Syfte - Studien syftar till att undersöka om det har skett en förändring angående solning i solarier från 2006/2007 fram till 2015/2016 hos individer i Sverige mellan 18-24 år. Samt att studera om det har någon betydelse till vilket kön, utbildningsnivå och hudtyp man tillhör i förhållandet till hur mycket Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED) man utsätter sig för under 2016. Metod – Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ mätmetod där en webbenkät användes som verktyg. Enkäten skickades ut på en social plattform. Resultat - 193 personer svarade varav 127 passade in i målgruppen, 99 var kvinnor och 28 var män. 76 personer hade läst på universitet eller en högskola, 50 personer angav gymnasie som högsta utbildningsnivå och en person hade grund-/folk-/realskola eller liknande som svar. Vad det gäller hudtyp så var det 96 personer med hudtyp I, 27personer med hudtyp II, 3 personer med hudtyp III och en person med hudtyp IV. Det visade sig att det inte har skett en statistisk signifikant förändring mellan en studie som gjordes åren 2006/2007 och den här studien från 2015/2016 angående solning i solarium (χ2 (5) = 3.902, p < .05). Dock visade det sig att det finns en skillnad mellan könen i deras UV-exponering (p=0,033). Utbildningsnivåer (p= 0,896) och hudtyper (p= 0,117) skiljer sig inte signifikant från varandra. Det fanns heller inget signifikant samband mellan utbildningsnivå och MED (p=0,897) eller mellan hudtyp och MED (p=0,079). Medianvärdet av den totala UV-exponeringen är 61,18 MED där den undre kvartilen ligger på 29,37 MED och den övre kvartilen ligger på 105,54 MED. UV-exponering i solarium har ett medianvärde av 0,0 MED där den undre kvartilen ligger på 0,0 MED och den övre kvartilen ligger på 5,0 MED. Slutsats - Sveriges arbete för att motverka solarium kan utvecklas då det har visat sig att det inte har skett en förändring på 10 år. Framtida studier skulle kunna rikta sig mot varför det inte har förändrats och hur man ska utforma interventioner som människor faktiskt kan ta till sig.

Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti merginų informuotumą apie ultravioletinės spinduliuotės poveikį sveikatai bei sąsajas su deginimosi elgsena Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas atliktas 2013 - 2014 m. Tyrime dalyvavo Kauno kolegijos Medicinos fakulteto I ir II kurso studentės. Iš viso buvo išdalinta 580 anketų. Duomenys analizuoti naudojant SPSS 20.0 programa, lyginant studenčių deginimosi saulėje įpročius, soliariumų naudojimo ir požiūrio bei žinių apie ultravioletinius spindulius kintamuosius pagal χ2 kriterijų. Skirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas, kai pasikliovimo lygmuo p<0,05. Tyrimo metodas – anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Rezultatai: 68,1 proc. studenčių nuomone saulės spinduliai gali sukelti akių pažeidimus - kataraktą. Merginos turinčios jautresnę I-II odos tipą teigia, kad saulės spinduliai sukelia ne tik odos, tačiau ir akių pažeidimus 75,8 proc. Didžioji dalis merginų 67,8 proc.teigė, kad oda raukšlėjasi saulės poveikyje. Statistiškai reikšmingai dažniau I-II odos tipo merginų 89,6 proc. teigė, kad daugėja raukšlių odoje deginantis soliariume negu mažiau jautrią odą turintis III-IV odos tipas. Apie odos senėjimą saulės poveikyje I-II ir III-IV odos tipų merginos teigė, kad saulė mažina odos elastingumą ir spartina senėjimą 87,9 ir 87,1 proc. pigmentinės dėmės suvokiamos kaip neigiamas veiksnys ir 68,1 proc. merginų teigė, kad būtent saulės poveikyje atsiranda įvairūs pakitimai odoje. Statistiškai reikšmingai dažniau III-IV odos tipų merginų 7,1 proc.teigė, kad soliariumo spinduliai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the investigation. To assess the effects of exposure of ultraviolet radiation, to the young women's awareness of health and interfaces with tanning behaviors. Methodology of the Study. Study was carried out in 2013-2014 in the study participated I and II course women of Kaunas College of Medicine faculty. A total of 580 questionnaires were handed out. Data analysed using SPSS program 20.0, comparing female students tanning in the Sun habits, attitudes and the use of ultraviolet rays, according to the knowledge of the variables of x2 criteria. The difference statistically significant when the confidence level p < 0,05. A questionnaire - based survey method to anonymous access. Results: 68,1 percent of the female students think, that sun's rays can lead to cataracts-ocular lesions. Girls having more sensitive skin type I-II argues that the sun's rays causes not only the skin, but also violations of eyes 75,8 percent. The most part of girls 67,8 percent claimed that skin wrinkling sun effecting. Statistically significant more often I-II type of skin girls 89,6 percent said that a growing number of wrinkles in the skin scorching solarium than less sensitive skin with skin type III-IV. About the ageing of the skin of the Sun effecting I-II and III- IV skin types girls claimed that the Sun reduces the elasticity of the skin and accelerates the ageing 87,9 and 87,1 percent pigmented spots seen as a negative factor and 68,1 percent of girls said, that a variety of... [to full text]

