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The United Nations currently adopts media policies for peacekeeping missions on an ad-hoc basis, often relying on US or NATO rules. Some have suggested that a standardized media policy for all peacekeeping missions should be the norm. This project examines that proposition with an eye to the tension between the right to know and operational security. Looking at UN intervention in the Gulf War, Somalia, and Rwanda, the problems with such a rigid media policy appear significant. Instead, a dual-level approach is advocated, allowing broad principles of independent coverage as well as in-country negotiations to take place. / Master of Arts

<p>Denna uppsats har som syfte att undersöka huruvida det i Militärstrategisk doktrin respektive Doktrin för marina operationer beskrivna manövertänkandet tillämpas vid internationella insatser med fartygsförband. Bakgrunden till detta är att det sedan doktrinerna skrevs har genomförts sådana, vilket innebär ett underlag som inte fanns under framtagandet av doktrinerna.</p><p>Studien genomförs som en fallstudie av insatsen ME01 inom ramen för EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta utanför Somalia mellan maj och september 2009. Data samlas in i huvudsak genom intervjuer med ett urval av deltagande officerare.</p><p>Resultaten av studien visar att inom förbandet ME01 förekom manövertänkande, men det kan inte konstateras vara som ett resultat av något medvetet val eller av att det var en internationell insats. Avseende hela operationen konstateras snarare en avsaknad av manövertänkande som huvudmetod, vilket framförallt hänförs till egenskaper som återfinns i multinationella operationer.</p> / <p>This essay aims to investigate whether the concept of manoeuvre theory, as described in the Swedish doctrine, is adopted by Swedish naval units during international naval operations. Before the development of Swedish doctrine in its current form, no Swedish naval units had been participating in international operations, henceforth the need for the essay.</p><p>The study was carried out as a case study of the operation ME01 within EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta off Somalia between May and September 2009. Data are collected mainly through interviews with a selection of participating officers. The results of the study show that within the unit ME01, aspects of manoeuvre theory could be identified, but the cause of this could not be identified as neither the international context nor as a result of a deliberate choice. This also applies regarding the operation as such, where the absence of manoeuvre theory as a concept in use, mainly caused by the multinational context, is shown.</p>

Denna uppsats har som syfte att undersöka huruvida det i Militärstrategisk doktrin respektive Doktrin för marina operationer beskrivna manövertänkandet tillämpas vid internationella insatser med fartygsförband. Bakgrunden till detta är att det sedan doktrinerna skrevs har genomförts sådana, vilket innebär ett underlag som inte fanns under framtagandet av doktrinerna. Studien genomförs som en fallstudie av insatsen ME01 inom ramen för EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta utanför Somalia mellan maj och september 2009. Data samlas in i huvudsak genom intervjuer med ett urval av deltagande officerare. Resultaten av studien visar att inom förbandet ME01 förekom manövertänkande, men det kan inte konstateras vara som ett resultat av något medvetet val eller av att det var en internationell insats. Avseende hela operationen konstateras snarare en avsaknad av manövertänkande som huvudmetod, vilket framförallt hänförs till egenskaper som återfinns i multinationella operationer. / This essay aims to investigate whether the concept of manoeuvre theory, as described in the Swedish doctrine, is adopted by Swedish naval units during international naval operations. Before the development of Swedish doctrine in its current form, no Swedish naval units had been participating in international operations, henceforth the need for the essay. The study was carried out as a case study of the operation ME01 within EUNAVFOR Operation Atalanta off Somalia between May and September 2009. Data are collected mainly through interviews with a selection of participating officers. The results of the study show that within the unit ME01, aspects of manoeuvre theory could be identified, but the cause of this could not be identified as neither the international context nor as a result of a deliberate choice. This also applies regarding the operation as such, where the absence of manoeuvre theory as a concept in use, mainly caused by the multinational context, is shown.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Bibliography. Also available online.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the rights of internally displaced persons as well as finding out whose responsibility it is to maintain these rights. The questions being answered are: what policies, laws and conventions are addressing internally displaced persons in Somalia (mainly from within Somalia, UN and AU)? And; which principal similarities and differences in these documents are to find regarding what type of protection internally displaced persons can get? Whose responsibility is it to intervene if these rights and rules are not maintained? To answer these questions I have used a liberal-universal theoretical framework. The analysis is a describing case study of comparative nature between the Provisional Somalia Constitution, UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Kampala Convention. The result shows that there are many different rights of internally displaced persons in Somalia. Instead the problem seems to be based on the rights not being maintained in combination with the complex question of whose responsibility it is.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study concerned the piratical attacks occurring along the East and West coasts of Africa. Although maritime piracy along the coasts of Africa is not a new phenomenon, recent upsurges in piratical attacks have attracted a great deal of attention. Despite Nigeria being long considered as the hotspot for piratical activity in Africa, the greatest upsurge of piratical activity has been seen in the areas surrounding Somalia, including the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. The primary objective of this study is to identify the main causes of maritime piracy in Somalia and Nigeria. Also the correlation between state capacity (failed or weak) and the motivations for piracy (greed or grievance) is investigated. The secondary objectives of this study are to investigate the direct manifestations of piracy, as well as the current counter piracy initiatives. This is done in order to evaluate the successes and failures of current counter-piracy approaches in order to create more viable and successful counter measures. It is found that historical factors, as well as political, economic, social and environmental factors contribute greatly to the rise of maritime piracy in both Somalia and Nigeria. Furthermore, it has been found that there are numerous direct causes of piracy in these two countries. These differences and similarities have been investigated using a comparative analysis framework. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het betrekking tot die seerowery wat langs die Oos-en Weskus van Afrika plaasvind. Alhoewel seerowery langs die kus van Afrika nie 'n nuwe verskynsel is nie, het die onlangse oplewing van seerower-aanvalle baie aandag geniet in verskeie oorde. Ten spyte daarvan dat Nigerië lank beskou was as die probleem-area vir seerower aktiwiteit in Afrika, word die grootste toename van seerowery in die gebiede rondom Somalië, insluitend die Golf van Aden en die Indiese Oseaan ervaar. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie is om die oorsake van seerowery in Somalië en Nigerië te identifiseer. Die verband tussen staat-kapasiteit (mislukte of swak) en die motiverings vir seerowery (gierigheid of griewe) word ondersoek. Die sekondêre doelwitte van hierdie studie is om die direkte manifestasies van seerowery te ondersoek, sowel as die huidige teen-seerower inisiatiewe. Dit word gedoen om die suksesse en mislukkings van die huidige teen-seerower benaderings te evalueer ten einde meer lewensvatbare en suksesvolle teenmaatreels te skep. Dit is gevind dat historiese faktore, sowel as die politieke-, ekonomiese-, sosiale- en omgewings- faktore baie bydra tot die ontstaan en opbloei van seerowery in Somalië en Nigerië. Dit is gevind dat daar talle direkte oorsake van seerowery in hierdie twee lande is. Hierdie verskille en ooreenkomste is ondersoek met behulp van vergelykende analises.

