Hur en texts typografiska utformning påverkar hur enkel den blir att läsa är en fråga som har sysselsatt forskare under lång tid. Förhoppningen har varit att få en bättre förståelse för hur läsning går till och hur man bäst bör sätta text för att underlätta för läsaren. Ett problem har dock varit att skapa medvetenhet om forskningens resultat bland dem som arbetar med att sätta text. Tanken med detta examensarbete var att skapa en överblick av forskningen, med inriktning på hur mikrotypografin, det vill säga den typografi som berör detaljer i textens utformning, påverkar läsbarheten i brödtext. Efter litteratursökningar valdes tio vetenskapligt publicerade empiriska studier på detta område ut. Artiklarna beskrevs och diskuterades med hänsyn till deras metodik och deras resultat. Följande mikrotypografiska faktorer behandlades i studierna: skillnader i läsbarhet mellan typsnitt, x-höjdens och teckenavståndets inverkan på läsbarheten, skillnader i läsbarhet mellan gemener, versaler och kursiv text samt skillnader i läsbarhet mellan olika bokstavsformer. Slutsatsen var att forskningen kring läsbarhet ger intressanta inblickar i hur typografin inverkar på läsprocessen. Det begränsade antalet studier på varje område samt brist på studier utförda på svenska gör det dock svårt att skapa konkreta riktlinjer för hur text bör sättas. Vidare konstaterades att studier utförda i samarbete mellan forskare och typografiskt kunniga vore en möjlig metod att sprida kunskap till de typografiska yrkena och öka sannolikheten för praktisk tillämpning av forskningsresultaten. / How the typographic design of a document affects how easy it is to read is a subject that has long been of interest to researchers. The aim has been to reach a better understanding of the reading process, and to find an ideal way to design text for maximum legibility. However, the researchers have seemingly failed to raise awareness about their results in the typographic community. The aim of this thesis was to create an overview of the research into how microtypography – the typography concerned with individual letters and sentences – affects the legibility of running text. Ten empirical studies on this subject, published in scientific journals, were selected after literature searches. The methods and results of the studies were described and discussed. The studies were concerned with the following microtypographic factors: differences in legibility between typefaces, the role of x-height and letter spacing in, differences in legibility between lower case, upper case and italic letters as well as differences in legibility between specific letter shapes. The conclusion was that legibility research gives interesting insights into how typography can influence the reading process. However, the limited amount of studies found concerning each typographic factor, as well as the lack of studies concerning Swedish typography makes it hard to create typographic guidelines for Swedish typographers based on the research. It was also concluded that studies conducted in cooperation between researchers and typographers might be a way to raise awareness about the research and lead to greater practical application of research results.

This dissertation studies the design of an efficient adaptive digital baseband predistorter for modern cellular handsets that combines low power consumption, low implementation complexity, and high performance. The proposed enhancements are optimized for hardware implementation. We first present a thorough study of the optimal spacing of linearly-interpolated lookup table predistorters supported by theoretical calculations and extensive simulations. A constant-SNR compander that increases the predistorter's supported input dynamic range is derived. A corresponding low-complexity approximation that lends itself to efficient hardware design is also implemented in VHDL and synthesized with the Synopsys Design Compiler. This dissertation also proposes an LMS-based predistorter adaptation that is optimized for hardware implementation and compares the effectiveness of the direct and indirect learning architectures. A novel predistorter design with quadrature imbalance correction capability is developed and a corresponding adaptation scheme is proposed. This robust predistorter configuration is designed by combining linearization and I/Q imbalance correction into a single function with the same computational complexity as the widespread complex-gain predistorter.