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2006

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1735506 bytes, checksum: 2f6410b3563d373c1c4860171aea2fee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this thesis was to characterize, in a three phases hydroponic system using sprout as a propagation material, the effect of nitrogen (N) on the fourth leaf from the apex (MS4F) N content and indicate the possible indexes to be used in the N diagnosis and to prognosis the potato tuber basic seed yield. Additionally, the objective was to determine the N rate to be applied continuously throughout the crop cycle in order to maximize the tuber production. The experiment was conducted in a non-heated greenhouse at the Federal University of Viçosa, located in UTM coordinate plane N = 7703227.057 m, E = 721773.150 m, referenced to the geodetic system WGS84, Zone 23S, with an average elevation of 649 m. The experiment consisted of two phases. The first was up to 21 days after sprout transplanting (DAT). The second, continuously at first, was from 21 to 55 DAT, when the plants were dry, and the tubers were harvest. In the first phase were evaluated four treatments in 12 repetitions in a randomized block design. The treatments were four levels of nitrogen (N): 0, 60, 100 and 200% of the 13.0 mmol L-1 N rate, considered as normal, applied continuously during the cycle. At this stage, measurements were made in the fourth leaf (4F) of the potato plant in order to generate indices of nitrogen. At 21 DAT, indices were evaluated in the plant and in the fourth leaf (4F). The evaluted indices in the plant were: total area of leaves (ATF), the dry mass of root (MSR), stem (MSH), leaves (MSF) and total (MST), number of leaves (NFP) and stem length (CH). In the fourth leaf were determined: area (A4F), thickness (E4F), number of leaflets (NF4F), length between node 4F (CEN), diameter of between node (DEN), dry matter (MS4F), intensity of green in the color table (TC), nitrogen balance index (NBI), chlorophyll (ICHL) of flavonols (IFLV), SPAD (IS) and nitrogen content (TN4F). The second phase began immediately after the assessments above mentioned with the treatments being the four previous N rates plus four N combination rates (100-0, 100-30, 100-60 and 100-200%). In the combination, the first rate was used up to 21 DAT and the second one up to the harvest. Thus, in the second phase were evaluated eight treatments, six repetitions in a randomized block design. In this second phase were evaluated: number of tubers (NT) and masses of fresh material (MFTU) and dried tubers (MSTU), root (MSR), stem (MSH) and leaf (MSF). The results were submitted to analysis of variance, regression and Dunnett test at 5% probability. At 21 DAT, the variables were significantly influenced by N rates, except ICHL measured by Dualex®. The characteristic values evaluated at 21 DAT are presented in a table as low, medium, good and great according to the N content in the MS4F due to the chronic deficiency (no N), sub-threshold (60% of the rate considered normal), threshold (100% of the rate considered normal) and without deficiency or excess (optimal dose), respectively. Among the non-destructive characteristics, CEN, DEN, and E4F presented higher coefficient of linear correlation (p<0.01) with the N content in the fourth leaf (TN4F), which can be used in the diagnosis of N status of potato plant. Except for CEN, DEN, CH, TC, E4F, NBI, IFLV and TN4F, there was a significant correlation between NT or MFTU with the other characteristics evaluated at 21 DAT that can be used in predicting the tuber yield. The rate of color intensity in the fourth leaf (TC) correlated significantly with NT, however, there was no significant correlation with MFTU. The SPAD index only significantly correlated with NT. For the purpose of prognosis for both NT and MFTU, it is recommended the index leaflet number in the fourth leaf (NF4F) because it allied two