A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Built Environment in Housing Johannesburg 2014 / South Africa has one of the most progressive legislative and policy frameworks for water services in the world, which includes a constitutional right to water and a national Free Basic Water policy (COHRE, 2008). However, the stark reality is that although South Africa has these progressive policies, the sanitation challenge still needs to be overcome. The growing sanitation backlog and the eradication of the bucket system has become a difficult and emotive topic. Many South Africans live in extreme poverty and in informal settlements which do not have adequate sanitation available. Generally, within these informal settlements, households are forced to share toilet facilities, and to walk far distances as the toilets are poorly located, badly maintained and users of these toilets are exposed to danger and violent crimes. This study explores perceptions of the users of ‘porta potty’ toilets in Jim Se Bos informal settlement in Phillipi, Cape Town. Understanding the users’ socio‐cultural perceptions of the porta potty toilet will contribute to future policy making, as the information can be used to improve the future roll‐out of the technology in order to make it more acceptable. The study was qualitative in nature and used a phenomenological research design. A total of 20 community members were invited of which nine respondents comprising of eight residents of Jim Se Bos informal settlement and one employee of the municipality participated in the study. The sample was selected by a convenience sampling method. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to collect data for the study. The data were analysed by means of content analysis, which enabled the researcher to identify important themes for the study. The findings of the study revealed that perceptions of the users of ‘porta potty’ toilets were positive and that everyone accepted the sanitation system. The participants recommended that the municipality should roll out the porta potty sanitation system in other informal settlements. This recommendation is a vote of confidence for the system and that it is seen to provide the necessary relief from unsafe and vandalised sanitation systems. In conclusion, the porta potty was accepted as being a far more appropriate and dignified system that does not impede on the socio-cultural background. Key words: Porta Potty sanitation system, informal settlements, socio-cultural perceptions, users and Jim Se Bos.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van die studie is om die verband tussen werksontevredenheid (as gevolg van vervelige- en roetinewerk asook swak bestuursbenaderings) en werksafwesigheid te bepaal. Werksafwesigheid beïnvloed organisasiedoeltreffendheid nadelig omdat daar 'n tekort aan korrektiewe beamptes is as gevolg van die oorbevolking van gevangenes in Pollsmoor-gevangenis. 'n Omvattende oorsig van gepubliseerde literatuur oor werksafwesigheid het die empiriese navorsing van hierdie studie voorafgegaan. Die volgende doelwitte is bereik in hierdie studie, naamlik: * Om die werksafwesigheidsverskynsel by wyse van 'n literatuuroorsig te beskryf. * Om Pollsmoor-gevangenis se werksafwesigheidsyfers en -statistiek aan te toon en die navorsingspopulasie in terme van werksafwesigheidsgroepe te kategoriseer. * Om response rakende die vlak van tevredenheid met die aard van die werk, bestuursbenaderings en ander derde veranderlikes in die werksomgewing, van 'n verteenwoordigende steekproef van die navorsingspopulasie in te win, te ontleed en te beskryf. * Om bevindings en aanbevelings te maak ten opsigte van werkstevredenheid met vervelige- en roetinewerk, swak bestuursbenaderings asook derde veranderlikes. Die bevindings van hierdie studie behoort voordelig aangewend te kan word deur die Korrektiewe Dienste en akademiese belangegroepe. Die bevindings van hierdie studie verskaf ook waardevolle inligting oor werksafwesigheid vir toekomstige navorsing. Summary The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between work absenteeism and work satisfaction with boring- and routine work, poor management styles and third variables. The following objectives have been reached in this study, namely: * To describe the work absenteeism phenomenon by means of a literature review. * To show Pollsmoor prison's work absenteeism figures and -statistics and to categorize the research population in terms of work absenteeism groups. * To collect, analyse and describe the responses' pertaining to the level of satisfaction with the nature of the work, management styles and third variables in the work environment, from a representative sample of the research population. * To make findings and recommendations with regards to work satisfaction with boring- and routine work, poor management styles and third variables. The findings of this study could be utilized by Correctional Services and academic interest groups. / Business Management / M.Tech.