Submitted by Jessica de Sousa Baldassarini (jessika_baldassarini@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-26T22:36:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Jessica_2016 - CORRIGIDA.pdf: 5822203 bytes, checksum: 34c25654e1aacf7d029214c4ddc46b3a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-04-27T14:43:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 baldassarini_js_me_prud.pdf: 5822203 bytes, checksum: 34c25654e1aacf7d029214c4ddc46b3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T14:43:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 baldassarini_js_me_prud.pdf: 5822203 bytes, checksum: 34c25654e1aacf7d029214c4ddc46b3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A busca pelo entendimento das dinâmicas envolvidas na perda de solo, objetivando tanto sua mensuração como também o emprego de ações que visem sua recuperação e conservação, vem ganhando espaço no meio científico devido aos problemas socioambientais e econômicos resultantes desta degradação. Estes problemas não se restringem a produtividade agrícola, como também favorecem o empobrecimento do meio rural, a poluição e assoreamento dos cursos d’água, a dependência financeira e tecnológica dos sujeitos sociais etc. Para compreender as dinâmicas e os fatores relevantes na perda de solo foi aplicado distintos métodos de determinação, um de estimação direta, por meio das parcelas de monitoramento com pinos de erosão e um indireto, por meio da Equação Universal de Perda de Solos (EUPS), que permitissem a comparação dos resultados obtidos em campo com os da aplicação do modelo. O estudo foi realizado em duas propriedades agrícolas que possuem características naturais e de uso e ocupação distintas, atribuindo-lhes complexidades espaciais particulares. Uma localiza-se em Getulina e é destinada a pecuária e a outra localiza-se em Vera Cruz com a produção de café. Foi possível identificar nas propriedades agrícolas características naturais que tornam seus solos suscetíveis a perda por processos erosivos, porém, que as formas de uso e ocupação destes espaços foram fundamentais para o entendimento dos totais de perda registrados pelos métodos de determinação. Esta complexidade fundamenta a necessidade de abordar a perda de solo como fenômeno geográfico, decorrente de aspectos naturais e sociais que expressam demandas, interesses e funcionalidades socialmente construídas que fundamentam sua apropriação. / Looking to understanding the dynamics involving the soil loss, aiming at both its measurement as well as the actions aimed use at their conservation and recovery, is gaining space in the scientific world due to environmental and economic problems resulting from this degradation. These problems are not restricted to agricultural productivity, but also promote rural impoverishment, pollution and siltation water courses, social subjects financial and technological dependence, etc. The different methods of determination, a direct estimation, through the monitoring plots with erosion pins and an indirect, through the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was applied to understand the dynamics and relevant factors on soil loss and also to allow the results comparison obtained in the field where was applied the models. The study was conducted in two farms where we could find different use and occupation natural characteristics assigning them particular spatial complexities. One farm is located in Getulina and is intended for livestock (animals) and the other is located in Vera Cruz where they grow coffee, both in southeastern Brazil, São Paulo State. It was possible to identify the properties that make their natural features agricultural soils susceptible to loss through erosion, however, that the use and occupation forms of these spaces were fundamental for the understanding the loss totals recorded by determination methods. This complexity is motivated by the need to address the soil loss as geographical phenomenon, resulting from natural and social aspects that express demands, interests and socially constructed features that underlie your ownership. / 2014/02230-6