characteristics: non-destructive index and p<0.01. There was significant treatment effects on all variables at harvest. The optimal rate to be applied continuously to maximize of tuber fresh matter mass is 25.8 mmol L-1 N. / O objetivo desta dissertação foi caracterizar, em sistema hidropônico de três fases, utilizando-se broto como estrutura de propagação, o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre o teor de N na matéria seca da quarta folha a partir do ápice (MS4F) e indicar índices possíveis de serem usados no diagnóstico do estado de N e no prognóstico da produção de tubérculos-sementes de batata da categoria básica. Adicionalmente, objetivou-se determinar a dose de N para ser aplicada continuamente ao longo do ciclo de cultivo visando a maximização da produção de tubérculos. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido do tipo capela, não climatizado, na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, localizada na coordenada plana UTM N= 7703227,057m, E= 721773,150m, referenciado ao sistema geodésico WGS84, zona 23S, com altitude média de 649 m. O experimento constou de duas fases. A primeira foi até 21 dias após o transplantio (DAT) dos brotos. A segunda, de forma contínua à primeira, foi dos 21 aos 55 DAT, quando as plantas estavam secas, realizando-se a colheita dos tubérculos. Na primeira fase foram avaliados quatro tratamentos em 12 repetições no delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de nitrogênio (N): 0, 60, 100 e 200 % da dose de 13,0 mmol L-1 de N, considerada como normal, aplicadas continuamente durante o ciclo. Nesta fase foram realizadas medições na quarta folha (4F) da planta de batata com o objetivo de gerar índices de nitrogênio. Aos 21 DAT, foram avaliados índices na planta e na quarta folha (4F). Os índices na planta foram: área total de folhas (ATF), massas de matérias secas de raiz (MSR), haste (MSH), folhas (MSF) e total (MST), número de folhas (NFP) e comprimento da haste (CH). Na quarta folha foram determinados: área (A4F), espessura (E4F), número de folíolos (NF4F), comprimento entre nó 4F (CEN), diâmetro do entre nó (DEN), massa da matéria seca (MS4F), intensidade do verde na tabela de cor (TC), índices de balanço do nitrogênio (NBI), de clorofila (ICHL), de flavonóis (IFLV), SPAD (IS) e teor de nitrogênio (TN4F). A segunda fase começou imediatamente após as avaliações acima citadas com as quatro doses de N da fase inicial mais quatro combinações de doses de N (100-0; 100-30; 100-60 e 100-200 %). Na combinação, a primeira dose foi usada até 21 DAT e a segunda até a colheita. Assim, na segunda fase foram avaliados oito tratamentos, em 6 repetições, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Nessa segunda fase foram avaliados: número de tubérculos (NT) e massas das matérias frescas (MFTU) e secas de tubérculos (MSTU), raiz (MSR), haste (MSH) e folha (MSF). Os resultados foram submetidos às análises de variância, regressão e teste de Dunnett a 5 % de probabilidade. Aos 21 DAT, as variáveis foram significativamente influenciadas por doses de N, exceto o ICHL medido pelo Dualex®. Os valores das características avaliadas aos 21 DAT são apresentados em uma tabela de classificação em baixo, médio, bom e ótimo de acordo com os teores de N na MS4F provocados pela deficiência crônica (ausência de N), sub-limiar (60 % da dose considerada normal), limiar (100 % da dose considerada normal) e sem deficiência ou sem excesso (dose ótima), respectivamente. Dentre as características não destrutivas, CEN, DEN, e E4F apresentaram maior coeficiente de correlação linear (p<0,01) com o teor de N na quarta folha (TN4F), sendo possível serem utilizadas no diagnóstico do estado de N da batata. Exceto para CEN, DEN, CH, TC, E4F, NBI, IFLV e TN4F, houve correlação significativa entre NT ou MFTU com as demais características avaliadas aos 21 DAT as quais podem ser usadas no prognóstico da produção de tubérculos. Os índices massa da matéria seca da haste (MSH) e massa da matéria seca de folhas (MSF) correlacionaram significativamente com MFTU, entretanto, não houve correlação significativa com NT. Já o índice SPAD somente correlacionou significativamente com NT. Para efeito de prognóstico, tanto para NT e MFTU, recomenda-se o índice número de folíolos na quarta folha (NF4F), porque aliou duas características: índice não destrutivo e p<0,01. Houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre todas as variáveis analisadas na colheita. A dose ótima a ser aplicada continuamente para maximizar a massa da matéria fresca de tubérculos é 25,8 mmol L-1 de N.