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study set out to research the influence of a local non-state actor on the role and authority of the state, in the domestic environment. Accordingly, the research problem focused on the impact of a domestic actor on the association between the state and the society. This study only focused on the state at the level of local government and the impact of one specific actor, organised criminal groups, on social control by the state. Thus, state-society relations were discussed in this context. In order to guide this study, the main and two supportive research questions were stated as follows: What is the impact of organised crime on the social control by the state? What are the power dynamics between local governance, criminal agents and society? Has the state become criminalised at the level of local government, as a result of the activities of organised crime, and if so, to what extent? The state thus functioned as the dependent variable and organised criminal groups as the independent variable. The theoretical foundation of this study was located in state-society relations, and specific reference was given to the work of Migdal (1988) and his analysis of state social control, pyramidal and weblike societies. Furthermore, a neo-pluralist view of the state was followed. A conceptualisation of the criminalisation of the state was provided, as the criminalisation of the state was regarded as one possible impact of organised crime on the state. In order to analyse the criminalisation of the state, a framework was constructed from four main avenues of empirical observation. In order to answer the research questions, a case study research design and a predominantly qualitative methodology was selected. As a case, the City of Cape Town was selected and Manenberg, located on the Cape Flats, as the site for the research. A case study research design created the opportunity to describe the context in detail and to connect the micro level of analysis to the macro level; thus, it provided insight on the research topic that enabled the researcher to expand/build theory. The field research process occurred over a period of three months using a triangulation of methods: Key informant interview, small group discussions and observation with three categories of respondents. These three categories included: Community members of Manenberg, organised criminal groups and agents of local government and local governance. In order to set the stage for the empirical analysis, a contextualisation of the dependent and independent variables were provided. It was stated that there is a lack of a universally agreed upon definition of organised crime, and as a result, a conceptualisation of organised crime was generated for this study. It was further argued that the majority of literature treats organised criminal groups and organised criminal gangs as two separate concepts, despite the fact that there are more similarities than differences. Thus, for the purpose of this study, a conclusion was reached that the difference is inconsequential. The development of organised crime in South Africa and an examination of the historical development of the gangs on the Cape Flats were described. With regards to the dependent variable, the context was provided for an analysis of local government in South Africa. The demographical and operational features of the municipal area of the City of Cape Town were explained, with specific reference to safety and security elements. The primary data collected was analysed according to the indicators of social control (compliance, participation and legitimacy), as identified by Migdal (1988). In addition, the framework to analyse the criminalisation of the state at the level of local government was applied on the case study. Based on the analysis, a different system, to what was described by Migdal (1988) in his narrative of a triangle of accommodation was found to be in operation in Manenberg on the Cape Flats. It was confirmed that there is the presence of a weakened state and accordingly, a weblike society, where social control is fragmented between local government and the criminal community. However, in this weblike society a system of local power dynamics exists between the criminal community, social community and local agents of governance, where dyadic collaboration occurs between all three the actors. However, despite the collaboration, the criminalisation of the state does not occur, but rather the statification of the organised criminal community, as it provides goods and service to the social community. The main findings can be summarised as: If a state lacks extensive social control and a rival authority has claimed a level of social control, this will not necessarily lead to the further weakening of the state, as a result of a system of power dynamics in place, where collaboration between the social community, the criminal community and local agents of governance occurs. This system is kept in place by: On-going efforts by the state to maintain (or regain) compliance, participation and legitimacy; corrupt agents of the state (specifically in the security sector); a level of operational ease that exists for the criminal community (and the interweaving of the criminal community in the social community) and a relatively strong society that acknowledges the benefits of criminal activities for the social community, but also recognises the authority and control of the state. