This thesis deals with the solar radiation, which is one of the potential sources of the renewable energy. The purpose of this thesis is to apprise of the methods how to calculate the Sun’s position as well as to learn the basics of software VEE Pro 8.0. Also, create a program simulating the location of the Sun during the day according to the variable latitudes and days and consequently to calculate the Sun irradiation passing through the atmosphere onto the tilted solar module, considering the respective tilt. Theoretical part describes the transmition of the energy between Sun and Earth, global irradiation and its components, which are generated by beams passing through the atmosphere and incident on a solar module. Practical part is dedicated to a program creation according the theoretical basis and it is used for further simulation of the Sun’s position. Another program simulates the total daily and annual irradiation including its components onto the tilted solar module, considering the respective tilt.

Orientador: Marco-Aurelio De Paoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_JilianNeide_M.pdf: 8316699 bytes, checksum: 55e34d22b75f9c9b873f2edbf8cba703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Investigaram-se células solares de TiO2/corante e eletrólito polimérico visando a construção de um módulo de 9 V. O filme de TiO2 depositado sobre substratos de FTO (fIuorine tin oxide) em vidro foi obtido a partir da modificação de uma suspensão comercial do óxido coloidal em água. Para obter um filme com bom desempenho, utilizou-se uma suspensão com 0,45 g mL à qual foi adicionado 33 % (m/m) de polietilenoglicol com massa molar 20000. O eletrólito empregado nas células consistiu de Nal e I2 dissolvidos em poli(óxido de etileno-co-epicloridrina) contendo os co-monômeros na proporção 87:13, respectivamente. A condutividade iônica máxima desse sistema ocorreu para uma concentração de sal de 15 % (m/m) em relação à matriz polimérica; 2,7 x 10 S cm sob umidade < 1,0 ppm e ~ 30°C. Com o objetivo de aumentar a condutividade iônica, adicionou-se g-butirolactona como plastificante, mantendo-se a concentração de sal em relação à massa de polímero. Observou-se um aumento de cerca de uma ordem de grandeza na condutividade iônica e no coeficiente de difusão das espécies eletroativas no eletrólito plastificado. A suspensão de TiO2 e o eletrólito otimizados foram utilizados na preparação de células solares com área ativa de 1,0 e 4,5 cm. As células menores foram irradiadas com uma lâmpada de Xe. Sob 10 mW cm foram obtidas eficiências de conversão de energia de 2-3 %. As células com área ativa maior foram caracterizadas diretamente sob o Sol e apresentaram eficiência média de 0,9 % (às 12 h). Estes dispositivos foram usados na montagem de módulos de16 células conectadas em série, produzindo 9 V de potencial e 183 mW (valor integrado em um dia). Em conclusão este trabalho demonstrou que, é possível construir um módulo com células solares de TiO2/corante preparadas com eletrólito polimérico plastificado. O desempenho do módulo excedeu as expectativas, sendo a estabilidade o principal desafio para permitir a sua futura aplicação em escala comercial. / Abstract: TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with polymer electrolyte were investigated aiming at the construction of a 9 V module. The TiO2 film deposited on substrates of FTO (fluorine tin oxide) on glass was obtained through the modification of a colloidal oxide suspension in water . To obtain a film with good performance, a suspension containing 0.45 g mL of TiO2 and 33 wt % of polyethyleneglycol with molar weight of 20000 was employed. The electrolyte consisted of Nal and I2 dissolved in poly(ethylene oxide-co-epichlorydrin) containing the monomers in the molar ratio 87:13. The maximum ionic conductivity for this system occurred for a concentration of salt of 15 wt % in relation to the polymer matrix; 2.7 x 10 S cm under relative humidity lower than 1.0 ppm and 30°C. To increase the ionic conductivity, g-butyrolactone was added to the electrolyte as a plasticizer, maintaining the salt concentration constant in relation to the polymer. The measured ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient for the plasticized electrolyte were both increased by ca. one order of magnitude. Both, optimized TiO2 suspension and electrolyte, were applied in solar cells assembled with active area of 1.0 or 4.5 cm. The smaller cells were investigated under 10 mW cm irradiation, with a Xe lamp, and the efficiency of energy conversion was 23 %. The larger cells were characterized directly under the Sun with an average efficiency of 0.9 % (at 12:00 h). These were used to assemble a 9 V module by connecting in series 16 cells. The integrated average daily power was 183 mW. In summary, this work demonstrated that it is feasible to assemble a module with dyesensitized solar cells employing a plasticized polymer electrolyte. The performance of the modules exceeded all expectations and their stability is the main challenge to allow a future commercial scale application. / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Solar cell production has served as the most important link in solar photovoltaic¡]PV¡^ supply chain from upstream silicon raw material and wafer supply to downstream module and system installation. The PV industry enjoyed a miraculously rapid growth in recent years with Taiwan ranking No. 4 in global solar cell production in 2008. However, in the wake of the financial storm, the industry has gone through some unprecedented changes in the market due to the severe global demand shrinkage. Looking ahead, challenges also lie in product assimilation and profit erosion. Difficulty will increase with market concentration and global operation; while the low yield of capital investment in R & D in the new industry adds on the pressure, too. This thesis proposes a four-step global development strategy for Taiwan solar cell industry after a SWOT analysis. Producers are advised to exert current strengths in developing tolling business in the short term for elevating uptime and capacity, while, in the long run, they should coordinate more efforts in brand-building and innovation for differentiation. Efforts should also be persisted to strengthen linkage within the supply chain and to extend ties with the government, end market, or other industries to create better synergy. Meanwhile, the government is expected to provide incentives for strategic research, to assist in cross-business alliance with Taiwan leading IT technologies and to bridge between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits for enhanced cooperation in solar PV industry, to ensure Taiwan¡¦s firm grip in the rising industry of global alternative energy.

