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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Análise das relações entre espaço geográfico e perfil epidemiológico de tuberculose no município de Guarulhos, SP / Analysis of relations between geographical space and epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in Guarulhos, SP

Pires, Elisabete Souza Maia Rodrigues 24 September 2010 (has links)
Em 1996, a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarava a tuberculose em estado de emergência no mundo, maior causa de morte por doença infecciosa em adultos. A Organização estima que em 2007, ocorreram aproximadamente 9,27 milhões de casos novos (139 casos por 100.000 habitantes) no mundo, sendo 14,8% (1,37 milhão) co-infectados pelo HIV. Em 2005, a tuberculose foi a 9ª causa de hospitalização e a 4ª causa de mortalidade por doenças infecciosas no Brasil. A tuberculose é uma doença que expressa forte relação com a pobreza. Assim, se existe forte relação entre tuberculose e pobreza, a produção do espaço urbano deve proporcionar as condições necessárias para a permanência e alta incidência da tuberculose em alguns municípios brasileiros. Para investigar tal relação, elegeu-se o município de Guarulhos, no estado de São Paulo, o segundo mais populoso do estado, com 1.299.283 habitantes. Em Guarulhos, a forma de ocupação e a redistribuição dos habitantes nos territórios do município vêm agravando os processos de exclusão social. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o padrão espacial dos casos novos notificados de tuberculose no município de Guarulhos, de 1998 a 2009, e investigar a influência de algumas variáveis socioeconômicas na distribuição da doença. Para isso foram realizadas análises estatísticas espaciais para verificação do padrão de distribuição espacial da doença, em duas unidades de agregação (grandes bairros e setores censitários). Também foram elaborados mapas da distribuição espacial de variáveis socioeconômicas consideradas relevantes para a transmissão e ocorrência da doença. No período que compreendeu os anos de 1998 a 2009, foram notificados 4.524 casos novos de tuberculose em Guarulhos, de pacientes residentes no município. Os resultados da 7 análise puramente espacial para detecção de agrupamentos altos e baixos efetuada por meio do programa SaTscan mostraram que no período estudado, a incidência média anual foi de 35,2/100 mil habitantes. A análise dos agrupamentos espaciais por bairro mostrou-se inadequada para o estudo da distribuição da tuberculose em Guarulhos, pois não permitem analisar as condições intrabairro. Os bairros são por demais heterogêneos internamente. A análise de correlação entre o risco relativo e os setores censitários permite observar que o risco relativo de tuberculose em Guarulhos apresenta associação significativa com algumas variáveis: (1) relação direta com o percentual de domicílios particulares permanentes com mais de sete moradores; (2) relação inversa com o percentual de domicílios coletivos; (3) relação direta com o percentual de domicílios particulares permanentes com banheiro e acesso a esgoto e, (4) relação inversa com a densidade demográfica. Embora exista um padrão espacial e coincidência de condições precárias e a doença, os casos novos notificados em Guarulhos não são somente determinados pelas condições socioeconômicas. A identificação das áreas de mais alto risco de adoecer de tuberculose constitui instrumento útil para a estruturação de um sistema de vigilância com base territorial, identificando grupos populacionais prioritários. / In 1996, the World Health Organization declared that tuberculosis in state of alert in the world. The disease was the lead cause of mortality by infeccious diseases in adults. The Organization estimates that in 2007, it occurred about 9.27 million new cases (139 cases by 100,000 people) in the world, of those, 14.8% (1.37 million) coinfected by HIV. In 2005, TB was the 9th cause of hospitalization and the 4th cause of mortality by infectious diseases in Brazil. From the geographical perspective, TB is a very interesting disease due to its strong association with the poverty. Thus, if there is strong association between TB and poverty, the production of the urban space must provide the conditions to the mantainement of high incidence of TB in some Brazilian municipalities. To investigate this relationship, the municipality of Guarulhos, SP, the second most populated in the state of São Paulo, was chosen. In Guarulhos, the spatial occupation and the redistribution of the inhabitants in the municipality has been agravating the processes of social exclusion. The main objective of this study was to identify the spatial pattern of the new cases of tuberculosis in Guarulhos, from 1998 to 2009, and, to investigate the influence of some socioeconomic variables in the disease distribution. Several statistical analyses were performed to verify the spatial pattern of the disease in two spatial unities of agregation (by bairros - Brazilian administrative division and by census tract). Maps of the distribution of socioeconomic variables were elaborated. In the study period, 4,524 new cases were notified in Guarulhos. Results of the spatial analysis to detection of high and low clusters performed by SaTscan software showed that the mean annual incidence was 35.2/100,000 inhabitants. The analyses by bairro showed inadequate to this study due to the internal hetorogeneity of this unity of analysis. The correlation between census tracts and relative risk allows to 9 observe that the relative risk in Guarulhos presents significant association with some variables: (1) direct relation with the percentage of households with more than seven people; (2) inverse relation with percentage of colective households; (3) direct relation with the percentage of households with bathroom and access to sewing, (4) inverse relation with demographic density. Although, there is a spatial pattern and coincidence of poor conditions and the disease, the new cases are not exclusively (or mainly) determined by socioeconomic conditions. The identification of high risk areas constitutes a usefool tool to the settlement of um surveillance system with territorial basis, identifying priority populational groups.
222

