisbezogenen Phosphor- und Schwermetallausträge um ein Vielfaches höher. Zurückzuführen sind diese Unterschiede vor allem darauf, dass bei den rein empirischen Ansätzen, die maximale Belastungsspitzen unberücksichtigt bleiben. Da Erosion stets ein diskontinuierlicher Prozess ist, sind diese Belastungsspitzen im höchsten Maße relevant und bei der Planung und Durchführung von Erosions- und Gewässerschutzkonzepten unbedingt zu berücksichtigen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis V Tabellenverzeichnis IX Abkürzungsverzeichnis XI Symbole und Einheiten XIII Zusammenfassung XV Abstract XVI 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit 4 1.3 Stand der Forschung 6 1.3.1 Prozesse und Skalen der Bodenerosion 6 1.3.2 Einflussgrößen der Bodenerosion 8 1.3.3 Erosionsschäden 13 1.3.4 Gesetzliche Regelungen zum Erosionsschutz 15 1.3.5 Erosionsmodellierung 16 1.3.6 Niederschlagssimulationen zur Parametererfassung 25 1.3.7 Kornfraktionsspezifische Verteilung partikelgebundener Nähr- und Schadstoffe 27 2 Material und Methoden 30 2.1 Untersuchungsgebiet 30 2.1.1 Allgemeine Charakteristik 30 2.1.2 Flächennutzung 31 2.1.3 Boden und Relief 31 2.1.4 Gewässer 33 2.1.5 Klima 34 2.1.6 Planungsebenen 34 2.2 Simulationsmodell EROSION 3D 36 2.2.1 Modellgrundlagen 36 2.2.2 Modellalgorithmen 39 2.2.3 Modellparameter 48 2.3 Parametrisierungsinterface DPROC 50 2.3.1 Programmgrundlagen 50 2.3.2 Datenbank 51 2.3.3 Flächenauswahl und Datenzuschnitt 53 2.4 Experimentelle Untersuchungen 56 2.4.1 Untersuchungsstandorte 56 2.4.2 Durchführung von Erosionsexperimenten mit Starkregensimulation 59 2.4.3 Parameterableitung 62 2.4.4 Korrektur- und Erweiterung der DPROC-Datenbank 65 2.5 Ermittlung der Phosphor- und Schwermetalleinträge in Oberflächengewässer 68 2.5.1 Regionalisierung und Validierung amtlicher Datenquellen 68 2.5.2 Probenahmen und Laboranalysen 68 2.5.3 Bestimmung der kornfraktionsspezifischen Phosphor- und Schwermetallgehalte 70 2.5.4 Ermittlung der Phosphor- und Schwermetalleinträge in Oberflächengewässer unter Verwendung der Simulationsergebnisse 71 2.6 Statistische Auswertung der experimentellen Daten 73 2.7 GIS-Daten und Datenaufbereitung 74 2.7.1 Reliefdaten 74 2.7.2 Bodendaten 75 2.7.3 Landnutzung und Bodenbearbeitung 75 2.7.4 Niederschlagsdaten 77 2.7.5 Andere Flächendaten 78 2.8 Simulationsrechnungen 79 2.8.1 Aufteilung in Untereinheiten 79 2.8.2 Szenarien 79 2.9 Risikoabschätzung 81 2.9.1 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen 81 2.9.2 Oberflächengewässer 82 2.10 Modellvalidierung 84 2.10.1 Gebietsauswahl und Gebietscharakteristik 84 2.10.2 Datengrundlagen der Modellvalidierung 85 2.10.3 Modellparametrisierung 86 3 Ergebnisse 90 3.1 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 90 3.1.1 Starkregensimulationen 90 3.1.2 Ableitung sachsenweiter kornfraktionsspezifischer Stoffgehalte 91 3.2 Ergebnisse aus GIS-Operationen 98 3.2.1 Reliefdaten 98 3.2.2 Landnutzungsdaten 98 3.2.3 Andere GIS-Daten 99 3.3 Ergebnisse aus Simulationsrechnungen 105 3.3.1 Landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen 105 3.3.2 Oberflächengewässer 112 3.4 Ergebnisse zur Modellvalidierung 126 3.4.1 Aus Messdaten abgeleitete Ergebnisse 126 3.4.2 Simulationsrechnungen zur Modellvalidierung 130 4 Diskussion 132 4.1 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 132 4.1.1 Messdaten 132 4.1.2 Abgeleitete Daten 135 4.1.3 Zusammenfassende Bewertung der experimentellen Daten 141 4.1.4 Kornfraktionsspezifische Stoffgehalte und -verteilungen 142 4.2 GIS-Daten 145 4.2.1 Reliefdaten 145 4.2.2 Bodendaten 145 4.2.3 Landnutzungsdaten 146 4.2.4 Regionalisierte Stoffgehalte 147 4.3 Weiterentwicklung und Korrektur der DPROC-Datenbank 149 4.4 Modellvalidierung 153 4.5 Simulationsrechnungen 156 4.5.1 Bodenabtrag und Deposition 156 4.5.2 Sediment- und partikelgebundener Stofftransport 163 5 Schlussfolgerung 170 6 Literatur 176 Anhang II A I Erosionsmodelle i A II DPROC-Übersetzungstabellen ii A III GIS-Daten viii A IV Interpolierte Oberboden-Schwermetallgehalte xii A V Daten der Starkregensimulationen xix A VI Elementgehalte der Bodenproben lxi A VII Simulationsrechnungen lxxi