This thesis was prepared as an architectural study. In front of his graduate-seminar was a study on urban concept and the building Aquapark Brno - Zidenice hillside snakes. This thesis deals with the extension of the complex of Roman baths and sauna world. This is a two-storey building without a basement cubic shape. The proposal emphasizes the functionality of the service, interior design of the building and the overall expression

The diploma thesis is concerned with the swimming pool compound which is situated in the area of the Czech-Moravian Highlands, in the town Humpolec and it contains the complete documentary materials (documentation) for the execution of the project, fire safety solution to the building with respect to building physics, structural assess of wooden constructions and air- conditioning of the swimming hall. In the swimming compound there is a swimming hall with five swimming pools with the total water area of 605,4 m2 (swimming pool, the swimming pool for non-swimmers, relaxing swimming pool, whirpool, wading pool) and other additional services – four saunas with bar, massages,solarium and two buffets. The capacity of the swimming hall is 286 persons, the capacity of the whole compound is 418 persons. As for the shape of the building, it is designed as five rectangulars of different heights embedded into each other. Under the part of the swimming centre there is a basement and its external ground plan size is 61,33m*52,83. The basement serves as utility rooms of the whole building. The load-bearing construction of the swimming hall is designed using beam girders and pillars, made of glued laminated timber. In the rest of the building there is a brick construction system. Around the swimming hall there is a glass fronted facade.

Plastids are the cellular organelles where many of the visual, health and flavor-related metabolites are produced and stored in the fruit, and therefore are valuable components for consumers and breeders. The more sugar and flavor the fruit has, the more appreciated is for the consumer and industry. Thus, one of the breeder's goals is to obtain new varieties with fruits improved in these aspects. Paradoxically, fruits with a high content in chloroplasts have been avoided by the breeders because it usually suffers of oxidative stress disorders; such yellow shoulder impairment and fruit cracking when the light intensity increases. For this reason breeding efforts has been focused mainly on avoiding fruit losses and organoleptic characteristics have been neglected. This thesis aims to improve tomato fruit quality by engineering plants to produce fruits with enhanced fruit chloroplast functions and improved tolerance to oxidative stress, using cisgenic/ intragenic approaches. SlGLK1, SlGLK2 and SlAPRR2 transcription factors have been suggested to be involved in chloroplast development. Tomato MoneyMaker plants were engineered to express SlGLKs and SlAPRR2 either singly or in combination early in development. Those lines provide fruits which accumulate more sugars, carotenoids and specific volatiles than WT. The fruit chloroplast enhanced lines were characterized at the structural, metabolic, proteomics and transcriptomics. A novel additive effect in the chloroplast regulation network resulted when both transcription factors were coexpressed and a hypothesis for this effect is presented. In addition, two tomato traditional varieties (Muchamiel and Pera) expressing tomato genes for BMW anthocyanin regulatory complex under the control of the light inducible promoter (PLI) were produced and characterized. Engineered tomato plants showed large accumulation of anthocyanin specifically in the fruit peel and in Type VI trichomes. Characterization of those tissues indicated specific alterations of the flavonoid pathway that were highly dependent on the light conditions. These tomato lines could be of high interest to protect the fruit chloroplast enhancement lines from eventual stresses involving ROS, and also to assess the effect on plant growth under high light stress and in plant-pest interaction studies. / Los plastidos son orgánulos celulares donde se producen y almacenan muchos de los metabolitos relacionados con atributos organolépticos y compuestos beneficiosos para la salud, por lo tanto se consideran componentes de alto valor añadido para consumidores y mejoradores vegetales. Cuanto mayor contenido en azúcares solubles y sabor presente el fruto más se valoran por los consumidores y la industria. Por lo tanto uno de los objetivos actuales de los mejoradores de tomate es mejorar el fruto en estos aspectos. Paradójicamente, se ha seleccionado en contra de frutos con alto contenido en cloroplastos porque este carácter, bajo alta intensidad