Epidemiologia da dengue nas regiões de São José do Rio Preto e Araçatuba, São Paulo, 1990 a 1996 / Dengue Epidemiology in tbe regions of São José do Rio Preto and Araçatuba, São Paulo, from 1990 tbrough 1996

Chiaravalloti Neto, Francisco 12 August 1999 (has links)
O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a transmissão de dengue nas regiões de São José do Rio Preto e Araçatuba, entre 1990 e 1996. Analisaram-se os Coeficientes de Incidência (CI) de casos confirmados laboratorialmente e autóctones de dengue segundo áreas, sexo e idade. Analisaram-se as curvas de CI mensais para as regiões, sub-regiões e municípios. Realizou-se análise espacial, relacionando-se os CI com variáveis sócio-econômicas e demográficas. Construíram-se curvas de CI semanais de casos suspeitos e confirmados laboratorialmente de dengue para investigar a relação entre elas. Os CI obtidos apontam para o risco de ocorrência de dengue hemorrágica. Verificaram-se maiores CI para as mulheres e para pessoas entre 30 e 59 anos. Nos dois últimos períodos estudados, notaram-se, para as várias sub-regiões, maiores níveis de incidência e aumento do número de meses com transmissão, indicando uma possível tendência de endemização da doença. Verificou-se que foi pelos municípios maiores que a transmissão, em geral, se iniciou e se encerrou, e que neles a freqüência de períodos com transmissão foi maior. Verificou-se também, que, nos municípios com melhores situações de instrução, renda e maiores populações, ocorreu, em maior proporção, CI de valores mais altos, podendo, este fato, estar relacionado com a atração exercida por eles. Estas evidências mostram que um possível fator de risco a ser utilizado, em uma estratificação de medidas de controle, seria o tamanho do município. Foram obtidas relações entre as séries de CI de casos suspeitos e confirmados laboratorialmente de dengue, possibilitando-se estimar as últimas a partir das primeiras. / This study aims to characterize the dengue transmission in th e regions of São José do Rio Preto and Araçatuba, São Paulo, between 1990 and 1996. Incidence Rates (IR) of in laboratory confirmed dengue cases as well as autochthonous dengue cases have been analyzed according to areas, gender and age. Monthly IR curves have been analyzed for the regions, sub-regions and municipal districts. A spatial analysis has been carried out relating the IR with social-economical and demographic variables. Weekly IR curves of both suspected cases and in laboratory confirmed dengue cases have been built in order to investigate the relationship between them. The obtained IR point for a risk of hemorrhagic dengue occurrence. It was noticed a higher risk of dengue occurrence for women and among people between 30 and 59 years. In the last studied periods it was also noticed greater incidence in several sub-areas and increase of month periods with transmission, indicating a possible disease spreading. The transmission, in general, started and finished in large municipal districts, and in those the transmission period was more frequent. It was also observed that, in large municipal districts with better educational level and income variables, IR showing higher levels occured in a larger exrtent than in smaller ones whose indicators of those variables were worst, and the explanation for this can be related with the attraction exercised by the great population centers. These evidences have showed that a possible risk factor to be used in the stratification of the control measures would be the size of the municipal district. It was obtained the relationship between the IR series of suspected dengue cases and in laboratory confirmed cases enabling us to measure the last ones starting from the first ones.
223