The work reported in this thesis is an attempt to enhance heat transfer in electronic devices with the use of impinging air jets on pin-finned heat sinks. The cooling per-formance of electronic devices has attracted increased attention owing to the demand of compact size, higher power densities and demands on system performance and re-liability. Although the technology of cooling has greatly advanced, the main cause of malfunction of the electronic devices remains overheating. The problem arises due to restriction of space and also due to high heat dissipation rates, which have increased from a fraction of a W/cm2to 100s of W /cm2. Although several researchers have at-tempted to address this at the design stage, unfortunately the speed of invention of cooling mechanism has not kept pace with the ever-increasing requirement of heat re- moval from electronic chips. As a result, efficient cooling of electronic chip remains a challenge in thermal engineering. Heat transfer can be enhanced by several ways like air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change cooling etc. However, in certain applications due to limitations on cost and weight, eg. air borne application, air cooling is imperative. The heat transfer can be increased by two ways. First, increasing the heat transfer coefficient (forced convec- tion), and second, increasing the surface area of heat transfer (finned heat sinks). From previous literature it was established that for a given volumetric air flow rate, jet im-pingement is the best option for enhancing heat transfer coefficient and for a given volume of heat sink material pin-finned heat sinks are the best option because of their high surface area to volume ratio. There are certain applications where very high jet velocities cannot be used because of limitations of noise and presence of delicate components. This process can further be improved by pulsating the jet. A steady jet often stabilizes the boundary layer on the surface to be cooled. Enhancement in the convective heat transfer can be achieved if the boundary layer is broken. Disruptions in the boundary layer can be caused by pulsating the impinging jet, i.e., making the jet unsteady. Besides, the pulsations lead to chaotic mixing, i.e., the fluid particles no more follow well defined streamlines but move unpredictably through the stagnation region. Thus the flow mimics turbulence at low Reynolds number. The pulsation should be done in such a way that the boundary layer can be disturbed periodically and yet adequate coolant is made available. So, that there is not much variation in temperature during one pulse cycle. From previous literature it was found that square waveform is most effective in enhancing heat transfer. In the present study the combined effect of pin-finned heat sink and impinging slot jet, both steady and unsteady, has been investigated for both laminar and turbulent flows. The effect of fin height and height of impingement has been studied. The jets have been pulsated in square waveform to study the effect of frequency and duty cycle. This thesis attempts to increase our understanding of the slot jet impingement on pin-finned heat sinks through numerical investigations. A systematic study is carried out using the finite-volume code FLUENT (Version 6.2) to solve the thermal and flow fields. The standard k-ε model for turbulence equations and two layer zonal model in wall function are used in the problem Pressure-velocity coupling is handled using the SIMPLE algorithm with a staggered grid. The parameters that affect the heat transfer coefficient are: height of the fins, total height of impingement, jet exit Reynolds number, frequency of the jet and duty cycle (percentage time the jet is flowing during one complete cycle of the pulse). From the studies carried out it was found that: a) beyond a certain height of the fin the rate of enhancement of heat transfer becomes very low with further increase in height, b) the heat transfer enhancement is much more sensitive to any changes at low Reynolds number than compared to high Reynolds number, c) for a given total height of impingement the use of fins and pulsated jet, increases the effective heat transfer coefficient by almost 200% for the same average Reynolds number, d) for all the cases it was observed that the optimum frequency of impingement is around 50 − 100 Hz and optimum duty cycle around 25-33.33%, e) in the case of turbulent jets the enhancement in heat transfer due to pulsations is very less compared to the enhancement in case of laminar jets.

Revised; Originally published:1999 / 6 pp. / The pruning principles discussed in this publication have proven to provide the best possible out comes including tree longevity and safety. Although trees may live for years following improper pruning their life span and safety may be severely reduced. We encourage proper pruning so that the trees we care for may bring us pleasure for many years.