<p>The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs)in Sudan and Somalia constitutes one of the greatest human tragedy of our time since the end of the Cold War. The concept of IDPs is immense and growing. This research paper addressed the plight of IDPs during armed conflict in Sudan and Somalia. This paper also investigated into the existing institutional and legal frameworks for the protection of IDPs during armed conflict and critically highlight some of the weaknesses of these institutions and legal instruments that protect IDPs during armed conflict.</p>

<p>The plight of internally displaced persons (IDPs)in Sudan and Somalia constitutes one of the greatest human tragedy of our time since the end of the Cold War. The concept of IDPs is immense and growing. This research paper addressed the plight of IDPs during armed conflict in Sudan and Somalia. This paper also investigated into the existing institutional and legal frameworks for the protection of IDPs during armed conflict and critically highlight some of the weaknesses of these institutions and legal instruments that protect IDPs during armed conflict.</p>

The conclusion of the Cold War has had contradictory effects on on-going conflicts in the former superpower client states of Ethiopia, Somalia and Angola. The argument proposed in this dissertation seeks to explain these variations in conflict. Two conditions, distribution of power and governing agreement, are considered to be fundamental to this explanation. In many cases, disputants have had access to arms in the past and their ability to pursue violent means to their objectives in the future is contingent on their continued access to weapons or other resources. These patterns are reflected in the distribution of power. The second condition, governing agreement, reflects the fact that in the immediate post-Cold War era, disputants have frequently sought to resolve their differences through negotiations. What is relevant here is whether any subsequent political pact exists between disputants and whether it involves power-sharing or a winner-take-all process. These two conditions, military viability and governing agreement, are combined in a matrix to suggest how their interaction leads to divergent outcomes. Depending on the mix of conditions, the outcomes range from "stable peace" to "tense peace or low-level conflict" to "civil war." The argument is applied to the three cases from 1985 to 1995. The author concludes that winner-take-all elections, though often the preference of African leaders, can be a recipe for disaster in tightly contested states with a history of violent conflict. On the other hand, while power-sharing agreements are difficult to arrive at (and even more difficult to implement), agreements leading to governments which are inclusive of the main disputants are an important step in the mitigation of conflict. By building security and creating the sense that both parties have a stake in the continued functioning of a political system, armed movements may be more willing to relinquish their weapons and embrace peace.