Tuberculose e território: caminhos geográficos da tuberculose em Guarulhos / Tuberculosis and territory: Geographical routes of tuberculosis in Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil

Pires, Elisabete Souza Maia Rodrigues 07 November 2016 (has links)
Pesquisas não têm esgotado os novos contornos que a tuberculose vai adquirindo a cada época, nos diferentes momentos socioeconômicos, no crescimento das cidades, na aglomeração dos centros urbanos. A descoberta precoce, o diagnóstico e o tratamento correto são as principais medidas para controlar a tuberculose (OMS, 2009). Apesar dos esforços a tuberculose ainda mantém altas taxas de infecção, indicando a necessidade de investigação dos grupos de alto risco de adoecimento. O objetivo foi analisar as relações entre território, mobilidade e os casos novos pulmonares notificados de tuberculose no município de Guarulhos. Procedeu-se à análise espacial os dos casos novos pulmonares de 2005 a 2014 e a partir das entrevistas e mapas mentais dos casos novos pulmonares notificados em 2015 foi investigada a influência da mobilidade e organização socioespacial na ocorrência da doença. Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis associadas foram o percentual de domicílios com mais de cinco moradores e percentual de moradores com banheiro de uso exclusivo dos moradores ou sanitário e esgotamento sanitário via rede geral de esgoto ou pluvial. As entrevistas, os mapas mentais e o rastreamento por GPS sobre a mobilidade dos casos estudados permitem verificar a extensão do território vivido (circulado) por uma amostra dos pacientes. Este território é muito mais amplo do que o habitualmente investigado na busca dos comunicantes. Esses resultados podem trazer novas perspectivas de investigação e a ampliação da busca ativa no município. / Research has not exhausted the new contours that tuberculosis is acquiring every time, in different socioeconomic times, the growth of cities, the agglomeration of urban centers. Early detection, diagnosis and proper treatment are the main measures to control tuberculosis (WHO, 2009). Despite efforts tuberculosis still has high rates of infection, indicating the need for research of high risk of disease groups. The objective was to analyze the relationship between territory, mobility and pulmonary new reported cases of tuberculosis in the city of Guarulhos. We proceeded to the spatial analysis of the new pulmonary cases from 2005 to 2014 and from interviews and mental maps of lung new cases reported in 2015 was investigated the influence of mobility and socio-spatial organization in the occurrence of the disease. The results showed that the associated variables were the percentage of households with more than five residents and percentage of residents with exclusive use of the residents bathroom or toilet and sewage through the sewage system or storm. Interviews, mental maps and GPS tracking on the mobility of case studies allow you to check the length of the living area (circled) in a sample of patients. This territory is much broader than the usually investigated in search of communicating. These results can bring new perspectives for research and the expansion of the active search in the city.
224

