Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / Los métodos de interesterificación químico y enzimático han sido estudiados y utilizados para modificar materias grasas. Permiten alterar la estructura de los triacilgliceroles, incorporar ácidos grasos de interés nutricional y así satisfacer requerimientos nutricionales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de las condiciones de interesterificación en las características físicas del producto obtenido. Se interesterificó mezclas de aceite de nuez-aceite de soya full hidrogenado (ASH) utilizando metóxido de sodio (1%) y lipasa (5%) para catalizar las reacciones química y enzimática, respectivamente. Se estudió el efecto de la temperatura de proceso (70, 85 y 100°C) para la interesterificación química, el tiempo de reacción (1, 3 y 5 h) para la interesterificación enzimática y la composición de las mezclas (30, 50 y 70% ASH) para ambos métodos en el contenido de grasa sólida (CGS). Se realizó una optimización multirespuesta para imitar el perfil de fusión de una base para margarina comercial. La composición modifica el CGS en ambos métodos mientras que la temperatura de reacción no tiene un efecto significativo en la interesterificación química. Las condiciones óptimas de interesterificación son 70°C por 3,12 h para la interesterificación enzimática y 72,3°C por 1 h para la interesterificación química. La composición es la variable más importante que determina el CGS en ambos métodos de interesterificación, los cuales pueden se usados para modificar las propiedades físicas de mezclas aceite de nuez-aceite de soya full hidrogenado y obtener bases para margarina con bajo contenido en ácidos grasos trans.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mariano_zf_dr_rcla.pdf: 7446275 bytes, checksum: d21c0cd80cb0b2dba253afff94c81926 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O clima ainda representa ser o responsável pelas perdas de produção e da produtividade, principalmente quando acontecem as adversidades climáticas refletindo tanto no rural (perda do lucro) como no urbano (aumento nos preços dos produtos agrícolas). Reconhecendo essas repercussões, o objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer um panorama têmporo-espacial da dinâmica climática regional, considerando a variabilidade e a tendência climática da precipitação pluviométrica correlacionada com a produtividade da cultura da soja, no Sudoeste de Goiás, entre 1978/1979 a 2002/2003. A pesquisa baseou-se em instrumentos teóricos, técnicos e empíricos para a compreensão clima/agricultura, por meio da utilização de planilhas eletrônicas nas aplicações estatísticas, recurso cartográfico nos programas de espacialização e cálculos dos balanços hídricos mensais. Identificou-se que os municípios que concentram a maior produtividade da região são os municípios de Portelândia, Montividiu, Jataí e Rio Verde. Também identificou-se concordância espacial entre os municípios de rendimento homogêneo com os melhores tipos de solo, bem como os maiores coeficientes de diminuição das chuvas na estação chuvosa em Aporé, Serranópolis, Cachoeira Grande e Caiapônia, com 32%, 21%, 37% e 15%, respectivamente. Os rendimentos corrigidos de Perolândia, Portelândia, Serranópolis, Mineiros e Caiapônia correlacionados com as deficiências e excessos tiveram os maiores índices de 47%; 45%; 33%, 27% e 23% da variação dos rendimentos da soja, mostrando que são significativamente dependente da variabilidade da precipitação pluviométrica. / Climate still seems to be the greatest responsible for the losses of production and productivity, mainly when climatic unfavourable conditions occur, reflecting in the rural domain (loss of profit) as well as in the urban one (raise in the price of agricultural products). Ackowledging these repercussions, the aim of this paper is to offer a spacial-temporal overall view of the regional climatic dynamic, taking into account the variability and the climatic tendence of the pluviometric precipitation correlated to the productivity of the culture of soya, in the southwest of Goiás, between 1978/1979 and 2002/2003. The research was based on theoretical, technical and empirical instruments for the understanding climate/agriculture, through the use of electronic charts in the statistical applications, cartographic resource in the spatialization programs, beside calculation of the monthly hidric balance. The counties identified as having the highest productivity of the region were Portelândia, Montividiu, Jataí and Rio Verde. It was also possible to identify space concordance among the counties of homogeneous yield with the best types of soil, as well as the highest coefficient of rain decreasing in the rain season in Aporé, Serranópolis, Cachoeira Grande and Caiapônia, with 32%, 21%, 37% and 15%, respectively. The corrected yields of Perolândia, Portelândia, Serranópolis, Mineiros and Caiapônia correlated to the deficiencies and excesses had the highest indices of 47%, 45%, 33%, 27% and 23% of the variation of the yield in soya, showing that they are significantly dependent on the variability of pluviometric precipitation.