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel om die uitwerking van 'n plaaslike nie-staatsrolspeler op die rol en gesag van die staat in die plaaslike omgewing te ondersoek. Vervolgens fokus die navorsingsvraag op die impak van 'n plaaslike rolspeler op die verhouding tussen die staat en die samelewing. Die studie fokus op die staat op plaaslike regeringsvlak en op die impak van een spesifieke rolspeler, georganiseerde misdaadgroepe. Staat-samelewing-verhoudinge is dus teen hierdie agtergrond bespreek. Om die studie te rig, is die hoof- en twee ondersteunende navorsingsvrae soos volg gestel: Wat is die impak van georganiseerde misdaad op die sosiale beheer van die staat? Wat is die magsdinamiek tussen die plaaslike regeringsvlak, kriminele agente en die samelewing? Is die staat gekriminaliseer op plaaslike regeringsvlak as gevolg van die resultate van georganiseerde misdaadbedrywighede en, indien wel, in hoe 'n mate? Die staat vorm dus die afhanklike veranderlike en georganiseerde misdaadgroepe die onafhanklike veranderlike. Die teoretiese begronding vir hierdie studie is gevind in staat-samelewing-verhoudinge en die werk van Migdal (1988), spesifiek sy analise van staat-sosiale beheer en piramiede- en webvormige samelewings, word genoem. Verder is 'n neo-pluralistiese beskouing van die staat ingeneem. 'n Konseptualisering van die kriminalisering van die staat word verskaf, aangesien dit voorsien is as een moontlike impak van georganiseerde misdaad op die staat. Ten einde die kriminalisering van die staat te ontleed, is 'n raamwerk opgebou uit vier hoofrigtings van empiriese observasie. 'n Gevallestudie is as navorsingsontwerp gebruik om die navorsingsvrae te beantwoord, met hoofsaaklik 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie. As 'n geval is die Stad Kaapstad gekies, met Manenberg op die Kaapse Vlakte as die terrein vir die navorsing. Die gevallestudie-navorsingsontwerp het die geleentheid geskep om die konteks in detail te beskryf en die mikrovlak-analise met die makrovlak-analise te verbind; derhalwe het dit insig verskaf wat die navorser in staat gestel het om teorie (uit) te bou. Die veldwerkproses het oor 'n tydperk van drie maande deur drie metodes plaasgevind: onderhoude met sleutelinformante, kleingroepbesprekings, en observasies met drie kategorieë respondente. Hierdie drie kategorieë is gemeenskapslede van Manenberg, georganiseerde misdaadgroepe, en agente van plaaslike regering en bestuur. Ten einde die empiriese navorsing op te stel, is 'n kontekstualisering van die afhanklike en onafhanklike veranderlikes verskaf. Dit is gestel dat daar 'n gebrek is aan 'n universeel-aanvaarde definisie van georganiseerde misdaad, en as gevolg hiervan is 'n konseptualisering vir hierdie studie gevorm. Daar is verder geargumenteer dat die meerderheid literatuur georganiseerde misdaadgroepe en georganiseerde misdaadbendes as twee aparte konsepte hanteer, ten spyte daarvan dat hierdie groeperinge veel meer ooreenstem as verskil. Vervolgens is die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat die verskil nie betekenisvol is nie. Die ontwikkeling van georganiseerde misdaad in Suid-Afrika en 'n ontleding van die historiese ontwikkeling van bendes op die Kaapse Vlakte is beskryf. Rakende die afhanklike veranderlike, is die konteks verskaf vir 'n analise van plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika. Die demografiese en operasionele kenmerke van die munisipale area van die Stad Kaapstad is uiteengesit, met spesifieke verwysing na veiligheid- en sekuriteitselemente. Die primêre ingesamelde data is ontleed aan die hand van die indikatore van sosiale beheer (nakoming, deelname en legitimiteit) soos deur Migdal (1988) gedefinieer. Verder is die raamwerk om die kriminalisering van die staat op plaaslike regeringsvlak te ontleed, op die gevallestudie toegepas. Op grond van die analise is daar bevind dat 'n ander stelsel as wat Migdal (1988) in sy narratief van ‟n driehoek van akkommodasie beskryf het, in Manenberg op die Kaapse Vlakte voorkom. Dit is bevestig dat daar 'n verswakte staat voorkom en, vervolgens, 'n webvormige samelewing, waar sosiale beheer gefragmenteer is tussen die plaaslike regering en die kriminele gemeenskap. In hierdie webvormige samelewing bestaan egter 'n stelsel van plaaslike magsdinamiek tussen die kriminele gemeenskap, die sosiale gemeenskap en plaaslike regeringsagente, waar diadiese medewerking tussen al drie die akteurs voorkom. Ten spyte van hierdie samewerking, kom die kriminalisering van die staat egter nie voor nie, maar eerder 'n verstaatliking van die georganiseerde misdaadgemeenskap, aangesien dit goedere en dienste aan die sosiale gemeenskap verskaf. Die hoofbevindinge kan soos volg saamgevat word: As 'n staat nie uitgebreide sosiale beheer het nie en 'n mededingende gesag het 'n vlak van sosiale beheer opgeëis, sal dit nie noodwendig lei tot die verdere verswakking van die staat nie, as gevolg van 'n stelsel van magsdinamiek wat in plek is waar medewerking tussen die sosiale gemeenskap, die kriminele gemeenskap en plaaslike agente van bestuur voorkom. Hierdie stelsel word in plek gehou deur aaneenlopende pogings deur die staat om nakoming, deelname en legitimiteit te verkry (of terug te kry), korrupte staatsagente (spesifiek in die sekuriteitsektor), 'n vlak van operasionele gemak wat vir die kriminele gemeenskap bestaan (en die vervlegting van kriminele gemeenskap en die sosiale gemeenskap), en 'n relatiewe sterk samelewing wat die voordele van kriminele aktiwiteit vir die sosiale gemeenskap erken, maar so ook die gesag en beheer van die staat.