Orientador: Morel de Passos e Carvalho / Resumo: Um índice de erosividade da chuva que se destaque e auxilie na estimativa da erosão do solo é altamente desejável. O parâmetro EI30 é o mais utilizado no mundo, no entanto, inúmeros trabalhos nacionais têm comprovado a eficácia de modelos que envolvem a enxurrada. O trabalho foi desenvolvido entre dezembro/2012 a agosto/2014, em um Argissolo Vermelho, da unidade experimental de Aquidauana (MS), pertencente à Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS). Foram selecionadas 92 chuvas individuais erosivas para o cálculo dos modelos de erosividade, e coletados os dados de perdas de solo e de enxurrada provenientes da parcela padrão. Parâmetros de erosividade da chuva, da enxurrada e da chuva-enxurrada foram analisados por meio de regressão linear simples, múltipla e não-linear, com a finalidade de: (a) definir o fator erosividade para chuvas individuais na tentativa de avaliar a eficiência entre si de parâmetros da chuva, da enxurrada e da chuva-enxurrada, visando aprimorar o uso da EUPS, EUPSM e da EUPSR local, e (b) determinar o fator erodibilidade para o solo pesquisado. Portanto, concluiu-se que: 1) No âmbito da EUPS, o índice EI30 de Wischmeier e Smith foi convenientemente adequado para predizer as perdas de solo das chuvas individuais erosivas locais. Assim, a erosão de Aquidauana pode ser calculada pela expressão: A*=3,7323+3,1171.10-2.EI30, e o fator erosividade da chuva em questão deve ser calculado pelo emprego do índice de erosividade da chuva EI30; 2) Já no âmbi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: An index of erosivity rainfall that can stand out and assist in the estimation of soil erosion is highly desirable. The EI30 parameter is the most widely used in the world; however, many national papers have proved the effectiveness of models that involve the runoff. This study was carried out between December 2012 to August/2014, in the Experimental Unit of Aquidauana (MS), State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), in a Dystrofic Tropustult. A set of 92 individual erosive rainfalls were selected for the calculation of the erosivity models and collected the data of soil losses and runoff from the unit plot. Erosivity parameters from rainfall, runoff and rainfall-runoff were analyzed through simple linear regression, multiple and non-linear, with the purpose of: (a) define the erosivity factor for individual rainfalls in an attempt to evaluate the efficiency between the parameters from rainfall, runoff and rainfall-runoff, aiming to improve the use of the USLE, MUSLE and RUSLE local, and (b) determine the factor erodibility for the soil of unit plot. Therefore, it was concluded that: 1) In the context of USLE, the Wischmeier and Smith EI30 was conveniently suited for predicting soil losses of individual erosive rainfalls local. Thus, Aquidauana erosion can be calculated using the expression: A*=3.7323+3.1171.10-2 .EI30, and erosivity rainfall factor shall be calculated using erosivity index rainfall EI30; 2) By the other hand, in the context of MUSLE and RUSLE, the local ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T20:05:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Max Well de Oliveira Rabelo - 2016.pdf: 9299714 bytes, checksum: 66ca8a1804314b94f87ae251530d5d76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T12:53:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Max Well de Oliveira Rabelo - 2016.pdf: 9299714 bytes, checksum: 66ca8a1804314b94f87ae251530d5d76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T12:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Max Well de Oliveira Rabelo - 2016.pdf: 9299714 bytes, checksum: 66ca8a1804314b94f87ae251530d5d76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-11 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The deficiency in the management of agricultural areas causes problems of economic and environmental order. Many times the terraces dimensioning methods have results with reduced horizontal spacing, discouraged their adoption and causing erosion problems, and consequently loss of soil, water and nutrients. The soil loss calculation models can be used for the design of these structures, considering the displacement of soil lower than its natural formation rate, controlling the erosive process. However, the use of these models is hampered by the lack of data bases and tools that simplify their use. Concomitantly conservation planning can be integrated into agronomic management, enabling the optimization of the use of agricultural land and of the equipments, conciliating the economic and environmental aspects. In this sense the present study aimed to evaluate the cartographic quality of  altimetric surveys carried with GNSS RTK receiver onboard in quadricycle; develop a terrace in level spacing calculation method, using the soil loss calculated by USLE; a model of dimensioning agricultural systems, involving the use of terraces as rural roads, plots division, and generation and planting lines; analyze the accumulation of runoff on sugar cane lines for different furrow depths and the spatial variability of relief; and finally, develop a computational tool using the method and model. The altimetric data collected with