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Comparison of greenhouse gas mitigation costs in cropping systems: case studies from USA, Brazil, and Germany

Tudela Staub, Daniel Felipe 10 January 2024 (has links)
Stickstoffdüngung und Bodenbewirtschaftung sind die Hauptquellen für Treibhausgase aus Anbausystemen. Dennoch sind diese Maßnahmen in Ackerbaubetrieben unerlässlich. In Anbetracht der Notwendigkeit, rasch Maßnahmen gegen den Klimawandel zu ergreifen, ist es notwendig Minderungspotentiale und Kosten in diesen Betrieben zu ermitteln und vergleichen. Es wurden Fallstudien in den USA, in Brasilien und in Deutschland durchgeführt, wobei jeweils eine Kultur in jeder Region untersucht wurde. Wissenschaftliche Literatur und Fokusgruppen mit lokalen Experten wurden genutzt, um realistische Ergebnisse zu generieren, die den lokalen Kontext abbilden. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Minderungsstrategien von dem betrachteten Zeithorizont abhängt, der sich aus der Kohlenstoffdynamik im Boden ergibt. Kurzfristig bieten Strategien, die die Kohlenstoffbindung fördern, ein größeres Minderungspotenzial, was jedoch langfristig nicht zutrifft. Kurzfristig wurden in Brasilien und den USA die geringsten Minderungskosten durch die Optimierung der Stickstoffdüngung erreicht. Diese Kosten sind negativ, was bedeutet, dass die Anwendung dieser Strategien, nicht nur ihre Emissionen, sondern auch ihre Kosten senken würden. Weitere kosteneffiziente Strategien waren die Verringerung der Bodenbearbeitungsintensität und Zwischenfrüchte, die in allen Fällen mit vergleichbaren Minderungskosten durchführbar waren und die Kohlenstoffbindung fördern. Der Einsatz von Hemmstoffen schließlich, der in den USA und in Brasilien möglich war, hatte die höchsten Minderungskosten. Langfristig betrachtet stiegen die Minderungskosten von Strategien mit Kohlenstoffbindung an und waren ähnlich hoch oder höher als bei Strategien ohne Kohlenstoffbindung. Da in allen Fällen dieselbe Methodik angewandt wurde, sind die Ergebnisse vergleichbar. Darüber hinaus sind die Ergebnisse zwar spezifisch für den Kontext, in dem sie berechnet wurden, sie liefern jedoch Erkenntnisse für ähnliche Regionen. / Nitrogen fertilization and soil management are the main sources of greenhouse gases from cropping systems. Yet these operations are essential on arable farms. Considering the need to take quick action against climate change, it is necessary to understand which mitigation potentials and cost can be attained in these farms and how they compare. Case studies in the USA, Brazil and in Germany were conducted, assessing one crop in each region. Scientific literature and focus groups with local experts were used to generate realistic results which depict the local context. This thesis identified that the economics of the mitigation strategies depended on the time horizon considered, which results from the carbon dynamics in the soil. In the short term, strategies promoting carbon sequestration offer a larger mitigation potential, yet this is not valid in the long term. In the short term, the lowest mitigation costs were attained by optimizing the nitrogen rate, feasible in the USA and Brazil. These costs are indicated to be negative, implying that adopting the strategy would not only lower emissions, but also reduce their costs. The next most cost efficient strategies were the reduction of the tillage intensity and cover crops, which were feasible in all cases with comparable mitigation costs and promote carbon sequestration. Lastly, the adoption of inhibitors, feasible in the USA and in Brazil, had among the highest mitigation costs. Assuming the long term, the mitigation costs of strategies with carbon sequestration increased, becoming similar to or higher than strategies without carbon sequestration. By applying the same methodology in each case, the results are comparable. Moreover, while the findings are specific to the context in which they were calculated, they provide insights for similar regions.

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