The most contemporary approach to biodiversity conservation within South Africa is that of community-based initiatives, which seek to combine biodiversity conservation with socioeconomic development. As a challenge to the Western, science laden approaches to conservation there is an increasing need for community initiatives to reflect the values of local communities. Values of local communities and the management body, CapeNature, with regards to Driftsands Nature Reserve, Cape Town, were captured and analytically coded through the qualitative methods of interviewing and participant observation in order to develop a grounded theory and model. A discussion of the expressed values suggests that community-based conservation initiatives are doing little to include community values even though there is a large degree of agreement between these and corporate values. As such, it is questioned whether community-based conservation can be practised within an organisation which, due to procedures and protocols, is top-down in its approach. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)

The study explores the role of eye contact in promoting effective learning in natural science in the secondary school using eye-tracking technology. A theoretical framework constituting the theories of Vygotsky, Piaget and Bandura inform the study. In the empirical inquiry in this study a purposefully selected group of eleven Grade 9-learners of mixed ability were eye-tracked by means of the Tobii 60 X-2 eye-tracker during individual viewings of a video-recording of a natural science lesson taught by the educator using a PowerPoint presentation. The Tobii 60 X-2 eyetracker establishes how a learner pays attention to information presented through educator narration, visuals and texts during teaching and learning. The findings indicate that, as the learners’ areas of interest, their highest total fixation duration was firstly on the PowerPoint presentation, and secondly on the educator. Under-performing natural science learners showed shorter and less dense fixation in both areas of interest. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Natural Science Education)

Thesis (MOccTher)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the existence of many guidelines for rehabilitation services both internationally and in South Africa, there is a need for a uniform format for the measurement and reporting of outcomes reached by clients utilising these services. Traditionally, statistics on client numbers fail to report actual outcomes attained by clients. Aim: This aim of the study was to describe the outcomes achieved by clients after participating in rehabilitation at the Bishop Lavis Rehabilitation Centre (BLRC) over a three month period. It was done by describing clients’ function according to the World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Function (ICF) model, and included both the environmental and personal factors impacting on an individual’s function. Method: The study employed a descriptive design and used six measuring instruments which exceeded acceptable test-retest requirements to gather data from within the framework of the ICF Model. A field worker was trained to administer the majority of instruments which were pilot-tested for pre and post-test purposes. A sample of 78 clients who met the inclusion criteria was selected from the five main diagnostic categories seen at the BLRC. All clients were evaluated on referral, and again after receiving rehabilitation services for three months. An open-ended questionnaire was also administered as part of the post-test to obtain clients’ personal perspective on outcomes reached, as well as their subjective opinion of the rehabilitation experience. Data on the impact of various demographic and environmental factors on function was also gathered and statistically analysed in conjunction with the qualitative data obtained from the interviews in order to identify the rehabilitation outcomes achieved by the clients included in this study. Results: Clients reported a statistically significant decrease in the impact of disability on their function, with ‘mobility’ emerging as the aspect of function which improved the most after rehabilitation. The effect of most demographic and environmental factors investigated were perceived as facilitating rather than debilitating to rehabilitative outcomes, with ‘faith’ reported to be most facilitating and ‘monthly income’ the most debilitating of all factors. Subjectively, clients perceived their participation in rehabilitation to be a contributing factor to the improvement in their function, and generally expressed a positive attitude toward the rehabilitation experience. Recommendations based on the results of this study are presented to inform governing bodies involved in rehabilitation in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van die bestaan van veelvuldige riglyne vir rehabilitasie dienste, beide internasionaal en in Suid-Afrika, is daar steeds ‘n behoefte vir uniforme riglyne vir die meting en rapportering van die uitkomste wat kliënte bereik met deelname aan hierdie dienste. Tradisionele statistiek