quadricycle met the Class A pattern of cartographic accuracy, for the preparation of cartographic products with vertical equidistance of 0.30m. The terrace spacing calculation method reduced by up to 83.0% the total length of terraces; the agricultural systems dimensioning model enabled a reduction of up to 51.6% in the number of operations as well as increasing the average length of the lines and reducing the area for the use of rural roads, which increases the efficiency in the machinery use and in the use of agricultural area. The evaluation of the runoff volume accumulation in the planting lines due to the furrow depth found large storage capacity, reaching values of up to 158.1 m³ ha -1 , averaging 95.8 m³ ha -1 to furrows with 0.3m depth, resulting in a reduction of up to 10.1centimeters at the height of the terraces. The developed computational tool proved to be easy to use, and successfully completed the design of the plots, planting rows and terraces. / A deficiência na gestão das áreas agrícolas acarreta problemas de ordem econômica e ambiental. Muitas vezes os métodos de dimensionamento de terraços têm resultados com espaçamento horizontal reduzido, desestimulando sua adoção e ocasionando problemas de erosão, e consequente perda de solo, água e nutrientes. Os modelos de cálculo de perda de solo podem ser utilizados para dimensionamento destas estruturas, considerando o deslocamento de solo inferior à sua taxa de formação natural, controlando o processo erosivo. Entretanto o uso destes modelos é dificultado pela ausência de bases de dados e de ferramentas que simplifiquem sua utilização. Concomitantemente o planejamento conservacionista pode ser integrado à gestão agronômica, possibilitando a otimização do uso da área agrícola e dos equipamentos, conciliando os aspectos econômicos e ambientais. Neste sentido o presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a qualidade cartográfica de levantamentos altimétricos realizados com receptor GNSS RTK embarcado em quadriciclo; desenvolver um método de cálculo de espaçamento entre terraços em nível a partir da perda de solo calculada pela USLE; um modelo de dimensionamento de sistemas agrícolas, envolvendo a utilização dos terraços como carreadores, divisão de talhões, e geração de linhas de plantio; analisar o acúmulo de escoamento superficial nas linhas de cana de açúcar em função de diferentes profundidades de sulco e da variabilidade espacial do relevo; e finalmente, desenvolver de uma ferramenta computacional para utilização do método e modelo. Os dados altimétricos coletados com quadriciclo atenderam ao padrão de exatidão cartográfico atingindo a classe A para elaboração de produtos cartográficos com equidistância vertical de 0,30m. O método de cálculo de espaçamento entre terraços reduziu em até 83,0% o comprimento total de terraços; o modelo de dimensionamento de sistemas agrícolas possibilitou redução de até 51,6 % no número de manobras, bem como aumento do comprimento médio das linhas de plantio e redução da área destinada ao uso de carreadores, o que aumenta a eficiência de máquinas e do uso da área agrícola. A avaliação do acúmulo do volume de escoamento superficial nas linhas de plantio em função da profundidade do sulco verificou grande capacidade de armazenamento, atingindo valores de até 158,1 m³ ha -1 , com média de 95,8 m³ ha -1 para sulcos com 0,3m de profundidade, ocasionando em uma redução de até 10,1 centímetros na altura dos terraços. A ferramenta computacional desenvolvida mostrou-se de fácil utilização, e realizou com sucesso o dimensionamento dos talhões, linhas de plantio e terraços.

A erosão acelerada do solo constitui um processo importante de degradação dos solos e da água e no entanto as consequências econômicas dessas perdas são ainda pouco conhecidas. Este estudo objetivou analisar o emprego de um SIG na estimativa do valor monetário da perda de solo nas áreas de produção de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem na Microbacia Hidrográfica do Ceveiro (MHC). Para a realização da modelagem da erosão laminar foi utilizado a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE) e para a estimativa do custo o método Custo de Reposição dos Nutrientes (CRN). A estimativa de perda de solo por erosão da MHC mostrou que 38,5% da área da microbacia apresenta perda de solo entre 0 e 10 Mg.ha-1.ano-1; 20% na classe de 20 e 50 Mg.ha-1.ano-1; 25% na classe de 50 e 100 Mg.ha-1.ano-1. Em 91% das áreas de cana-de-açúcar a perda de solo estimada é maior que a perda tolerável. O CRN estimado médio para as áreas de cana-de-açúcar foi R$ 285,64 .ha-1.ano-1 e de e R$27,21 .ha-1.ano-1 para as áreas de pastagem. Quando analisadas separadamente a cultura