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de: Ingeniera Agrónoma / Investigaciones recientes han evaluado el uso de gases no convencionales con propiedades únicas que podrían ayudar a disminuir la perecibilidad de los alimentos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de atmósferas enriquecidas con argón (90% Ar + 10% O2), helio (90% He + 10% O2), óxido nitroso (90% N2O + 10% O2) y oxígeno (100% O2) sobre la calidad de germinados de soya conservadas durante 12 días a 5 °C, bajo atmósfera modificada activa en envases plásticos con una permeabilidad de 9000 mL CO2 m-2 d-1 y de 3000 mL O2 m-2 d-1 (San Jorge Packaging, Chile). Los parámetros evaluados fueron tasa respiratoria, producción de etileno, concentración de gases al interior del envase, color, evaluación sensorial, concentración de compuestos fenólicos, capacidad antioxidante, concentración de azúcares y vitamina C. La tasa respiratoria de los germinados de soya presentó valores en un rango de 42,1 a 78,1 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1 el día del procedimiento que luego se redujo por efecto de los gases no convencionales, oscilando en un rango de 20,1 a 27,7 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1 tras 12 días de almacenamiento. En cuanto a la composición gaseosa de los tratamientos con gases no convencionales, hubo un aumento en la concentración de CO2, tras el primer día de almacenamiento presentó valores de 0,4 a 0,6% de CO2 que luego de 12 días de almacenamiento presentó de 1,9 a 4,2% de CO2. Referente a las características sensoriales, las atmósferas lograron mantener los germinados de soya en un nivel aceptable durante toda la conservación, con valores significativamente más altos que el tratamiento aire al día 12. El color no fue afectado por los tratamientos a lo largo de la conservación. Con los resultados obtenidos en este experimento se recomiendan por igual los gases Ar, He, N2O. Ninguno de los gases en evaluación generó sabores extraños. Además, todos los tratamientos mantuvieron la calidad funcional, en tanto a los compuestos fenólicos totales presentaron valores de 1,7 a 3,1 mg EAG g-1 pf, respecto a la capacidad antioxidante tuvo valores de 50,4 a 76,1 mg Trolox g-1 pf. / Recent research has evaluated the use of unconventional gases with unique properties that may help reduce the perishability of food. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of argon-enriched atmospheres (90% Ar + 10% O2), helium (90% He + 10% O2), nitrous oxide (90% N2O + 10% O2) and oxygen (100 % O2) on the quality of soybean sprouts stored 12 days at 5 ° C active modified atmosphere in plastic containers with a permeability of 9000 mL CO2 m-2 d-1 and 3000 mL O2 m-2 d-1 (San Jorge Packaging, Chile). The parameters evaluated were respiration rate, ethylene production, concentration of gases into the packages, color, sensory quality, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, sugars and vitamin C contents. Respiration rate of the bean sprouts have values in a range of 42,1 to 78,1 mg CO2 kg -1 h -1 on the process which is then reduced by the effect of non-conventional gases , oscillating in a range of 20,1 to 27,7 mg CO2 kg -1 h -1 after 12 days of storage. Regarding the gas composition of gases conventional treatments, there was an increased CO2 concentration, after the first day of storage showed levels of 0,4 to 0,6 % CO2 after 12 days of storage showed from 1,9 to 4,2% CO2. Regarding sensory characteristics, atmospheres managed to maintain soybean sprouts at an acceptable level for all conservation, with values significantly higher than air treatment at day 12. The color was not affected by the treatments over conservation. With the results obtained in this experiment are recommended equally gases Ar, He, N2O. None of the gases generated in evaluating flavors. Furthermore, all treatments remained functional quality, while a total phenolic compounds had values of 1,7 to 3,1 mg EAG g- 1 pf, regarding the antioxidant had values from 50,4 to 76,1 mg Trolox g- 1 pf .

