[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as intervenções humanitárias ocorridas na Somália, em Ruanda e na Libéria a partir do entendimento que cada um desses países se caracteriza como um quase-Estado e que essa condição foi uma das principais responsáveis pelo colapso das instituições estatais em cada um deles. Este trabalho inicia apresentando e discutindo os conceitos de intervenção humanitária, quase-Estado e colapso do Estado e segue numa análise dos antecedentes históricos que levaram cada país ao colapso e às respectivas intervenções internacionais (ONU na Somália; França em Ruanda; e Ecowas na Libéria). Por fim, descreve os equívocos cometidos em cada uma das três intervenções e suas conseqüências para a resolução ou prolongamento dos conflitos. / [en] The aim of this work is to describe the humanitarian interventions in Somalia, Rwanda and Liberia from the understandings of each country as quase- State and this condition as one of the major causes for the collapse of each state`s institutions. This work begins describing and discussing the concepts of humanitarian intervention, quasi- State and State collapse and analyses the historic facts that precedes the collapse of each country and the respective interventions (the UN`s in Somalia; the French`s in Rwanda; and the Ecowas` in Liberia). The final part describes the equivocals done in each one and the consequences for the resolution or the extending of the conflicts.

No description available.

En el año 1993, cuando Bill Clinton asumía la presidencia de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, 28,000 efectivos se encontraban destacados en Somalia llevando a cabo la operación Restore Hope con la finalidad de establecer un entorno seguro para la ayuda humanitaria. La política propugnada por el recién nombrado presidente enfocaba toda su atención en la política interna más no en la política exterior, sin embargo, el avance de la tecnología y las noticias transmitidas en tiempo real habrían influido en las decisiones políticas adoptadas. ¿Existió alguna relación entre los medios de comunicación, especialmente las noticias transmitidas por cable, con los discursos públicos del presidente Bill Clinton respecto a la intervención en Somalia? El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si existió alguna relación entre las noticias emitidas en tiempo real y los discursos públicos del presidente Estadounidense Bill Clinton durante 1993, con referencia a la intervención militar en Somalia. Éstas noticias, habrían generado variables que se reflejarían y mantendrían constantes en los discursos públicos emitidos por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, generando la posterior atención y refuerzo en la intervención de Somalia. La presente investigación se ha llevado a cabo a través del análisis de los discursos del presidente Clinton y las noticias emitidas durante el año 1993.

The implementation of digital tools, such as building information modeling (BIM) in lowand middle income countries’ (LMIC) infrastructure projects has increased in interest. LMICsuch as Somalia are in need of new road construction and improved infrastructure. The purpose of this thesis study is to explore perceived challenges of implementing digital tools in the construction sector in LMIC. To provide a more detailed and in-depth insight, the thesis study has been performed through an interview study in Somalia. Since the interest is in perceptions and experiences about the implementation of digital tools, a qualitative method was chosen. Respondents were selected from the construction sector that has been interviewed about their experiences of the implementation of digital tools. The study has used Kotter's 8-step process for change as an analytical framework to analyze and discuss the empirical findings.  The results show that the most critical challenges to implementing digital tools in a LMIC ssuch as Somalia are:- lack of financial resources for investing in digital tools on large infrastructure projects- lack of overall experience and competence in the use of digital tools- lack of regulations for digital tools from the public client The study suggests the public client, who in this case is the Ministry of Public Works and Reconstruction and Housing (MPWR) that are responsible for the laws and regulations in the Somalian construction sector to take these critical challenges into consideration. The public client has the overall responsibility and influence over the construction of the infrastructure and in order to increase the implementation of digital tools in the future, it is necessary that the public client establishes follow-ups and evaluations. / Implementering av digitala verktyg, såsom byggnadsinformationsmodellering (BIM), i lågoch medelinkomstländers (LMIC) infrastrukturprojekt har ökat i intresse. LMIC, såsom Somalia, är i behov av nya vägbyggen och förbättrad infrastruktur. Därmed är syftet med denna studie att utforska och granska implementeringen av digitala verktyg för byggsektorn i LMIC. För att ge en mer detaljerad och fördjupad inblick i implementeringen av digitala verktyg i ett utvecklingsland har examensarbetet genomförts genom en intervjustudie i Somalia.  Eftersom fokus ligger på människors uppfattningar och erfarenheter av implementeringen av digitala verktyg i Somalia har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod valts. Ett antal respondenter utifrån specificerade kriterier valdes ut från byggsektorn för att intervjuas om sina erfarenheter av implementering av digitala verktyg. Studien har använt Kotters 8-stegprocessför förändring som ett analytiskt ramverk. Resultaten från studien visar att de mest kritiska utmaningarna för att implementera digitala verktyg i Somalia är brist på:- ekonomiska resurser för investering i digitala verktyg i långvariga infrastrukturprojekt- helhetsförförståelse och kompetens vid användning av digitala verktyg- saknande av regelverk kring digitala verktyg från den offentliga uppdragsgivaren Studien föreslår för den offentliga uppdragsgivaren, som i detta fall är ministeriet för offentliga arbeten och återuppbyggnad och bostäder (MPWR) som ansvarar för lagar och regler i den somaliska byggsektorn att ta hänsyn till dessa kritiska utmaningar för att skapa bättre förutsättningar för implementering av digitala verktyg. Den offentliga beställaren har det övergripande ansvaret och inflytandet över byggandet av infrastruktur och för att öka implementeringen av digitala verktyg i framtiden är det nödvändigt att den offentliga beställaren etablerar uppföljningar och utvärderingar.