da cana-de-açúcar e a pastagem, o valor médio do CRN é de R$ 285,64. ha-1.ano-1 e R$ 27,21. ha-1.ano-1 respectivamente. Além disso, para ambas as culturas o nitrogênio é o nutriente com maior participação na composição do CRN estimado e efetivo, sendo responsável por aproximadamente 82% para as áreas de cana-de-açúcar. A aplicação do Custo de Reposição de Nutrientes por Sistema de Informação Geográfica forneceu indicadores que permitem a análise comparativa quanto ao custo de reposição de nutrientes perdidos por erosão. / Accelerated soil erosion is an important process of land and water degradation; however the economics consequences of these losses are still little known. This pourpose of this study was to analyze the use of a GIS to estimate the monetary value in the areas of sugarcane and pasture cultivation in the Ceveiro Watershed. Average annual soil loss rates had been estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), and the monetary costs had been estimated using the Replacement Cost of Nutrients Method. The estimated soil loss by erosion of MHC showed that 38.5 % of the area of the watershed presents soil loss between 0 and 10 Mg ha - 1.year - 1; 20 % in the class of 20 and 50 Mg ha - 1.year - 1 ; 25 % in class 50 and 100 Mg. ha -1.year -1. In 91% of the areas of sugarcane the soil loss estimated is greater than the tolerable loss. The CRN estimated average for the areas of sugarcane was R$ 285.64 year - 1 .ha - 1 and R$ 27.21 year -1 ha - 1 for pasture areas. When analyzed separately, the culture of sugarcane and pasture, the average value of the RCN is R$ 285.64. ha -1 year-1 and R$ 27.21 . ha -1 .year-1 respectively. Moreover, for both crops nitrogen is the nutrient with the highest participation in the composition of Estimate and Effective RCN, accounting for approximately 82 % to the areas of sugarcane. The application of the method of economic valuation of natural resources for Replacement Cost provides indicators that allow comparative analysis regarding the cost of replacing nutrients lost through erosion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_daiane_hellnvig_zarnott.pdf: 4627270 bytes, checksum: ed0a5a6e8347685bdd6829a1740f2a6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-27 / A growing concern over environmental problems is becoming increasingly present in everyday population. The intensive use of land mainly for agriculture and the exploitation of water resources for various purposes, are producing environmental impacts which result in economic losses to society. In rural areas, many of these impacts are related to production and transportation of sediments, showing the importance of identifying the main areas of occurrence of these processes in watersheds. The use of tools for the prediction of soil loss is of great value for planning and management of water resources in a region. This study aimed to identify the areas with the greatest potential for soil loss in a rural watershed with predominant occurrence of properties with family-based production, draw a map of sediment yield and simulate the allocation of forest cover (preferably native forest), to reduce the soil loss potential through geoprocessing tools and remote sensing. The work was conducted in the watershed of the Sinnott Water Treatment Plant (Pelotas, Brazil), which has an area of approximately 69,600 hectares. To identify locations with higher soil loss potential it was applied the MUSLE (Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation), considering the scenario of current soil use. Afterward two simulations were performed, considering different scenarios of forest cover: simulation 1, with forested areas covering 30 meters surrounding the watercourses, and simulation 2, with forested areas covering land with slopes greater than 20%. The results indicate that the greatest soil loss potential occurred where there were areas with higher human action and higher slopes. For the simulated scenarios relating to forested areas, the simulation 2 showed the greatest reduction of soil loss potential, indicating that protection against water erosion in the study area would present better results when forested areas were allocated to regions with higher slopes. The use of the MUSLE model, together with GIS tools and remote sensing for the simulation of soil loss, has proved to be feasible for the delimitation of areas with high erosion risk. / A crescente preocupação com os problemas ambientais vêm se tornando cada vez mais presente no cotidiano da população mundial. O uso intensivo dos solos principalmente pela agricultura e a exploração dos recursos hídricos para os mais diversos fins, tem gerado impactos ambientais, que resultam em perdas econômicas para a sociedade. No meio rural, muitos desses impactos estão relacionados com produção e transporte de sedimentos, mostrando a importância de se identificar as principais áreas de ocorrências desses processos nas bacias hidrográficas. A utilização de ferramentas para a predição de perdas de solo é de grande valor para o planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos de uma região. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar as áreas com maior potencial de perdas de solo em uma bacia hidrográfica rural, com predominante ocorrência de propriedades com produção de base familiar, elaborar um mapa de produção de sedimentos e simular a alocação de cobertura florestal (preferencialmente mata nativa), visando reduzir os potenciais de perdas de solo, por meio de ferramentas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto. O trabalho foi conduzido na bacia de contribuição da Estação de Tratamento de Água Sinnott (Pelotas, RS), que possui uma área de, aproximadamente, 69.600 hectares. Para identificar os locais com maiores potenciais de perdas de solo foi aplicada a MUSLE (Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Modificada), considerando o cenário de uso atual do solo. Posteriormente foram realizadas duas simulações, considerando diferentes cenários de cobertura florestal: simulação 1, com áreas florestadas cobrindo 30 metros ao redor dos cursos d'água; e, simulação 2, com áreas florestadas cobrindo terrenos com declividades superiores a 20%. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os maiores potenciais de perdas de solo ocorreram onde se encontravam as áreas com maior ação antrópica e com maiores declividades. Quando simulados os cenários relativos às áreas florestadas, a simulação 2 foi a que apresentou maior redução dos potenciais de perdas de solo, indicando que a proteção contra erosão hídrica na bacia estudada apresentaria melhores resultados quando as áreas florestadas fossem alocadas em regiões com maiores declividades. A utilização do modelo MUSLE, de simulação de perdas de solo, em conjunto com ferramentas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto, se mostrou viável para a delimitação das áreas com maior risco de erosão.

The subject of this master thesis is an integrated flood protection proposal in cadastral territory Jerlochovice and Fulnek. Area of interest is highly affected by soil loss caused by torrential rainfalls. Implemented measures are based on analysis results. The softwares used for analysis were ArcGIS, DesQ-MaxQ and USLE method for soil loss calculation. The final step was control erosion analysis which verified the implemented measures. The final analysis clearly shows the obvious reduction of erosion affection in the area.

The objectives of this study were (a) to apply sediment and associated plot data from various infiltrometer studies to the parameters in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, a modified version of the original Musgrave Equation, and a modified version of the original Universal Soil Loss Equation, and compare the computed results with the measured soil loss, (b) to suggest reasons for any differences between computed and measured soil loss, and (c) to suggest improvements for each equation so that it will give results near the measured soil loss. The data used consisted of 2805 infiltrometer plots collected by previous researchers in a variety of rangeland conditions, both in the western United States and Australia, and included the necessary information needed to compute the factors in each of the above equations. Simple and multiple linear regression techniques were used to make the evaluations by computing the coefficient of determination (R2), correlation coefficients (r), and to optimize each factor in the equations by placing an exponent on it. The results showed that the three soil loss prediction equations are not universal, but, for the most part, explain sediment yield with varying degrees of accuracy in different situations with no apparent trends or patterns. However, most individual mine sites and other sites with loosely consolidated soil resembling fallow conditions showed high R2 values when the computed sediment yield was regressed against measured sediment yield. Little improvement was made in reducing the variability of the equations by placing exponents on each factor indicating that the factors, as determined in each equation, do not explain sediment yield under western rangeland conditions. In summary, the prediction equations are not recommended as "universal" predictors of sheet erosion in western rangelands, but, may be applied in specific situations.