Resumo: O clima ainda representa ser o responsável pelas perdas de produção e da produtividade, principalmente quando acontecem as adversidades climáticas refletindo tanto no rural (perda do lucro) como no urbano (aumento nos preços dos produtos agrícolas). Reconhecendo essas repercussões, o objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer um panorama têmporo-espacial da dinâmica climática regional, considerando a variabilidade e a tendência climática da precipitação pluviométrica correlacionada com a produtividade da cultura da soja, no Sudoeste de Goiás, entre 1978/1979 a 2002/2003. A pesquisa baseou-se em instrumentos teóricos, técnicos e empíricos para a compreensão clima/agricultura, por meio da utilização de planilhas eletrônicas nas aplicações estatísticas, recurso cartográfico nos programas de espacialização e cálculos dos balanços hídricos mensais. Identificou-se que os municípios que concentram a maior produtividade da região são os municípios de Portelândia, Montividiu, Jataí e Rio Verde. Também identificou-se concordância espacial entre os municípios de rendimento homogêneo com os melhores tipos de solo, bem como os maiores coeficientes de diminuição das chuvas na estação chuvosa em Aporé, Serranópolis, Cachoeira Grande e Caiapônia, com 32%, 21%, 37% e 15%, respectivamente. Os rendimentos corrigidos de Perolândia, Portelândia, Serranópolis, Mineiros e Caiapônia correlacionados com as deficiências e excessos tiveram os maiores índices de 47%; 45%; 33%, 27% e 23% da variação dos rendimentos da soja, mostrando que são significativamente dependente da variabilidade da precipitação pluviométrica. / Abstract: Climate still seems to be the greatest responsible for the losses of production and productivity, mainly when climatic unfavourable conditions occur, reflecting in the rural domain (loss of profit) as well as in the urban one (raise in the price of agricultural products). Ackowledging these repercussions, the aim of this paper is to offer a spacial-temporal overall view of the regional climatic dynamic, taking into account the variability and the climatic tendence of the pluviometric precipitation correlated to the productivity of the culture of soya, in the southwest of Goiás, between 1978/1979 and 2002/2003. The research was based on theoretical, technical and empirical instruments for the understanding climate/agriculture, through the use of electronic charts in the statistical applications, cartographic resource in the spatialization programs, beside calculation of the monthly hidric balance. The counties identified as having the highest productivity of the region were Portelândia, Montividiu, Jataí and Rio Verde. It was also possible to identify space concordance among the counties of homogeneous yield with the best types of soil, as well as the highest coefficient of rain decreasing in the rain season in Aporé, Serranópolis, Cachoeira Grande and Caiapônia, with 32%, 21%, 37% and 15%, respectively. The corrected yields of Perolândia, Portelândia, Serranópolis, Mineiros and Caiapônia correlated to the deficiencies and excesses had the highest indices of 47%, 45%, 33%, 27% and 23% of the variation of the yield in soya, showing that they are significantly dependent on the variability of pluviometric precipitation. / Orientador: Maria Juraci Zani dos Santos / Coorientador: Iraci Scopel / Banca: José Bueno Conti / Banca: Emerson Galvani / Banca: Anderson Luis Hebling Christofoletti / Banca: Hildeu Ferreira da Assunção / Doutor

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos

The use of full fat soybeans (FFSB) in animal feeds has, to date, been limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANF). It is, therefore, increasingly recognized that, if the full potential of full fat soybeans for the use in diets is to be realized, reliable analytical procedures must be available for the quality control of processed FFSB which would enable feed manufactures to determine the degree of soybean processing. Results of currently available analytical techniques vary widely between laboratories, causing uncertainty and confusion among soybean processors, feed manufacturers and end users. A collaborative study was conducted to standardize a number of existing analytical procedures used for determining the effects of heat treatment on FFSB and to generate South African ranges for standardized laboratory procedures. Raw soybeans, in a mixture of cultivars, were processed by dry extrusion at eight different temperatures (110ºC, 120ºC, 127ºC, 136ºC, 140ºC, 145ºC, 151ºC and 164ºC). In vivo trials were conducted on broiler chicks which were fed the eight extruded FFBB. Their performance was monitored with regard to average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The Protein Solubility in KOH (PSKOH) and the Protein Dispersibility index (PDI) procedures were used for standardization in an inter-laboratory study with the participation of ten South African analytical laboratories. Statistical analysis of the in vivo trials with broilers showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between broilers fed FFSB processed at 136 ºC, 140 ºC and 145 ºC. In addition, samples processed at those temperatures (136 ºC, 140 ºC and 145 ºC) showed the best chick performance with regard to average daily gain (ADG) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between broilers fed FFSB