Clones of the Eucalyptus grandis x Eucayptus nitens (GN) hybrids were produced and selected through the CSIR‟s breeding programmes for colder plantation sites in South Africa. Some GN clones consistently exhibit high and superior pulp properties, which makes them valuable for commercial plantations in South Africa. In nurseries, stockplants are usually seven cm in length and maintained at high (100 x1.5 m-2) planting density. However, rooting frequency varies with season and little is known about the impact of position of cuttings on overall rooting frequency of a clone. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of size and planting density of stockplants in mini-hedges, on the yield and subsequent rooting of cuttings from various positions of GN clones of known rooting potential (i.e. GN 018B: difficult-to-root and PP 2107: easy-to-root clones). Stockplants (10 cm vs. 20 cm) were established at high (100 x 1.5 m-2) and at low (25 x 1.5 m-2) densities for GN 018B and PP 2107 under commercial nursery conditions in a polyethylene tunnel. Cuttings were harvested every two to three weeks in September-October 2010 (spring), December 2010-January 2011 (summer), April-May 2011 (autumn) and June-July 2011 (winter). The harvested material was 5 – 7 cm in length and the light intensity received by individual stockplants at the two planting density levels was recorded. Harvested cuttings from the three positions (apical, middle and basal shoots) were used for: (i) rooting experiments under nursery conditions, (ii) bio-stimulant analysis using the mung bean bioassay, and (iii) analysis of soluble sugars. Between spring and summer 2010, the two GN clones established at low density yielded a similar number of cuttings, but differences in the rooting frequencies were significant in favour of PP 2107 clone. Similar observations were made at high density in terms of production of cuttings, but the significant differences in the rooting observations were reversed between the clones. The GN 018B clone had low rooting rates in summer under nursery conditions but its tissue extracts promoted higher rooting in the bioassay during that time, when compared to spring. Spring and summer had similar effects on rooting responses of PP 2107 cuttings in nursery and bioassay experiments. For both clones, short stockplants produced fewer cuttings but had a higher rooting frequency than cuttings from tall stockplants, with a high rooting frequency recorded from basal cuttings. Similar results were observed in the bioassay experiments which showed high rooting potential of mung bean hypocotyls cuttings using tissue extracts of PP 2107 cuttings maintained at high planting density. Although apical cutting tissues had high concentration of sugars (i.e. sucrose, glucose and fructose), their rooting rates were usually lower at high and low planting density compared to middle and basal cuttings. Sucrose concentration was the highest sugar present in stockplants grown under low planting density. A higher and lower rooting frequency was also observed in autumn although the two clones responded differently to Quambalaria eucalypti (Sporothrix eucalypti) disease infestations. Position, size and genotype had a significant impact on type and concentration of sugar (i.e. sucrose, glucose and fructose), particularly in PP 2107 clone, although rooting rates in the bioassay did not correlate with sugar contents of Eucalyptus cuttings. High carbohydrate (i.e. soluble sugar) content and auxin concentration increased production and subsequent rooting of cuttings across both clones, particularly in spring. Furthermore, rooting was enhanced by relatively higher light intensity intercepted by individual stockplants and in particular the GN 018B clone. Light intensity in the high and low planting densities caused variation in the rooting frequencies thereby increasing or decreasing soluble sugar and auxin concentrations of the two clones. Light intensity and fertiliser concentration received by tall and short stockplants impacted on endogenous hormone levels thereby increasing or decreasing rooting. High sugar concentration levels of PP 2107 clone increased its susceptibility to fungal infection thereby decreasing its rooting frequency in autumn, as its rooting rates increased in winter. Overall results of the investigation revealed that PP 2107 clone has higher rooting potential than GN 018B clone, in particular at high planting density and if stockplants are not infected by fungal diseases. Higher sugar levels were recorded in spring for PP 2107, although rooting rates of mung bean hypocotyl cuttings were higher in summer for GN 018B, suggesting that sugars have nothing to do with rooting of GN cuttings. Season, planting density and size of stockplants affect the rooting frequency of GN clone. Thus, short stockplants maintained at low and high planting densities are recommended for GN 018B and PP 2107 respectively, although the impacts of fertilisers and pathogen resistance on rooting rates still need to be investigated under similar conditions. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