Digital Methods for Soil Mapping and Fertilizer Management in Oil Palm

Alberto Martinez (6617777) 10 June 2019 (has links)
<p>Oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) is the world’s leading source of vegetable oil and an important driver of rural economic activity in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the equatorial region of Latin America. In the Llanos region of Colombia, palm oil production is additionally an important vehicle for legal employment and social stability in a region deeply affected by the country’s longstanding and recently-concluded armed conflict. The economic viability of palm oil production is thus of great interest to both those directly employed in the industry and to the larger society around them, and yet oil palm remains a relatively understudied cropping system.</p> <p>Spending on fertilizer is one of the largest costs in palm oil production, and plantations face considerable pressure to apply fertilizer as efficiently as possible in order to maintain the profitability of their operations. However, developing strategies for optimizing fertilizer applications in oil palm can be considerably challenging given the particular characteristics of palm oil production systems. Oil palm has a typical life-cycle of 25 years, with harvesting done manually approximately every fifteen days for the duration of the palms productive life-cycle. The morphology of oil palm’s reproductive system makes it possible for environmental changes to affect yield in irregular ways, with the same soil or climate-related stressors having the potential to affect yields either immediately or multiple years after the event. It can therefore be difficult for plantations to link changes in yield patterns to individual management changes or environmental factors. Additionally, since unlike all other major oilseeds oil palms must be harvested manually, plantation managers do not have access to the kind of detailed yield data made possible by mechanized harvesting equipment, but must rely on much more irregular and coarser-resolution information to examine yield variability within plantations. Understanding how the particular soil conditions and fertilizer management history of an individual oil palm plantation drive variability in yields requires employing innovative approaches to maximize the insights to be learned from the available data. </p> <p> For this study, we worked with a 5,220 hectare oil palm plantation in the Colombian Llanos, in the municipality of Villanueva, Casanare. Despite uniform fertilizer applications and management practices, along with uniform climatic conditions within the plantation, significant yield variability existed within the plantation, with plantation managers initially unable to determine the underlying causes. We proposed and evaluated a methodology for using digital terrain and soil mapping for generating continuous soil data within an oil palm production system, based on Functional Soil Mapping (FSM) methods using the SRTM Global Digital Elevation model and geo-referenced soil sampling, with the goal of identifying soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties that could be directly linked to different yield responses to fertilizer application at the field scale. Furthermore, the economic implications for the plantation of infield variability in yield response to fertilizer arising from variation in soil properties were examined. </p> <p>The perennial nature and particularities in reproductive morphology of oil palm, including an approximately 8-10 year growth period before mature yields are reached, mean that developing site-specific yield response curves to different nutrient application levels in oil palm requires extensive time and resources. The PORIM model, developed by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) across multiple decades of extensive and continuous field testing, is one of the most commonly used methods by which plantations can estimate yield response at different levels of fertilizer application. Traditionally, the PORIM model is run by using site-specific low-resolution vector-layer soil analysis to adjust various parameters in multiple equation systems developed using statistical methods and many decades worth of field tests by the MPOB. In this study, the PORIM model is used as the basis for a methodology to employ a precision approach to fertilizer management in oil palm using high-resolution raster-layer soil property maps and a constrained-optimization model programmed in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). </p>
225

Análise espacial e espaçotemporal da Aids no município de São Paulo entre 2001 e 2010 / Spatial and space time analysis of AIDS in São Paulo between 2001 and 2010

Aguiar, Breno Souza de 04 October 2013 (has links)
Dos casos de Aids notificados no Brasil desde 1981, 14 % ocorreram no município de São Paulo. A vigilância epidemiológica da Aids permite identificar características da doença na população após a infecção pelo HIV. O estudo ecológico pretende descrever o perfil epidemiológico da Aids no município de São Paulo entre 2001 e 2010 a partir da análise espacial e espaçotemporal dos casos notificados na população com 13 anos e mais segundo gênero, faixa etária, raça / cor, escolaridade, categoria de exposição, local de residência e ano de diagnóstico. Foram notificados 28146 casos, com predomínio de transmissão pela via sexual. Observou-se diminuição das taxas de incidência na população em geral, exceto nos homens de 13 a 29 anos e nas pessoas acima de 60 anos. A razão de sexo na faixa etária de 13 a 19 anos aumentou para 2,7 casos em homens para cada caso em mulher. Na população masculina a proporção de casos aumentou entre os homossexuais com maior concentração na região Central da cidade; nas mulheres a via de transmissão heterossexual predominou em todo o município. Após geocodificação e análise espacial de dados foram identificados três aglomerados espaciais na população masculina e 10 na feminina, dois aglomerados espaçotemporais na população masculina e sete na feminina (p 0,05) utilizando-se o modelo discreto de Poisson; foram apresentadas as informações destes aglomerados (identificação, número de setores censitários e casos de Aids, risco relativo, período e distritos administrativos envolvidos). As técnicas de geoprocessamento permitem associar informações agregadas, ambientais e globais, além de estabelecer tendências da epidemia na população em geral e em subgrupos populacionais específicos. A análise espacial de dados pode ser útil às ações de vigilância e controle da Aids no município de São Paulo, além de contribuir no planejamento da assistência à saúde das pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids / Of AIDS cases reported in Brazil since 1981, 14% occurred in São Paulo city. Epidemiological surveillance of AIDS identifies characteristics of the disease in the population after HIV infection. The ecological study aims to describe the epidemiology of AIDS in São Paulo between 2001 and 2010 from the spatial and space time analysis of reported cases in the population aged 13 and over by gender, age, race / color, education, category exposure, place of residence and year of diagnosis. 28146 cases were reported, predominantly through sexual transmission. Observed decrease in incidence rates in the general population, except for males 13-29 years and in people over 60 years. The sex ratio in the age group 13-19 years increased to 2.7 cases in men for every case in women. In the male population the proportion of cases among MSM increased with higher concentration in the central city; women in heterosexual transmission predominated throughout the county. After geocoding and spatial data analysis identified three spatial clusters in males and 10 for females, two space time clusters in males and seven for females (p 0.05) using the discrete Poisson model and also clusters information (identification number of census tracts, numbers of AIDS cases, relative risk, time and involved administrative districts). The GIS techniques allow associating aggregate information, environmental, global and establish trends of the epidemic in the general population and in specific subpopulations. The spatial data analysis can be useful to surveillance and control of AIDS in São Paulo, and contribute in the planning of health care for people living with HIV / AIDS
226