processed at 110 ºC, 120 ºC and 120 ºC as well as those fed FFSB processed at 151 ºC and 164 ºC. In vitro results showed that the PSKOH and PDI values corresponding to temperatures which showed the best chicken performance were between 67-77% and 10.3-8.5 index units respectively. Therefore, the South African ranges for describing the degree of soybean processing using the PSKOH method are 66-77% with repeatability and reproducibility limits of 3.5 and 10.9 respectively and, when using the PDI method, are 8.5-10.3 index units with repeatability and reproducibility limits of 2.1 and 7.7 respectively. A very good correlation was established between the animal production parameters and the PSKOH values, while a poor correlation between animal production parameters (ADWG and FCR) and PDI values was established. The PSKOH method was found to be the most reliable method for FFSB quality control under standardized South African conditions. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

This study investigates how the development of the agro-food processing industry could support the structural transformation of the Zambian economy. This is set against a backdrop of improved food systems coupled with increased demand for processed foods domestically and regionally, as well as income growth, urbanization, and regional integration. Developing the agro-processing sector will involve the building of dynamic industrial capabilities along with product certification and standards, packaging, logistics, and access to formal markets. Using the value chain of soya beans, the study explains how the development of such a value chain could support structural transformation. Findings suggest that there are numerous opportunities, currently underexploited, for processing soya beans into diversified products. Insights from the study reveal further opportunities to accumulate productive capabilities, both downstream and upstream to stimulate value-addition and export-led growth. Harnessing these opportunities will require specific policy support for soya beans particularly aimed at growing smallholder entry, upgrading agricultural efficiency, engaging government and non-state actors to build capacity to improve processing technologies, food testing, packaging, meeting standards and certification schemes, as well as harmonisation of regional standards.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / Los ácidos grasos forman parte importante de los nutrientes que contienen los alimentos, otorgándoles propiedades sensoriales únicas, que a su vez son determinadas por las condiciones de cristalización del sistema graso. La predicción de la cristalización de un sistema graso a través de modelamientos matemáticos, podría tener innumerables y novedosas aplicaciones en la industria alimentaria, sin embargo, los modelos que existen actualmente requieren de datos complejos y difíciles de obtener, lo que genera la necesidad de simplificarlos según las variables que controlen la cristalización. En este trabajo, un enfoque simple fue utilizado para estudiar la dinámica de la cristalización de un sistema graso, considerando viscosidad y el cambio en el potencial químico de supersaturación como las variables que principalmente influenciaron el comportamiento cristalino, obteniendo gráficos de trayectoria de fases que representan el estado dinámico del sistema graso, los cuales se relacionaron con la estructura final obtenida. La dinámica de cristalización de tres sistemas grasos: 40% Estearina de palma en aceite de soya (PS-SO), 20% Aceite de soya full hidrogenado en aceite de soya (FHSO-SO) y 20% Aceite de soya full hidrogenado en aceite de girasol alto oleico (FHSO-HOSFO) fue estudiada, analizando el perfil cristalino de las muestras, el tipo de microestructura, la viscosidad, el comportamiento térmico y el polimorfismo, mediante Microscopia, Reometría, Calorimetría Diferencial de Barrido y Difracción de rayos X. Se obtuvieron las trayectorias de fase para cada sistema graso mediante un modelo desarrollado por el doctor Alejandro Marangoni, y los resultados mostraron una relación entre la morfología de los cristales y los perfiles de cristalización obtenidos. Diferentes comportamientos de cristalización y respectivas microestructuras fueron encontrados para diferentes tasas de enfriamiento, cuyas relaciones fueron observadas y discutidas / Fatty acids are an important part of the nutrients in food, they influence significantly the sensory properties of a food containing them. The sensory characteristics in turn are defined by the crystallization conditions of the fat system. The prediction of a fat system crystallization through mathematical modeling, could have many applications in the Food Industry. The current models existing require of complex data, hard to obtain, generating the need to simplify them, according to the variables that control the crystallization. In this work, a simple approach was used to study the dynamics of the crystallization of the fat system, considering viscosity and the change in the chemical potential of supersaturation as the variables that will mainly influence the crystalline behavior, obtaining phase trajectory graphs that represent the dynamic state of the system fat, which were related to the final structure obtained. The dynamic of crystallization on 3 systems: 40% Palm stearin in soybean oil (PS-SO), 20% Fully hydrogenated soybean oil in soybean oil (FHSO-SO) and 20% Fully hydrogenated soybean oil in high oleic sunflower oil (FHSO-HOSFO) were investigated, analyzing the crystalline profile of the samples, microstructure, viscosity, crystal thermal behavior and polymorphism was investigated by light microscopy, rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC and, X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phase trajectories were obtained for each fat system studied, through a model developed by Dr. Alejandro Marangoni, and the results showed a relation between crystal morphology and crystallization profiles obtained. Different crystallization behaviour and microstructures were found for different cooling rates, whose relations were observed and discussed