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the viability of using cell phones to conduct rapid assessments, pass key health messages and conduct monitoring and evaluation in complex emergencies. The study setting was in a cholera outbreak response situation in Mogadishu, the capital of war torn Somalia. Qantitative, descriptive research was conducted to determine the feasibility. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires, self-response mailed questionnaires as well as follow-up telephone interviews. Three groups of respondents participated in the study. The respondent groups included 383 internally displaced persons (IDPs), 5 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialists and 5 specialists from 5 mobile phone providers in Mogadishu. The study showed that there is good potential for an effective, cost efficient and scalable short message service (SMS) based public health education platform in Somalia. The study has also come up with recommendations on key considerations to ensure viability of the Public health education platform. It is envisaged that the recommended platform shall increase speed, access, spontaneity, coverage and reduced cost per capita, a combination of which form the hallmark of a good emergency health response. Ultimately this effort shall contribute to improved health, reduced suffering and reduced deaths in fragile humanitarian contexts. / Health Studies / M. (Public Health)

No description available.

Abstract This thesis is intended to explore the international relations of emerging nation-building in the Somali coast, with particular reference to the un-recognised Republic of Somaliland in the north-western Horn of Africa region. This study focuses on the international relations of Somaliland’s international quest for recognition, linked to its own culturally-rooted internal reconciliatory post-war nation-building efforts. Informed by written as well as first-hand research interviews, particular focus is placed in this study on the interplay of internal and external forces in shaping a strategy by Somaliland’s elites for acquiring international recognition and national selfdetermination. These are placed within the broader regional and international context of attempts to resuscitate the Somali state, an endeavour offering a fitting assessment of different modalities of African nation-building within the greater Somali environment. In relative analytic terms, the competitive international relations of nation-building in Somaliland and state reconstitution in southern Somalia informs the underlying hypothesis of this thesis: Somaliland’s example as a study in the efficacy of the internally-driven, culturally-rooted ‘bottom-up’ approach to post-war nation-building and regional stability, and the implications this holds for prioritising reconciliation between indigenous traditions and modernity in achieving stability in nation-building. By contrast, the internationally-backed ‘top-down’ approach to reconstituting a Mogadishu-based Somali state remains elusive. Yet, the international status quo regarding the affording of diplomatic recognition to what are normally considered secessionist ‘break-away’ regions of internationally recognised states, complicates Somaliland’s culturally rooted ‘bottom-up’ modalities. It also challenges the African Union (AU) during the ‘good governance’ era of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), a context within which Somaliland fits comfortably as a good citizen of the international community. The international relations of the Somaliland nation-building enterprise is approached from a ‘quadrilateral framework’ of interactive elements to the Somaliland experience: Reconciliation, Reconstruction, Religion and Recognition. This framework informs the four core chapters of the thesis.