Submitted by PAULO SÉRGIO MARTIN (paulosergiomartin@gmail.com) on 2018-07-14T03:59:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin_PS_Dissert_MP_Estradas_Rurais_2018.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-07-16T12:21:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ps_me_prud.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T12:21:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ps_me_prud.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Neste presente trabalho buscou-se identificar as diversas variáveis do potencial de perda de solo no município de Ouro Verde/SP, considerando como parâmetro a classificação de solos, geologia, relevo, precipitação pluvial, o uso e ocupação da terra, as práticas de manejo conservacionista, mapeando as áreas com potencial de erosão laminar dos solos e o cruzamento das informações com a situação atual das estradas rurais não pavimentadas. As estradas não pavimentadas foram classificadas em trechos-tipos, destacando-se algumas características importantes, como altura de barranco, se está “encaixada”. O uso do MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação) possibilitou a representação do relevo da superfície terrestre e com os dados vetoriais do município de Ouro Verde, baixados através do site do IBGE, foi possível a interpretação visual da área de estudo, analisadas através das imagens do satélite Sentinel-2. O objetivo foi identificar as estradas rurais ou trechos prioritários para readequação, através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com mapeamento das áreas do município e realizando o cruzamento de informações e, aplicação da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE) e do programa InVEST®, estimando perdas de solo por erosão laminar. Servir de orientação para os gestores públicos (Prefeitura Municipal e FEHIDRO) na análise e tomada de decisão. Para determinação do Fator R para o município de Ouro Verde, a precipitação pluvial foi analisada através de uma série histórica, fornecida pelo Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural de Dracena. Para determinação dos valores do fator R para os demais municípios que compõem as Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos 20 e 21, utilizou-se o software livre netErosividade SP. Para realização da priorização dos trechos críticos das estradas, foram utilizados os parâmetros (estruturas e situações), adaptado do Projeto de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável – Microbacias Hidrográficas II – Acesso ao mercado, obtendo-se o enquadramento das Classes de priorização. O programa InVEST® possibilitou explorar cenários com resultados futuros prováveis, e assim foram gerados os diversos mapas de potencialidade de erosão para o município de Ouro Verde: Mapa de Susceptibilidade à Erosão Laminar, Mapa do Potencial à Erosão, Mapa do Potencial de Erosão Laminar Total por Microbacias Hidrográficas e Mapa final de Priorização das Estradas Não Pavimentadas. Obteve-se o Mapa Final de Priorização utilizando alguns parâmetros, mas é possível cruzar tantas informações quanto forem necessárias, subjetivas e objetivas, e assim chegar no objetivo, que é a priorização de trechos críticos de Estradas Rurais Não Pavimentadas. / This work aimed to identify the various variables of soil loss potential in the municipality of Ouro Verde / SP, considering as a parameter the classification of soils, geology, relief, rainfall, land use and occupation, management practices conservationist, mapping the areas with potential of laminar erosion of the soils and the crossing of the information with the current situation of the unpaved rural roads. Unpaved roads have been classified into parts-types, highlighting some important characteristics, such as height of ravine, if it is "docked". The use of the MDE (Digital Elevation Model) made possible the representation of the land surface and the vectorial data of the municipality of Ouro Verde, downloaded through the IBGE website, it was possible the visual interpretation of the study area, analyzed through the images of the Sentinel-2 satellite. The objective was to identify the rural roads or priority stretches for readjustment, through the Geographic Information System (GIS), with mapping of the areas of the municipality and carrying out the information crossing and, applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the InVEST® program, estimating soil losses due to laminar erosion. To serve as guidance for public managers (City Hall and FEHIDRO) in the analysis and decision making. To determine the R factor for the municipality of Ouro Verde, rainfall was analyzed through a historical series, provided by the Office of Rural Development of Dracena. To determine the R factor values for the other municipalities that make up the Water Resources Management Units 20 and 21, the free software netErosividade SP was used. For the prioritization of the critical stretches of the roads, the parameters (structures and situations), adapted from the Sustainable Rural Development Project - Hydrographic Microbasins II - Access to the market, were used to obtain the prioritization classes. The InVEST® program made it possible to explore scenarios with probable future results, thus generating the various erosion potential maps for the municipality of Ouro Verde: Laminar Erosion Susceptibility Map, Erosion Potential Map, Total Laminar Erosion Potential Map by Hydrographic Microbasins and Final Map of Prioritization of Non-Paved Roads. The final Prioritization Map was obtained using some parameters, but it is possible to cross as much information as necessary, subjective and objective, and thus reach the objective, which is the prioritization of critical sections of Non-Paved Rural Roads.

The aim of this thesis is to assess and evaluate the erosion phenomena at the model catchment of Malče Budský stream. This site is located on the cadastral areas Besednice, Soběnov and Malče. This survey was conducted in aspects of pedology, hydrogeology and climate. Further evaluations were rain amount for the nearest meteorological station, which is located in Soběnov. To evaluate and calculate erosion parameters for a given locality the methods of universal soil loss equation by Wishmeier and Smith and modified universal soil loss equation by Williams and Berndt have been used. The CN method was used for calculations and following evaluation of soil loss. The result of this thesis is designing, generalization and refinement of individual factors in solved area.