lumínica, suele estar asociado a daños en el fruto por estrés oxidativo; como los hombros amarillos del tomate o el agrietado del fruto. Por este motivo los esfuerzos en mejora se han orientado principalmente a evitar pérdidas y consecuentemente la calidad organoléptica se ha visto reducida. El objetivo de esta tesis es mejorar la calidad del fruto de tomate mediante el empleo de técnicas de ingeniería genética orientadas a incrementar los cloroplastos en fruto y mejorar la tolerancia al estrés oxidativo con una aproximación cis/ intragenica. Los factores de transcripción SlGLK1, SlGLK2 y SlAPRR2 han sido estudiados por influir en el desarrollo del cloroplasto. Plantas de tomate de variedad MoneyMaker fueron mejoradas genéticamente para expresar de forma individual o conjunta SlGLKs y SlAPRR2 en estadios tempranos de desarrollo. Estas líneas proveen frutos con mayor acumulo de azúcares, carotenos y volátiles que el control MoneyMaker. Las líneas potenciadas en desarrollo de cloroplastos se caracterizaron a nivel estructural, metabólico, proteómico y transcriptómico. Se descubrió un novedoso efecto aditivo en la regulación génica del cloroplasto cuando ambos factores de transcripción se expresan simultáneamente y se presentó una hipótesis para dicho efecto. Además se caracterizaron dos variedades tradicionales de tomate (Muchamiel and Pera) diseñadas para expresar genes pertenecientes al complejo de regulación de antocianinas BMW, bajo el control del promotor inducible por luz (PLI). Las plantas mejoradas genéticamente presentan una gran acumulación de antocianos, especialmente en piel de fruto y en tricomas tipo VI. Caracterización de estos tejidos indican alteraciones específicas en la ruta de flavonoides y una alta dependencia a condiciones de luz. Estas plantas podrían ser de gran interés para proteger frutos con altos niveles de cloroplastos frente al estrés oxidativo generado por ROS, para evaluar el efecto en el crecimiento de la planta bajo condiciones de alta luz y en futuros estudios de interacción planta-patógenos / Els plastidis són orgànuls cel.lulars on es produeixen i emmagatzemen molts dels metabòlits relacionats amb atributs organolèptics i composts beneficiosos per a la salut, per tant es consideren components d'alt valor afegit per a consumidors i milloradors vegetals. Quant major contingut en sucres solubles i sabor presenta el fruït, més serà valorat per part dels consumidors i la industria. Paradoxalment, s'ha seleccionat en contra dels fruïts amb alt contingut en cloroplasts perquè aquest caràcter, davall alta intensitat lumínica, sol estar associat amb danys en el fruït per estrés oxidatiu; com muscles groguencs de la tomata o clevitjament del fruït. Per aquest motiu, l'esforç en millora s'ha orientat principalment a evitar pèrdues de manera que la qualitat organolèptica s'ha vist reduïda. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi es millorar la qualitat del fruït de tomata mitjançant l'ús de tècniques d'enginyeria genètica orientades a incrementar els cloroplasts al fruït i millorar la tolerància a l'estrès oxidatiu amb una aproximació cis/intragènica. Plantes de tomata de la varietat MoneyMaker foren millorades genèticament per expressar de manera individual o conjunta SlGLK1, SlGLK2 y SlAPRR2 als moments inicials del desenvolupament. Aquestes línies donen fruïts amb major acumulació de sucres, carotens i volàtils que el control MoneyMaker. Les línies potenciades amb el desenvolupament de cloroplasts es caracteritzaren a nivell estructural, metabòlic, proteòmic i transcriptòmic. Es va descobrir un nou efecte additiu en la regulació gènica del cloroplast quan ambdós factors de transcripció s'expressen de manera simultània i es va presentar una hipòtesi per a dit efecte. A més, es van caracteritzar dos varietats tradicionals de tomata (Muchamiel i Pera) dissenyades per a expressar gens que pertanyen al complex de regulació d'antocians BMW, davall el control del promotor induïble per llum (PLI). Les plantes millorades genèticament presentaren una gran acumulació d'antocians, especialment a la pell del fruït i en tricomes de tipus VI. La caracterització d'aquest teixit indica alteracions específiques en la ruta dels flavonoides i una altra dependència a condicions de llum. Aquestes plantes podrien ser de gran interès per a protegir els fruïts d'alts nivells de cloroplasts front a l'estrès oxidatiu generat pels ROS, i per a avaluar l'efecte en el creixement de la planta davall condicions d'alta llum i en futurs estudis d'interacció planta-patògen. / Cocaliadis Caisson, MF. (2017). A multilevel, developmentally controlled gene engineering strategy for tomato fortification and protection [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90401 / TESIS