This research project explores the creative and critical functions of editing in art, film and writing. The written component analyses the histories and discourses of 'cutting and splicing' to examine their various roles in processes of signification. The artistic practice uses more speculative and open-ended methods to explore the social 'languages' that inform our inter-subjective experiences. This project argues that editing is a creative methodology for making meaning, because it allows existing symbolic systems to be appropriated, revised and rewritten. By emphasising the operations of spacing, questioning and play, it also identifies editing as an essential tool for critically engaging with the potentials of art and theory.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objective was to evaluate the effects of different population arrangements in forage sorghum grazing on forage production, morphogenesis, pasture structure, performance, and animal behavior. They were used 36 crossed heifers between Charolais and Nellore, with initial age of 15 months and 262 kg of body weight (BW). The experimental period lasted 84 days, divided into periods of 28 days. The animals received daily supplementation to the level of 1% of body weight. Treatments consisted of a combination of spacings of 22 or 44 cm in planting spacing with two densities of seeds per hectare, 12 or 24 kg, resulting in arrangements population E44D12; E44D24; E22D12; E22D24. The grazing method was continuous with variable number of regulators animals. The forage mass and the mass of leaf blades did not differ between population arrangements, with average values of 1279.11 and 232.99 kg DM / ha. Similarly the stocking rate, dry matter accumulation rate and weight gain per area, with average values of 1172.32 kg LW / ha, 58.47 kg DM / ha / day and 303.31 kg PV / ha, in that order. The performance and development of the animals were not affected by population arrangements grassland, with weight gain and average final weight between treatments of 0.891 kg / day and 330.36 kg of PV. The relation weight:height among the population arrangements was 2.67 kg / cm, indicating that cross heifers between Charolais and Nellore with 18 months of age have fat thickness and appropriate weight for slaughter. Productive parameters of pasture and animal performance were influenced by evaluation periods. The different population arrangements change the behavioral patterns of animals, E44D24 and E22D12 treatments increase the grazing time. The E44D24 treatment decreases the bit rate when compared to E22D24. The lower density of plants per square meter causes the increase in the number of feeding stations / minute and the displacement rate of the animals. The spacing between rows 22cm promote a larger number of bits/food station. The use of higher density of seeds and larger spacing between lines increases the density of leaf blades in the lower and upper stratum of the pasture, respectively. The E44D12 and E22D24 treatments have higher amounts of stems in the upper stratum of the pasture (over 60 cm). Morphogenic variables were not significantly influenced by the different arrangements of plants used and the evaluation periods, being obtained elongation rate and leaf senescence of 1.43 and 1.11 cm/day/tiller, respectively, leaf appearance rate and leaf appearance interval of 0.28 leaves/day/tiller and 3.81 days phillochron and leaf life span of 72.99 and 351.68 degree day, in that order. Have the structural characteristics of pasture were influenced by evaluation periods, reflecting the forage production decline with advancing the use of the pasture cycle. The first to the third evaluation period was verified a reduction of 65.53% in the number of sheets in elongation and 47.79% in the number of living leaves. / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes arranjos populacionais em pastagem de sorgo forrageiro na produção forrageira, morfogênese, estrutura do pasto, desempenho e comportamento animal. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas de corte cruzadas entre as Charolês e Nelore, com idade média inicial de 15 meses e 262 Kg de peso vivo (PV). O período experimental durou 84 dias, divididos em períodos de 28 dias. Os animais receberam suplementação diária à nível de 1% do peso vivo. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de espaçamentos de 22 ou 44 cm na entrelinha de plantio com duas densidades de sementes por hectare, 12 ou 24 Kg, resultando nos arranjos populacionais E44D12; E44D24; E22D12; E22D24. O método de pastoreio utilizado foi contínuo, com número variável de animais reguladores. A massa de forragem e a massa de lâminas foliares não diferiram entre os arranjos populacionais, apresentando valores médios de 1279,11 e 232,99 Kg de MS/ha. Da mesma forma a carga animal, taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca e o ganho de peso por área, apresentando valores médios de 1172,32 Kg de PV/ha, 58,47 Kg de MS/ha/dia e 303,31 Kg de PV/ha, nessa ordem. O desempenho e o desenvolvimento dos animais não foram influenciados pelos arranjos populacionais da pastagem, apresentando ganho de peso e peso final médio entre os tratamentos de 0,891 Kg/dia e 330,36 Kg de PV. Os parâmetros produtivos da pastagem e desempenho animal foram influenciados pelos períodos de avaliação. Os diferentes arranjos populacionais alteraram os padrões comportamentais dos animais, os tratamentos E44D24 e E22D12 aumentam o tempo de pastejo. O tratamento E44D24 diminui a taxa de bocado quando comparado ao E22D24. A menor densidade de plantas por metro quadrado ocasiona o aumento no número de estações alimentares/minuto e a taxa de deslocamento dos animais. O espaçamento 22 cm entrelinhas promove um maior número de bocados/estação alimentar. A utilização de maior densidade de sementes e maiores espaçamentos entrelinhas aumenta a densidade de lâminas foliares no estrato inferior e superior da pastagem, respectivamente. Os tratamentos E44D12 e E22D24 apresentaram maiores quantidades de colmos no estrato superior do pasto (acima de 60 cm). As variáveis morfogênicas não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos diferentes arranjos de plantas utilizados e pelos períodos de avaliação, sendo obtidos taxa de alongamento e senescência foliar de 1,43 e 1,11 cm/dia/afilho, respectivamente, taxa de aparecimento foliar e intervalo de surgimento de folhas de 0,28 folhas/dia/afilho e 3,81 dias, filocrono e duração de vida foliar de 72,99 e 351,68 graus dia, nessa ordem. Já as características estruturais da pastagem foram influenciadas pelos períodos de avaliação, refletindo a queda de produção forrageira com o avançar do ciclo de utilização da pastagem. Do primeiro para o terceiro período de avaliação foi verificado uma redução de 65,53% no número de folhas em alongamento e de 47,79% no número de folhas vivas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VericiaFSP_TESE.pdf: 721198 bytes, checksum: 8eeb73d61bda45c78160bbc4ca80e21c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Currently, the use of growth biostimulant in vegetable crops has been used by some producers of watermelon. However, its effective influence on yield and quality of watermelon is not well established. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the growth promoter preharvest application Crop Set® and planting spacing on quality and seedless watermelon conservation (hybrid Style) and seed (hybrid Quetzali). The experiments were conducted in the community of Pau Branco, Mossoró-RN, following the experimental randomized block design in a factorial 3 x 2, three spacing between plants (40, 45 and 50 cm), with and without application of Crop Set ®, with four replications. Harvesting occurred at 65 days after sowing for the two hybrid watermelons (Style) and (Quetzali), being evaluated in each plot (combination of factors), the number of total and the weight of the total fruit and productivity. The fruits of each plot were analyzed for mass loss (PM), pulp firmness (FP), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), soluble solids / titratable acidity (SS/AT), pH and total soluble sugars (AST) in zero time and in the range of 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. The Style cultivar was stored in cooling chamber set at 10° C and 90% RH and the Quetzali cultivarwas stored at 20°C and 60% RH. In step laboratory, it was adopted a completely randomized design with split plot storage time with six replications. The data were submitted to analysis of variance with the aid of SISVAR program, and the significant variables were compared using the mean test and regression analysis. For the watermelon seedless 'Style', the biostimulant application and crop spacing promoted mass loss, soluble solids, SS/AT ratio and pH differentiate of fruits depending on the storage time. Application of Crop Set® did not favor the accumulation of SS in fruit on harvest, but during storage, the values of SS vary with the spacing and bioestimulant application. At 28 days, the pH of the fruit did not differ with the application of Crop Set® and crop spacing. The SS/AT of fruits increased during the storage period, regardless of biostimulant in all crop spacings. In contrast, the fruit AT and FP AT decreased during the storage period. The AST content of the fruit was not influenced