Diploma thesis deals with crystalline solar modules i relation to PID phenomenon. The thesis focuses on methods of investigation of changing electrical parameters, in the course of PID degradation, such as prallel resistance and leakage current. The effect of degradation will be examined by V-A characteristics and by electroluminiscence method.

This work deals with study of shadow effect on solar system characteristic. The general aim is to design and create solar module for study of shadow effect and measurement under solar simulator.

In this competitive world with rapid growth of markets, the main goal of any company is to attain an edge over its competitors. In order to achieve this goal a company has to continually improve its process and eliminate the wastes in the process while not compromising on the quality of the product and customer satisfaction. Though Eco Supplies Solar AB is one of the largest producers of Photovoltaic solar modules in Scandinavia, the need for improvement is vital to match with growing requirements and to maintain its position in the market. This master thesis was done for Eco Supplies Solar AB, so as to help them identify the waste along their value stream process. The project was divided into three phases. The first phase of the project was to map and analyze the plant layout as well as analyze the worker movement. This helped to understand the various movements through the entire process of production and the associated distances and time. The second phase of the thesis was the execution of the Value Stream Mapping. For this purpose the entire production process was walked through and through several interviews the data was collected. The current state value stream map gave a one page static picture of the key areas of waste within the process and to suggest necessary changes so as to improve the efficiency. The suggested changes are implemented and the future state map is drawn. The results from the current state and future state map are calculated theoretically and analyzed. The third phase is the use of Simulation to understand the behavioral effects of each the processes and to determine the overall change in productivity if the changes are implemented. It is difficult to implement changes in a production plant that works continuously for 24 hours. That would interrupt production and also lead to large costs. The easier and most optimal solution to implement changes, understand the behavior of each process before and after the changes and to analyze the changes is to run a simulation model of the current and future state. The simulation is done using Extend Sim software and the results are analyzed further. The main aim of the thesis was to analyze the current plant layout and the product process and develop a methodology to identify visualize and measure the wastes in the production process of Photovoltaic solar modules.

The thesis deals with the problems of alternative energy sources with focus on solar energy sources in present practice. The thesis introduction explains the reasons of the changes in the global fuel-energy balance and their adverse effects, characterizes individual alternative energy sources and their practical applicability. The main focus is on exploitation of solar energy. After explaining the principle of thermonuclear reactions as the source of energy in the Sun, the thesis analyses the question of production of photovoltaic cells and a solar module. It describes the types of commonly used accumulators, charges and voltage transformers. It points out all factors, which must be taken into account when handling solar panels in practice. In the last chapter, it in particular deals with the didactic instructions for teaching the topic of alternative energy sources at elementary schools, as well as the need for introduction of the mentioned topic to teacher colleges.

Für derzeitige, industriell hergestellte Solarmodule werden Leistungsgarantien von 20 bis 25 Jahren gegeben. Das hat hohen Ansprüchen bezüglich ihrer Zuverlässigkeit, welche sich über ihre Effizienzabnahme pro Jahr definiert, zur Folge. Die Einführung neuer Technologien, wie z.B. die der PERC- (passivated emitter and rear cell) als Ersatz für die bislang dominierende BSF-Technologie (back surface field) hat eine umfangreiche Änderung der Metallisierung der Solarzellen nach sich gezogen, wodurch neue Degradationseffekte auftreten können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die einzelnen Komponenten der Solarzellenmetallisierung und –verschaltung in Bezug auf ihren Beitrag zur Degradation untersucht. Die dafür notwendige beschleunigte Alterung erfolgte mittels Temperaturwechselbelastung zwischen -40 °C und +85 °C. Unterstützt durch die numerische Simulation konnte die Degradation der Rückseitenmetallisierung und Zellverschaltung im Detail charakterisiert und Lösungen zur Reduktion der Leistungsabnahme abgeleitet werden. Erstmals wurde dabei der Einfluss der AgAl-Legierung und des Druckkontaktwiderstandes auf den Serienwiderstand der Solarmodule untersucht.

Vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen Notwendigkeit einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit Technologien der regenerativen Energiequelle Solarenergie, insbesondere Photovoltaik (PV). Systeme zur Nutzung der unerschöpflich verfügbaren, sauberen und im Prinzip “frei Haus” gelieferten Energie der Sonne können eine bedeutsame Rolle in einer umweltverträglicheren Zukunft spielen. Allerdings ist die Herstellung der erforderlichen Komponenten heute i.d.R. noch energie- und kostenintensiv, weshalb für eine korrekte Bewertung dieser Technologien der gesamte Lebenszyklus betrachtet werden muss. Zur tieferen Analyse der PV wird die Methodik des Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) auf der Grundlage von drei Grundideen eingeführt. Konkret sind dies die Ausgangspunkte: Nachhaltigkeit, Lebenszyklusdenken und die Drei-Dimensionalität dieses Instrumentes durch die gemeinsame Betrachtung ökologischer, ökonomischer und technischer Aspekte in ihrem Zusammenspiel. Ausgehend von theoretischen Elementen der Ökobilanzierung (Life Cycle Assessment) und des Life Cycle Costings, verbunden mit den technischen Eigenschaften der Photovoltaik werden wichtigste Anforderungen und Schritte für die Durchführung eines ELCC für PV beschrieben. Mittels einer softwaregestützten Inhaltsanalyse wird im Anschluss der definierte Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV getestet (und modifiziert) gegen eine Auswahl von 135 bereits existierender Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus von PV-Technologien aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht beschäftigen. Im Ergebnis hieraus können die wichtigsten Elemente eines ELCC für PV, wie beispielsweise ökologische Wirkungskategorien oder ökonomische Indikatoren, identifiziert werden (methodisches Feedback). In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Studien hinsichtlich ihrer “Qualität” bezogen auf ökologische, ökonomische und übergreifende Inhalte eines ELCC für PV bewertet. Auf diese Weise kann ein Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV erstellt werden, das nach den Technologien und der inhaltlichen Qualität bezüglich eines ELCC strukturiert ist und für weitere Analysen als Grundlage dienen kann. Aus den bisherigen Ergebissen kann eine erste Einschätzung zum aktuellen Stand des ELCC für PV in der Literatur vorgenommen werden: Es existiert bereits ein großer Pool von Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus der PV beschäftigen. Mit Blick auf die Anforderungen eines ELCC für PV besteht jedoch Nachholbedarf in der Verbindung und gemeinsamen Betrachtung von hot spots und trade offs aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Perspektive. Der definierte theoretische Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV, die kodierten Studien sowie das erstellte Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen der PV können nun als Grundlage für weitere Analysen dienen. Insbesondere eine inhaltliche Auswertung der konkreten Ergebnisse von Studien kann so einen Benchmark und Orientierung für neue Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV-Technologien liefern. / The special need of a sustainable energy supply in mind the technologies of the renewable source solar energy, especially photovoltaics (PV) is main subject of the present thesis. Using the inexhaustible, clean and “freely delievered” power from the sun solar devices may play a major role in a cleaner future, but, on the other hand, they are still energy consuming and expensive in their production which consequently demands a whole life cycle perspective when assessing this technology. For a closer look at PV the methodology of Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) is introduced by following three theoretical points of view. Namely these are sustainability, life cycle thinking and the three dimensional nature of this tool by regarding environmental, economic and technical aspects in their interaction. Based on theoretical elements of Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing in combination with the technical background of photovoltaics main requirements and steps for performing an ELCC for PV are described. By executing software based content analysis the defined framework is checked (and modified) against a choice of 135 existing studies analyzing the life cycle of PV technologies from an environmental or economic perspective. As a result the main elements of an ELCC for PV, e.g. environmental impact categories and economic indicators, are identified (methodological feedback). Within the next step the existing studies are rated by their “quality” regarding the environmental, economic and more general parts of an ELCC for PV in order to create an inventory of life cycle studies for PV. This inventory is structured by technologies as well as quality of content respecting ELCC and might be used for further analyses. At this stage the results propose the possibility of a first estimate of the present status of ELCC for PV: until now there is a good pool of existing analyses of the life cycle of PV systems. But from an ELCC perspective the examination of common hot spots and trade offs between economic and environmental aspects should be expanded. The theoretical framework of ELCC for PV, the encoded studies and the inventory of life cycle analyses for PV are now the starting point for further analyses, especially of the individual outcome within studies, which will then pose a benchmark for new life cycle studies of PV technology.