Είναι ευρέως γνωστό ότι οι διαδικασίες της διάβρωσης του εδάφους επηρεάζονται από ένα πλήθος βιοφυσικών και ανθρώπινων παραγόντων και εμφανίζονται με διαφορετικές εντάσεις σε διαφορετικά περιβάλλοντα. Εντούτοις, οι χωρικές και χρονικές κλίμακες των διαδικασιών είναι ακόμα ανεπαρκώς κατανοητές. Ως εκ τούτου, ο έλεγχος και ο υπολογισμός της διάβρωσης και της απόθεσης αποτελεί ένα σύνθετο και δύσκολο στόχο. Επομένως, είναι ανάγκη να βελτιωθεί η κατανόηση των διαδικασιών λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ποσοτική τους έκφραση, ώστε να είναι σε θέση ειδικοί επιστήμονες να αναλύσουν το αντίκτυπο του φαινομένου αυτού. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής είναι η εκτίμηση μοντέλου διάβρωσης και στερεοπαροχής στον ταμιευτήρα του ομώνυμου φράγματος του ποταμού Πηνειού, στην περιοχή του Νομού Ηλείας. Απώτερος στόχος αυτής της μελέτης είναι ο υπολογισμός και η εκτίμηση του όγκου των φερτών υλών που έχουν αποτεθεί στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος, με αποτέλεσμα την πολυετή δυσλειτουργία του, με σκοπό την εφαρμογή πρακτικών που θα δώσουν παράταση στην οικονομική ζωή του έργου. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή αναπτύχθηκε μια μέθοδος η οποία συνδυάζει την Παγκόσμια Εξίσωση Εδαφικής Απώλειας (Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE) με τα Γεωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφορίας (GIS), συγκεκριμένα το λογισμικό ArcGIS 10. Η USLE υπολογίζει την μακροπρόθεσμη μέση ετήσια απώλεια εδάφους πολλαπλασιάζοντας πέντε συγκεκριμένους παράγοντες που περιγράφουν τα χαρακτηριστικά λεκανών, όπως η διαβρωτικότητα της βροχόπτωσης, η διαβρωσιμότητα του εδάφους, η μορφολογία του εδάφους, η φυτοκάλυψη του εδάφους και η διαχείριση των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης. Το GIS χρησιμοποιείται για την αποθήκευση των συντελεστών της USLE ως μεμονωμένα ψηφιακά επίπεδα τα οποία πολλαπλασιάζονται μεταξύ τους για να δημιουργήσουν έναν δυναμικό χάρτη εδαφικής διάβρωσης. Αυτός ο συνδυασμός παρέχει έναν τρόπο εκτίμησης της πιθανής διάβρωσης του εδάφους σε μια περιοχή με τις υπάρχουσες πηγές δεδομένων. Ο εντοπισμός των περιοχών που παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερο κίνδυνο διάβρωσης και η χαρτογράφησή τους, συμβάλουν στην πρόληψη της περαιτέρω υποβάθμισης του εδάφους με χρήση των απαραίτητων αντιδιαβρωτικών μέτρων. Για τον υπολογισμό του συντελεστή διαβρωτικότητας της βροχόπτωσης (R) και για την εξαγωγή του χάρτη κατανομής της χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μηνιαίες και ετήσιες μετρήσεις βροχόπτωσης από πέντε μετεωρολογικούς σταθμούς που εντοπίζονται στην λεκάνη απορροής ανάντη του φράγματος. Ο συντελεστής διαβρωσιμότητας του εδάφους (Κ) απαιτεί μετρήσεις πεδίου για την εκτίμηση των ιδιοτήτων του εδάφους. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, λόγω αδυναμίας συγκέντρωσης δειγμάτων, οι ιδιότητες του εδάφους εκτιμήθηκαν με γεωλογικά κριτήρια και εν συνεχεία με τη χρήση του GIS δημιουργήθηκε χάρτης κατανομής διαβρωσιμότητας του εδάφους. Με βάση το Ψηφιακό Μοντέλο Αναγλύφου της περιοχής μελέτης υπολογίστηκε ο τοπογραφικός συντελεστής (LS), ενώ βάσει του CORINE και σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία υπολογίστηκε ο παράγοντας κάλυψης και διαχείρισης γης (C). Τέλος, ο συντελεστής διαχείρισης των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης (P) ορίστηκε ίσος με τη μονάδα (1) καθώς δεν έχει παρθεί κανένα μέτρο για την προστασία των εδαφών κατά της διάβρωσης σε όλη την λεκάνη απορροής. Βάσει των παραπάνω υπολογισμών προέκυψε η μέση ετήσια απώλεια εδάφους ανά μονάδα επιφάνειας της λεκάνης απορροής ανάντη του φράγματος, η οποία ανέρχεται στους ----- t/ha ή SE=---- t/km2. Κατόπιν υπολογισμού της μέσης ετήσιας εδαφικής διάβρωσης, βάσει εμπειρικής μεθόδου