by the Crop Set® application. But, at 28 days, the spacing of 40 cm provided fruit with lower AST content fruit. For the production characteristic, only the number of fruits per plant was affected by treatment, the largest number of fruits was evidenced in cultivation spacing of 50 cm with Crop Set® application. In the first harvest, 78% of fruit were picked. For watermelon with seed (Quetzali), the Crop Set® application, plant spacing and storage times made significant effect on mass loss, soluble solids, total soluble sugars and acidity of fruit. For production characteristics evaluated, only the average weight of fruits per plot was influenced by treatment, with heaviest fruits detected in 50 cm of spacing without Crop Set® application. The biostimulant application in all plant spacing resulted in fruit with higher mass loss during storage. The highest SS value was obtained in fruit provided of spacing of 50 cm without Crop Set® application. The Crop Set® application provided higher AST on cultivated fruits at spacing of 50 cm at 14 days of storage. Regardless of the Crop Set® application, the higher AT was verified in fruit at zero time, when cultivated at spacing of 50 cm, and decreased during storage. The FP decreased and the SS/AT ratio and pH of fruit increased during storage / Atualmente, o uso de bioestimulante de crescimento nas olerícolas tem sido utilizado por alguns produtores de melancia, entretanto a sua efetiva influencia na produção e qualidade de melancia ainda não está bem estabelecida. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a aplicação pré-colheita do bioestimulante Crop Set® e espaçamentos de plantio na qualidade e conservação de melancia sem semente (híbrido Style) e com semente (híbrido Quetzali). Os experimentos foram instalados na Fazenda Jardim, comunidade de Pau-Branco, Mossoró-RN, seguindo o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, três espaçamentos entre plantas (40, 45 e 50 cm), com e sem aplicação do bioestimulante Crop Set®, com quatro repetições. A colheita dos frutos de ambas as cultivares ocorreu aos 65 dias após a semeadura, sendo avaliado em cada parcela, o número de frutos totais (NFT), número de frutos por planta (NFP), peso dos frutos totais e a produtividade. Os frutos de cada parcela foram analisados quanto à perda de massa (PM), firmeza de polpa (FP), sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT), pH e açúcares solúveis totais (AST), no tempo zero e no intervalo de 14, 21 e 28 dias de armazenamento em câmera de refrigeração regulada a 10ºC e 90% UR (cultivar Style) e a 20ºC e 60% UR (cultivar Quetzali). No laboratório, foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas no tempo de armazenamento com seis repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com auxílio do programa SISVAR, e as variáveis significativas comparadas pelo teste de médias e análise de regressão. Para a melancia Style , a aplicação de bioestimulante e espaçamento de cultivo promoveram perda de massa, sólidos solúveis, relação SS/AT e pH dos frutos diferenciados dependendo do período de armazenamento. A aplicação de Crop Set® não favoreceu o acúmulo de SS dos frutos na ocasião da colheita, e durante o armazenamento os valores variaram com o espaçamento e aplicação de Crop Set®. Aos 28 dias, o pH dos frutos não diferiram com a aplicação de Crop Set® e espaçamento de cultivo. A relação SS/AT dos frutos aumentou durante o período de armazenamento, independentemente da aplicação de Crop Set® em todos os espaçamentos de cultivo. Já a AT e FP dos frutos diminuíram durante o período de armazenamento. O teor de AST dos frutos não foi influenciado pela aplicação de Crop Set®. Porém, aos 28 dias, o espaçamento de 40 cm propiciou frutos com baixo teor de AST. Para a característica de produção, apenas o NFP foi influenciado por tratamento, com maior número de frutos evidenciado no espaçamento de cultivo de 50 cm, com aplicação do Crop Set®. A colheita inicial foi de 78% dos frutos. Para a melancia com semente Quetzali a aplicação de Crop Set®, espaçamentos de cultivo e tempos de armazenamento propiciaram efeito significativo na PM, SS, AST e AT. Apenas o peso médio dos frutos por parcela, nas características de produção, foi influenciado por tratamento, com frutos mais pesados detectados no espaçamento de 50 cm, cultivado sem Crop Set®. A aplicação de bioestimulante em todos os espaçamentos de cultivo propiciou maior PM dos frutos durante o armazenamento. E o maior valor de SS ocorreu em frutos cultivados no espaçamento de 50 cm sem Crop Set®. A aplicação de Crop Set® propiciou maior AST nos frutos cultivados no espaçamento de 50 cm, aos 14 dias de armazenamento. Independentemente da aplicação de Crop Set®, a maior AT foi verificada, no tempo zero, quando cultivada no espaçamento de 50 cm, diminuindo durante o armazenamento. A FP diminuiu e a relação SS/AT e pH dos frutos aumentou durante o armazenamento