rakende kliëntegetalle rapporteer nie die werklike uitkomste wat kliënte bereik het nie. Doel: Die doel van die studie was om die uitkomste te beskryf wat kliënte bereik na hul deelname aan rehabilitasie by Bishop Lavis Rehabilitasiesentrum (BLRS) oor ‘n drie maande periode. Dit is gedoen deur kliënte se funksionering te beskryf volgens die Wêreld Gesondheidsorganisasie se Internasionale Klassifikasie van Funksie (IKF) model, insluitend beide die omgewings- en persoonlike faktore wat ‘n impak op ‘n individu se funksionering kon hê. Metode: Die studie het gebruik gemaak van ‘n beskrywende studiestruktuur. Dit het ses meetinstrumente gebruik wat beter as aanvaarbare vereistes vir toets-hertoets-betroubaarheid getoon het om data binne die raamwerk van die IKF-model in te samel. ‘n Veldwerker is opgelei vir die administrasie van die meerderheid van die meetinstrumente wat vir voor- en na-toets doeleindes in ‘n loodstudie getoets is. ‘n Steekproef van 78 kliënte wat aan die insluitingskriteria voldoen het, is geselekteer uit die vyf hoof diagnostiese groepe gesien by BLRS. Alle kliënte is geevalueer met verwysing en weer na hulle drie maande se rehabilitasie dienste ontvang het. Administrasie van ‘n oop-einde vraelys is ook as deel van na-toetsing gedoen om kliënte se persoonlike perspektief van die uitkomste wat hulle bereik het in te samel, sowel as hulle subjektiewe opinie van die rehabilitasieproses. Data oor die impak wat verskeie demografiese en omgewingsfaktore op funksionering kon hê is ingesamel, statisties ontleed en gebruik saam met die kwalitatiewe data wat met onderhoudsvoering ingesamel is om sodoende die rehabilitasieuitkomste te identifiseer wat behaal is deur kliënte wat ingesluit was in die studie. Resultate: Kliënte rapporteer ‘n statisties beduidende vermindering in die impak van gestremdheid op hulle funksionering, met ‘mobiliteit’ wat uitstaan as die area van funksionering wat die meeste verbeter het na rehabilitasie. Die effek van die meeste demografiese en omgewingsfaktore wat ondersoek was, is as fassiliterend eerder as inhiberend tot rehabilitasieuitkomste ervaar, met ‘geloof’ gerapporteer as die mees fassiliterende en ‘maandelikse inkomste’ as die die mees inhiberende faktor. Op 'n subjektiewe vlak het kliënte hul deelname aan rehabilitasie as ‘n bydraende faktor tot hul verbetering in funksionering ervaar, en het hulle oor die algemeen ‘n positiewe houding teenoor rehabilitasie gerapporteer.

Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV pandemic threatens the social, emotional, and physical development of all persons, especially the youth. Adolescents are more at risk of contracting HIV as their lifestyle often involves sexual exploration and experimentation. Effective educational interventions are central to HIV prevention in South Africa. Being a clinical nurse practitioner in a primary health care (PHC) facility, the principal investigator observed that school learners failed to practice safe sex and demonstrated little knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention. The aim of the study was to investigate the reported level of HIV knowledge and sexual risk behaviour of grade 12 school learners in the Eastern Sub-District of the Cape Metropole, Cape Town. A descriptive, non-experimental, research design was employed with a primarily quantitative approach. The study population comprised grade 12 learners from high schools in the Eastern Sub-District of the Cape Metropole in Cape Town (N=7940). A total of 92 participants from four schools (2 public and 2 private) were included in the sample by using a cluster sampling method. A self-completion semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was collected by the principal investigator and a trained field worker. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University (N11/07/225). Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Department of Education. Reliability and validity were assured by means of a pilot study and the use of experts in the field of nursing research and statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Statistical associations were determined using ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U tests. The qualitative data was analysed thematically and then quantified. The results show that the average HIV/AIDS knowledge score of participants was 60.73%. However, many gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge were identified. Only 77.2% (n=71) of participants knew the meaning of HIV, 80.4% (n=74) did not know all the ways in which HIV can be transmitted and only 8.7% (n=8) knew how to safely use a condom. The majority of participants (67.4%; n=62) believed in the myth that HIV can be cured and 18.5% (n=17) reported that a traditional healer can cure HIV. With regard to risky behaviour, half of the participants at the time of the study (51%; n=47) reported sexual engagement and 20% (n=9) of these respondents did not use condoms. Furthermore, 25% (n=23) had used alcohol before having sex. There were no association found between the knowledge about HIV/AIDS of participants and their sexual risk behaviour. In view of these study findings, participants are exposing themselves to high risk sexual behaviour that may increase their chances of acquiring sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Several recommendations were identified, including the strengthening of HIV and STI education linked to sexual risk reduction, open communication and additional information sources, availability of condoms at schools and improved access to HIV testing at schools. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die jeug se sosiale, emosionele en fisiese ontwikkeling word deur die MIV-pandemie gekortwiek. As gevolg van hulle seksuele eksperimentering, word adolessente as ʼn hoë risikogroep beskou, sover dit die ontwikkeling van MIV aangaan. Gevolglik speel onderrig ʼn belangrike rol in MIV voorkoming. Die beoefening van onveilige seks, en onvoldoende kennis rakende MIV/VIGS-voorkoming, is deur die primêre navorser, ʼn kliniese verpleegpraktisyn in die primêre gesondheidsorg omgewing, waargeneem. Die studie het dit ten doel om te bepaal wat die MIV-kennis vlakke, en die seksuele gedrag risiko van Graad 12 leerders in die Oostelike sub-distrik van die Kaapstadse Metropool is. ʼn Beskrywende, nie-eksperimentele navorsingsontwerp is gebruik, met ʼn hoofsaaklike kwantitatiewe benadering. Uit die studie populasie van Graad 12 leerders in die Oostelike sub-distrik van die Kaapstadse Metropool hoërskole (N=7940), is ʼn steekproef van 92 deelnemers uit vier hoërskole (twee staatskole en twee privaatskole) gekies – die trossteekproefnemingsmetode is gebruik. Data is versamel deur middel van ʼn semi-gestruktureerde vraelys wat deur die deelnemers self voltooi is. Toestemming vir die uitvoer van die studie is verkry van die Etiese Komitee van die Mediese Fakulteit van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (N11/07/225), asook die Wes-Kaapse Departement van Onderwys. Die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die studie is verseker deur die uitvoer van ʼn voorstudie, en is verder versterk deur gebruik te maak van kundiges in die veld van statistiek en verpleegnavorsing. Data is ontleed deur middel van beskrywende statistiese metodes en assosiasies is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van variansie-analise (“ANOVA”) en Mann-Whitney U toetse. Die bevindinge is in frekwensie tabelle en histogramme vervat. Die kwalitatiewe data is gekodeer en gekategoriseer, waarna temas geïdentifiseer is. Alhoewel die studie-bevindinge aangedui het dat die deelnemers ʼn gemiddelde MIV/VIGS-kennis telling van 60.73% behaal het, is verskeie leemtes in hulle bestaande kennis geïdentifiseer. Slegs 77.2% (n=71) van die deelnemers het geweet wat MIV beteken, terwyl 80.4% (n=74) nie geweet het hoe MIV oorgedra word nie. Slegs 8.7% (n=8) van die deelnemers het kennis gehad rakende veilige kondoom gebruik. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers (67.4%; n=62) glo dat MIV genees kan word en 18.5% (n=17) het aangedui dat MIV deur ʼn tradisionele geneesheer genees kan word. Hoë-risiko gedrag, spesifiek seksuele aktiwiteit (51%; n=47%) sonder kondome (20%; n=9) is rapporteer. ʼn Verdere 25% (n=23) van die deelnemers het rapporteer dat hulle alkohol gebruik voor seks, maar daar was geen assosiasie tussen die vlak van MIV/VIGS-kennis en hoë-risiko gedrag nie. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die deelnemers hulself blootstel aan hoë-risiko seksuele gedrag met die gevolg dat hul kans om MIV te kry verhoog. Die aanbevelings, gegrond op die bevindinge, sluit in: ʼn groter fokus op onderrig wat verband hou met MIV en seksueel oordraagbare infeksies wat gekoppel is aan ʼn verlaging in hoe-risiko seksuele gedrag, openhartige kommunikasie en bykomende inligtingshulpbronne, beskikbaarheid van kondome by skole, asook verbeterde toegang tot MIV toetsing by skole.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The manufacturing industry is an important contributor towards the economic well-being and competitiveness of any country. It is widely accepted that improvement in the standard of living is linked to the improvement in productivity, and that this can be achieved through the manufacturing sector of a country. The level of business excellence of manufacturing organisations in the Western Cape is not currently known. It was the aim of this research to determine the level of business excellence of manufacturing organisations in the Cape Metropolitan Area, to determine the content of manufacturing strategy, and to investigate the linkages of manufacturing strategy and levels of business excellence. The research was conducted amongst manufacturing organisations in the Cape Metroplitan Area with an annual turnover of at least R50 million rand. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to organisations. Twenty responses were received and analysed. Due to the small sample, this study can only be regarded as exploratory in nature. The main results of the research indicated that the respondent organisations tended to overscore themselves, with an . average level of business excellence of 73.6%. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the perception of the SAEF model criteria weights between the surveyed organisations and the SAEF. Although it was not possible to identify a 'right' or the 'best' manufacturing strategy, important trends were identified. Furthermore, the research indicated that there are several manufacturing strategy related factors that can positively contribute towards higher levels of business excellence. One area is the focus on overall organisational strategy development, and another is the implementation of several manufacturing practices such as '5-S' and 'selfdirected work teams', 'balanced score card', and 'TQM', amongst others. Several recommendations were made, addressing issues such as specific actions for manufacturing organisation, policy makers, and the SAEF, but also recommendations regarding research methodology and future research areas. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vervaardigingsindustrie is 'n belangrike bydraende faktor tot die ekonomiese welstand en kompeterendheid van 'n land. Dit word wyd aanvaar dat verbetering in produktiwitiet tot verbetering in lewenstandaarde lei, en dat dit deur middel van die vervaardigings sektor van 'n land bereik kan word. Die vlak van besigheids uitnemendheid van vervaardigings organisasies in die Wes-Kaap is nie tans bekend nie. Dit was die doel van hierdie navorsing om die vlak van besigheids uitnemendheid van vervaardigingsorganisasies in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Area te bepaal, om die inhoud van vervaardigingstrategieë te bepaal, en om die verband tussen vervaardigingstrategie en vlakke van besigheidsuitnemendheid te ondersoek. Hierdie navorsmg was uitgevoer onder vervaardigingsorganisasies in die Kaapse Metropolitaanse Area met 'n omset van ten minste R50 miljoen. 'n Vraelys is ontwerp en versprei aan organisasies. Twintig response is ontvang en geanaliseer. Weens die klein steekproef, kan hierdie studie slegs as verkennend van aard beskou word. Die hoofresultate van die navorsing het getoon dat die organisasies geneig is om hulself te oorskat, met 'n gemiddelde waarde van die vlak van besigheids uitnemendheid van 73.6%. Verder is daar 'n beduidende verskil tussen die organisasies en die SAEF in die persepsie van die kriteria gewigte van die SAEF model. Alhoewel dit nie moontlik was om die 'regte' of 'beste' vervaardigingstrategie te bepaal nie, is belangrike tendense geïdentifiseer. Die navorsing het getoon dat daar verskeie vervaardigingstrategie faktore is wat positief bydra tot hoër vlakke van besigheids uitnemendheid. Een area is die fokus op algehele organisasie strategiese ontwikkeling, en 'n ander is die implementering van verskeie vervaardigingspraktyke soos onder andere '5-S', 'self-gerigte werkspanne', 'balanced score card', en 'TQM'. Verskeie aanbevelings is gemaak, wat kwessies aanspreek soos spesifieke aksies VIr vervaardigingsorganisasies, beleidmakers, en die SAEF, maar ook aanbevelings rakende navorsingsmetodologie en areas vir toekomstige navorsing.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African system of local government has been significantly altered since the democratic local government elections held in November 1995 and July 1996. Soon after taking office in the newly established democratic local authorities, councillors came face to face with the reality of community demands, needs and expectations on the one hand and the limited resources to fulfil these needs on the other hand. Within this challenging context, councillors and officials had to ensure sustainable service delivery and the promotion of good local governance in general. In the South African context, the delivery of sustainable municipal services and good local governance within the constraints of limited financial resources is even more challenging given the constitutional and legal requirement that communities must participate in municipal affairs – including planning and budgeting processes. The research for this study was carried out using a literature review, individual interviews with senior City of Cape Town officials and the personal experience of the researcher. This study examines public participation in the budget process of the City of Cape Town during the period 2004–2006. The Western Cape did not previously have a ward participatory (committee) system like that used in the rest of the country. In contrast, the City of Cape Town set up a metro participation forum called subcouncils with area co-ordinators and ward forums. At the time of the study, the main vehicle for public participation in the city had been the Mayoral Listening Campaign that was embarked upon in 2003. The key focus of this campaign was to invite comments from residents and other stakeholders on governance and development issues facing the city. Comments were submitted via fax, e-mail, workshops and telephone. This study concludes with a number of recommendations on capacity building, the development of ward committees, improving communication systems as well as the implementation of effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. These recommendations should be implemented to enhance public participation in the budget process of the City of Cape Town. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel van plaaslike regering het beduidend verander sedert die plaaslike demokratiese regeringsverkiesings in November 1995 en Julie 1996. Raadslede het kort ná die vestiging van die nuut gestigte plaaslike owerhede bewus geword van die gemeenskap se nood en die beperkte hulpbronne om daardie nood te verlig. In Suid-Afrika is die lewering van volhoubare munisipale dienste en goeie plaaslike regering binne die konteks van beperkte finansiële hulpbronne selfs meer uitdagend gegewe die grondwetlike en wetlike vereiste dat gemeenskappe aan munisipale bedrywighede moet deelneem; insluitend munisipale beplanning- en begrotingsprosesse. Hierdie studie kyk na openbare deelname aan die begrotingsproses van die Stad Kaapstad vanaf 2004 tot 2006. Die Wes-Kaap het nie voorheen ’n wykskomiteestelsel in plek gehad soos die res van die land nie. Die Stad Kaapstad het wel ’n Metro deelnameforum (sub-rade) met areakoördineerders en wyksforums gehad. In die studietydperk was die hoofmeganisme vir openbare deelname in die Stad Kaapstad die “Mayoral Listening Campaign” wat in 2003 begin het. Die hoofdoel van die veldtog was om terugvoering van die gemeenskap en rolspelers te kry aangaande die ontwikkeling van die Stad Kaapstad. Terugvoering is hoofsaaklik deur middel van e-pos, faks, telefoon en werksessies ontvang. Die studie sluit af met ’n aantal voorstelle vir kapasiteitsontwikkeling, die ontwikkeling van wykskomitees en die verbetering van kommunikasiestelsels sowel as die implementering van doeltreffende monitering- en evalueringmeganismes. Hierdie voorstelle behoort aangewend te word om openbare deelname in die Stad Kaapstad se begrotingsproses te verbeter.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since democracy, South Africa underwent significant changes and an encompassing integration and re-design of the state and society took place structurally, functionally and value-wise. The type of reform is accompanied with decentralisation or centralisation of powers and functions. Decentralisation is utilized by governments to achieve certain goals, and arguments that are normally raised in favour of decentralisation relate to efficiency of administration, democratisation, social and economic development, freedom and nation-building. The study investigates only political and bureaucratic/administrative structural decentralisation phenomena that appeared in local authorities in the Cape Metropole since democracy. A comparative perspective is given on phenomena that appeared in the City of Tygerberg and the City of Cape Town and the decentralisation phenomena are evaluated in terms of criteria for successful decentralisation. To be able to give the decentralisation comparative perspective, the study followed a variety of approaches. Firstly, the nature and extent of decentralisation is investigated. Secondly, decentralisation under the democratic state in the different spheres of government is investigated. Thirdly, South African policy which guides decentralisation initiatives on local government level is investigated. Fourthly, the study focusses on the two local government organisations the City of Tygerberg and the City of Cape Town to investigate which political and bureaucratic/administrative structural decentralisation phenomena appeared, and to which degree the phenomena complied with the values and requirements for successful decentralisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert demokrasie het Suid-Afrika aansienlike hervormings ondergaan en het daar 'n omvattende integrasie en herontwerp van die staat en samelewing struktureel, funksioneel en waardegewys plaasgevind. Die tipe hervorming gaan gepaard met desentralisasie of sentralisasie van magte en funksies. Desentralisasie word deur regerings aangewend om sekere doelwitte te bereik en argumente wat normaalweg ten gunste van desentralisasie gevoer word, hou verband met doeltreffendheid van administrasie, demokratisering, sosiale en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, vryheid en nasiebou. Die studie ondersoek slegs politieke en burokratiese/administratiewe strukturele desentralisasie verskynsels wat in plaaslike owerhede in die Kaapse Metropool sedert demokrasie voorgekom het. 'n Vergelykende perspektief word gegee van desentralisasie verskynsels wat in die Stad Tygerberg en die Stad Kaapstad voorgekom het en die desentralisasie verskynsels word geëvalueer aan die hand van kriteria vir suksesvolle desentralisasie. Om die desentralisasie vergelykende perspektief te kon gee, volg die studie verskillende benaderinge. Eerstens word die aard en omvang van desentralisasie ondersoek. Tweedens word desentralisasie onder die demokratiese staat in die verskillende vlakke van regering ondersoek. Derdens word Suid-Afrikaanse beleid bestudeer wat desentralisasie-inisiatiewe rig op plaaslike regeringsvlak. Vierdens word op die twee plaaslike owerheidsorganisasies Stad Tygerberg en Stad Kaapstad gefokus om te ondersoek watter politieke en burokratiese/administratiewe strukturele desentralisasie verskynsels voorgekom het en in watter mate die verskynsels aan die waardes en vereistes wat vir suksesvolle desentralisasie gestel word, voldoen.