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biochemical Sciences Candidate: Bc. Lenka Martínková Supervisor: RNDr. Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Biotransformation of fenbedazole in soya (Glycine max) Veterinary drugs are used in large amounts in modern husbandry for treatment and prevention of diseases in animals. Anthelmintics administered to animals enter into environment primarily through its excretion in faeces or urine. Following excretion, drugs may persist in the environment and impact non-target organisms. Plants are able to uptake xenobiotics, including drugs, and detoxify them via biotransformation. However, only drug biotransformation into non-toxic and stable metabolites and their consequent accumulation in plants represent drug detoxification. For that reasons, knowledge of biotransformation pathways of drug in plants is very important. Soybean plants, eventually seeds, are further used in agriculture as feed for cattle and absorbed anthelmintics including their metabolites can enter the food chain. The results showed that fenbendazole entered plant and enzymatic systems of plant were able to biotransform fenbendazole via several reactions. We found differences in the metabolites between the roots, leaves, seeds and pods of soybean.

[pt] Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um modelo de localização para terminais especializados no Brasil. Partiu- se de um conceito de localização de plataformas logísticas, como macro unidades de negócios que operam agregando algum valor ao produto, estando localizadas no entorno de portos públicos ou terminais privativos no Brasil, para se chegar à localização de terminais especializados, que operam como micro unidades de negócios, especializadas na prestação de serviços para algumas cadeias logísticas. Foi utilizado como base teórica o modelo de transbordo (transshipment model), combinado com os modelos quantitativos de localização de plantas capacitadas para múltiplos produtos (multi-commodity, multi-facility and capacitated location model), a fim de se definir qual a melhor alternativa para uma escolha estratégica locacional. Tem-se como objetivo específico aplicar esse modelo a uma cadeia de suprimentos do agronegócio no Brasil que utilize um terminal especializado como área de transbordo, escoamento e agregação de valor de cargas com destino ao exterior. O universo do estudo abrangeu o volume exportado de soja em grãos, farelo de soja e óleo de soja pelo Brasil no ano de 2004, compreendendo dados pertinentes a seis (6) pontos de origem, seis (6) portos de escoamento/ beneficiamento/ transbordo e três (3) portos de destino no exterior. Foram apresentados os resultados do modelo para Z (menor ou igual) 6 terminais até Z = 1 terminal especializado e uma análise de sensibilidade à ampliação da capacidade, ao investimento, aos custos de transporte e preços. Foram descritos também alguns fatores qualitativos relevantes que podem ser causadores de entraves à localização de terminais especializados e plataformas logísticas no Brasil. Ao final, foram apresentadas algumas conclusões, limitações e recomendações para a continuidade do estudo. / [en] The objective of this dissertation is to develop a facility location model as applied to specialized terminals in Brazilian seaports. The dissertation starts with the logistics platform concept, a macro business-oriented logistics units next to seaports that operate adding value service to products to reach specialized terminals, which are in turn a micro business-orientated logistics unit specialized in specific supply chains. The model was based on some combination of transshipment model and multicommodity, multi-facility and capacitated location model. Specifically, the objective is to apply the proposed model to a supply chain in the Brazilian agribusiness which uses seaport logistics platforms or specialized terminals as a transshipment area, allowing the application of added value services. The research universe includes the volume of exported soy beans, soy meal and oil from Brazil in 2004. The data include six points of origins in Brazil, six transshipment ports, and three world destination seaports. Results extending from Z (minus or equal) 6 to Z = 1 specialized terminals are presented. Some results, allocation flow and sensibility analysis by price, investments, cost and capacity are also presented. Some relevant factors which might pose difficulties to the location of the platforms are also discussed. Finally, some conclusions, limitations and recommendations for further work are also presented.