υπολογίστηκε ο συντελεστής (%) στερεοαπορροής και κατ' επέκταση η μέση ετήσια στερεοαπορροή της λεκάνης ανάντη του φράγματος Πηνειού, η οποία ανέρχεται σε ----- t/ha ή ----- t/km2. Για την συγκεκριμένη λεκάνη απορροής το ----- των παραγόμενων φερτών υλών είναι αυτό που τελικά μεταφέρεται και αποτίθεται κάθε χρόνο στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος, τα οποία ανέρχονται σε ------ t. / It’s widely known that the procedures of soil erosion are affected by a number of biophysical and human factors and appeared with different intensities in different places. However, the spatial and temporal scales of the procedures are still poorly understood. Therefore, the control and the calculation of soil erosion and deposition are a complex and difficult task. So, it’s necessary to improve the understanding of the procedures, taking into account their quantitative expression, in order to scientists be able to analyze the impacts of this phenomenon. The main purpose of this thesis is the estimation of the erosion and sediment model in the reservoir of the homonymous dam of river Peneus, in the prefecture of Ilia. The ultimate goal of this study is to calculate and estimate the volume of sediment that have been deposited in the reservoir of the dam, resulting in perennial dysfunction , in order to implement practices that will give extension in the economic life of the project. For this propose a method has been developed that combines the Universal Soil Loss Equation- USLE with Geographic Information Systems- GIS. This method is the software ArcGIS 10. The USLE equation calculates the long-term average annual soil loss by multiplying five specific factors that describe the characteristics of the basins, such as the rainfall erosivity, the soil erodibility, the topography, the vegetation cover of the soil and the management of soil erosion. The GIS system is used to store the USLE’s factors as individual digital levels that are multiplied together to create a dynamic map of soil erosion. This combination provides a way of estimating of the possible erosion of the soil in an area with the existing data sources. The identification of the areas of greatest risk of erosion and their cartography, helped to prevent further soil degradation by using the necessary corrosion measures. For calculating the rainfall erosivity factor (R) and for the extraction of the distribution map of erosion are used monthly and annual rainfall measurements from five meteorological stations located in the watershed upstream of the dam. The soil erodibility factor (K) requires field measurements to estimate the properties of the soil. In this study, due to our inability to obtain samples, soil properties were evaluated with geological criteria and subsequently using the GIS created map distribution of soil erodibility. Based on the digital elevation model of the study area, was calculated the topographic factor (LS), while under CORINE and the literature was calculated the capper and land administration (C). Finally, the factor of soil management against erosion (P) was set equal to one (1) as there has not been taken any step to protect soils against erosion throughout the basin. Based on the above calculation showed average annual soil loss per unit area of the watershed upstream of the dam, which amounts to ---- t/ha or SE=---- t/km2. After calculation the average annual soil erosion, based on the empirical method has calculated the sediment delivery ratio and thus the average annual sediment yield of the watershed upstream of the dam Peneus, which is -----t/ha or ----- t/km2. For this specific watershed the ----% of the produced sediment is what ultimately transported and deposited annually in the reservoir of the dam, which amount to ---- t.