Vor dem Hintergrund der zukünftigen Notwendigkeit einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit Technologien der regenerativen Energiequelle Solarenergie, insbesondere Photovoltaik (PV). Systeme zur Nutzung der unerschöpflich verfügbaren, sauberen und im Prinzip “frei Haus” gelieferten Energie der Sonne können eine bedeutsame Rolle in einer umweltverträglicheren Zukunft spielen. Allerdings ist die Herstellung der erforderlichen Komponenten heute i.d.R. noch energie- und kostenintensiv, weshalb für eine korrekte Bewertung dieser Technologien der gesamte Lebenszyklus betrachtet werden muss. Zur tieferen Analyse der PV wird die Methodik des Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) auf der Grundlage von drei Grundideen eingeführt. Konkret sind dies die Ausgangspunkte: Nachhaltigkeit, Lebenszyklusdenken und die Drei-Dimensionalität dieses Instrumentes durch die gemeinsame Betrachtung ökologischer, ökonomischer und technischer Aspekte in ihrem Zusammenspiel. Ausgehend von theoretischen Elementen der Ökobilanzierung (Life Cycle Assessment) und des Life Cycle Costings, verbunden mit den technischen Eigenschaften der Photovoltaik werden wichtigste Anforderungen und Schritte für die Durchführung eines ELCC für PV beschrieben. Mittels einer softwaregestützten Inhaltsanalyse wird im Anschluss der definierte Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV getestet (und modifiziert) gegen eine Auswahl von 135 bereits existierender Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus von PV-Technologien aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Sicht beschäftigen. Im Ergebnis hieraus können die wichtigsten Elemente eines ELCC für PV, wie beispielsweise ökologische Wirkungskategorien oder ökonomische Indikatoren, identifiziert werden (methodisches Feedback). In einem nächsten Schritt werden die Studien hinsichtlich ihrer “Qualität” bezogen auf ökologische, ökonomische und übergreifende Inhalte eines ELCC für PV bewertet. Auf diese Weise kann ein Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV erstellt werden, das nach den Technologien und der inhaltlichen Qualität bezüglich eines ELCC strukturiert ist und für weitere Analysen als Grundlage dienen kann. Aus den bisherigen Ergebissen kann eine erste Einschätzung zum aktuellen Stand des ELCC für PV in der Literatur vorgenommen werden: Es existiert bereits ein großer Pool von Studien, die sich mit dem Lebenszyklus der PV beschäftigen. Mit Blick auf die Anforderungen eines ELCC für PV besteht jedoch Nachholbedarf in der Verbindung und gemeinsamen Betrachtung von hot spots und trade offs aus ökologischer und ökonomischer Perspektive. Der definierte theoretische Rahmen für ein ELCC für PV, die kodierten Studien sowie das erstellte Inventar von Lebenszyklusanalysen der PV können nun als Grundlage für weitere Analysen dienen. Insbesondere eine inhaltliche Auswertung der konkreten Ergebnisse von Studien kann so einen Benchmark und Orientierung für neue Lebenszyklusanalysen für PV-Technologien liefern. / The special need of a sustainable energy supply in mind the technologies of the renewable source solar energy, especially photovoltaics (PV) is main subject of the present thesis. Using the inexhaustible, clean and “freely delievered” power from the sun solar devices may play a major role in a cleaner future, but, on the other hand, they are still energy consuming and expensive in their production which consequently demands a whole life cycle perspective when assessing this technology. For a closer look at PV the methodology of Environmental Life Cycle Costing (ELCC) is introduced by following three theoretical points of view. Namely these are sustainability, life cycle thinking and the three dimensional nature of this tool by regarding environmental, economic and technical aspects in their interaction. Based on theoretical elements of Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Costing in combination with the technical background of photovoltaics main requirements and steps for performing an ELCC for PV are described. By executing software based content analysis the defined framework is checked (and modified) against a choice of 135 existing studies analyzing the life cycle of PV technologies from an environmental or economic perspective. As a result the main elements of an ELCC for PV, e.g. environmental impact categories and economic indicators, are identified (methodological feedback). Within the next step the existing studies are rated by their “quality” regarding the environmental, economic and more general parts of an ELCC for PV in order to create an inventory of life cycle studies for PV. This inventory is structured by technologies as well as quality of content respecting ELCC and might be used for further analyses. At this stage the results propose the possibility of a first estimate of the present status of ELCC for PV: until now there is a good pool of existing analyses of the life cycle of PV systems. But from an ELCC perspective the examination of common hot spots and trade offs between economic and environmental aspects should be expanded. The theoretical framework of ELCC for PV, the encoded studies and the inventory of life cycle analyses for PV are now the starting point for further analyses, especially of the individual outcome within studies, which will then pose a benchmark for new life cycle studies of PV technology.