Somali refugees living in South Africa are the most recent targets of xenophobic attacks in African townships across the country. However, who are these new immigrant entrepreneurs? This report presents material from research on Somalis living and working in small shops in Mayfair, Gauteng. From their various reasons for leaving Somalia, the report explored their experiences of settling into the host country. The study looked at the experiences and challenges they meet while in Johannesburg. The study considered also the reasons why Somali refugees seem to be the primary target of xenophobia in South Africa. The research was based on interviews that were conducted with Somali refugees. The study considered the livelihoods of Somalis living in Mayfair. It explored the issue of clans that divide the Somali community. It also explored how these refugees access their legal documentation, health care and education in the country of asylum. The Somali community seems to be united however due to different clans that are found here in Johannesburg the study showed that they are not homogeneous. Somali refugees experience so many challenges in trying to make a living. They come to South Africa for safety and protection only to find that their lives are in danger just as it is in Somalia. They mostly involve in informal sector and this has made them become primary target of crime especially in poverty stricken areas. Somali refugees work and live in informal settlements where they face a lot of hardships. Moreover, Somali refugees experience a host of challenges because they lack integration in the local community. The study also looked into the Refugee Act that stipulates that safety and basic services should be provided to all including refugees; however, in reality this has not been implemented because Somali refugees face a host of constraints in accessing those services.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Translation Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 2015 / This study presents an argument for considering the works of Nuruddin Farah translated into Italian as core texts in the body of postcolonial Italian literature. The study focusses on Farah’s first two trilogies: Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship and Blood in the Sun. It is shown in this study that the translated versions of the novels making up these two trilogies, the former in particular, provide rare and unique narrative content capable of directly challenging the myths and misconceptions that have come to characterise the memory of the Italian colonial period. These works are read contrapuntally against historical narrative tropes that were used to represent Africa and Africans in Italian colonial literature. Farah’s work is also compared with the writing of contemporary writers of African descent whose work is at the forefront of interest in postcolonial studies in Italy. This study shows how Farah’s work complements and enhances this emerging literary tradition. It is then shown that, despite this obvious potential, the status of Farah’s work in the Italian literary system has been limited by an unwelcoming publishing climate for African literature in Italy. The study then provides an analysis of the translations themselves focussing on three texts: Maps, Gifts and Sweet and Sour Milk. This analysis takes the form of a descriptive comparative analysis aimed at establishing the extent to which the three different Italian translators of these texts handled the translation of stylistic features of the texts which signal their postcoloniality and their heritage of Somali oral poetry. It is concluded that, in the main, the translations are somewhat domesticated which has certain negative consequences in terms of their ability as texts to speak on behalf of the colonized people they represent. It is however noted that one text exhibits a greater tendency towards foreignization. By no means coincidentally, this text was produced by a translator with theoretical and practical experience in the field of postcolonial literature. The study concludes by conceiving of the trajectory of Nuruddin Farah’s work through the Italian literary system as a narrative of violence, resistance and retribution on either side of the colonial divide.

Medling är ett viktigt verktyg i verktygslådan för hantering av konflikter. Mycket av forskningen har fokuserat på externa aktörer som kommer från utanför konflikten och som är neutrala till konfliktparterna och sammanhanget, men interna aktörer som är partiska har mindre uppmärksamhet i medlingslitteraturen. Baserat på detta syftar studien till att förstå effekterna av olika typer av medlare, nämligen medling av extern-neutrala och interna-partiska medlare och effektivitetensom dessa medlare kan ha i fredsavtal. Baserat på detta är studiens forskningsfråga, Vilken medling är effektivaste för att nå ett hållbart fredsavtal i bräckliga stater, Inter-partisk eller Extern-neutral medling? För att svara på forskningsfrågan använder studien den kvalitativa metoden av fokuserad och strukturerad jämförelsemetod. Empirisk analys, som omfattar perioden 1991–1998, baserad på medlingsprocesserna i de två fallen av studien, nämligen södra Somalia och den självdeklarerade republiken Somaliland (norra Somalia) används. Studiens hypotes är att interna-partiska medlare är mer sannolikt att generera ett hållbart fredsavtal vilket bygger på förhandlingsteori där trovärdiga bärare av information kan förhindra informationsproblem och därmed skapa hållbar fred. Det empiriska resultatet av studien stödjer denna hypotes.