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TaydDCP_DISSERT.pdf: 654761 bytes, checksum: 015ee12151ce624a95c9a09bc68219f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-05 / The corn crop is important in many contexts of Brazilian agriculture production, as much about economics factors as social factors. Its constitutes one of the main cereals in the world, and, in Brazil, due to changes in management strategies and cultural practices, is achieving high yields. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the biometric characteristicsof production and the productivity of corn variety Potiguar, recommended to the west of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, according to the types of fertilizer and row spacing on irrigated system. This work was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, located in the Alagoinha community belonging to the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido inMossoró-RN, Brazil. The experimental design used was the blocks randomized, in factorial 3 x 2, with four replications, corresponding to three fertilizers (organic, organic-mineral and mineral) and two spacing between rows (80 and 50 cm).The biometric parameters of production: ear length, number of rows of grains per ear and 1000 grains weight were not significantly influenced by factors fertilization and spacing. The mineral fertilization associated with the spacing of 80 cm between rows provided greater results in the production of biometric components diameter ears, weight ears with straw and without straw and grain weight per ear. The factors evaluated, fertilization and spacing, did not affect significantly the grain productivity of corn variety Potiguar / A cultura do milho é importante em vários contextos da produção agropecuária brasileira, tanto no que diz respeito a fatores econômicos quanto a fatores sociais. Constitui-se em um dos principais cereais do mundo, sendo que, no Brasil, em virtude de alterações nos manejos e tratos culturais, vem alcançando altas produtividades. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar as características biométricas de produçãoe a produtividade da variedade de milho Potiguar, recomendada para a região oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, em função dos tipos de adubações e espaçamentos entre linhas no sistema de cultivo irrigado.O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, localizada na comunidade de Alagoinha pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural doSemi-Árido, em Mossoró, RN. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com quatro repetições, correspondente às três adubações (Orgânica;Organomineral e Mineral), dois espaçamentos entre linhas (80 cm e 50 cm). Os parâmetros biométricos de produção: comprimento de espiga, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga e massa de 1000 grãos não foram influenciados significativamente pelos fatores adubações e espaçamentos. A adubação mineral associada ao espaçamento de 80 cm entre linhas proporcionou maiores resultados nos componentes biométricos de produção diâmetro de espigas, massa de espiga com palha e sem palha e massa de grãos por espiga. Os fatores avaliados, adubações e espaçamentos, não afetaram de forma significativa a produtividade de grãos da variedade de milho Potiguar

The aim of this thesis was to determine the effect of row spacing on sorghum yields and dry matter. The trial was established on 29 May 2015 on land belonging to the Agricultural Cooperative Milevsko, which is situated in the corn-growing area. The trial compared four varieties of sorghum, namely Aristos, Goliath, KWS Freya and KWS Sole. The varieties were sown in different row spacings, namely 75 cm, 60 cm, 45 cm a 30 cm. The samples taken on three dates were analysed for dry matter content. Each variety showed a gradual increase in the dry matter content. During the harvest on 5 October 2015 the varieties KWS Freya and KWS Sole reached an optimal value of the dry matter when planted in all spacings. All varieties produced the highest average yield of green matter when planted in rows spaced 60 cm apart. The variety Aristos produced the highest average yield of green matter. The KWS Sole variety reached the lowest average yield of green matter when planted in rows 76 cm apart. All varieties with 60 cm row spacings, except for KWS Sole, produced the highest average yield of dry matter. The highest average yield of dry matter was reached by Aristos and the lowest by KWS Sole. The results of the one-year trial did not prove a direct connection of the effect of row spacing on dry matter. The effect of row spacing on green and dry matter yield was proved. The optimum row spacing seems to be 60 cm.