The Manteño of the Cloud Forest: Settlement Patterns and Spatial Analysis of Manteño Stone Architecture in the Las Tusas River Valley in Manabí, Ecuador

Unknown Date (has links)
The present study identifies settlement patterns of the Manteño culture within the cloud forest of southern Manabí by surveying, recording and analyzing the stone architecture found within the drainage basin of the Las Tusas River, Ecuador. The statistical methods used were: Triangulated Irregular Networks or TIN (for topography interpretations), K-means (to determine natural groups for structures based on their dimensions, shape, and wall thickness), Ripley’s K (to determine spatial nature of these groups) and Kernel Density (to visualize their spatial organization). The cloud forest ecotone of southern Manabí was an anthropogenic landscape during the late Integration period. The alluvial valleys of the upper Rio Blanco drainage basin do not represent a hinterland or a periphery occupation but a series of Manteño nucleated settlements raised on terraces and interconnected by strings of linear settlements and dispersed settlements throughout the rugged terrain of this landscape. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
227

Recul et persistance du paludisme en Union des Comores : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien / Roll-back and persistence of malaria in the Union of the Comoros : a geographical approach to assess the importance on environmental and social factors in its maintenance

Artadji, Attoumane 08 February 2019 (has links)
Le paludisme a sévi dans l’archipel des Comores depuis 1925 où une grande épidémie s’est déclenchée à la Grande Comore. Ces îles ont offert des conditions favorables au développement des vecteurs responsables de la transmission du paludisme (Anopheles gambiae et Anopheles funestus) avec un climat tropical humide, une forte densité hydrographique, un environnement forestier et marécageux et la construction de citernes de collecte d’eau de pluie dans les habitations. Cette maladie est devenue endémique stable depuis les années 70 et un problème de santé publique majeur jusqu’aux années 2000. Dès la fin des années 90, le gouvernement comorien a décidé de mettre en place une stratégie de lutte contre le paludisme par la lutte anti-vectorielle et la protection de la population contre les piqûres des moustiques. Ces vingt dernières années, ces actions de lutte contre le paludisme se sont intensifiées et, pour la première fois, un traitement de masse à base d’Artequick a été réalisé à Mohéli (2007-2009), à Anjouan (2012-2013) et à la Grande Comore (2013). Depuis, un recul spectaculaire du paludisme a été observé sur l’ensemble des îles, car Mohéli et Anjouan sont entrées en phase de pré-élimination et la Grande Comore en phase de contrôle. Cette thèse décrit, dans la première partie, l’évolution spatiale et temporelle du paludisme avant et après le traitement de masse pour appréhender l’impact des différentes actions de lutte. Une cartographie de la prévalence en milieu hospitalier et de l’incidence du paludisme à l’échelle des districts sanitaires et des villages montre son recul à Anjouan et Mohéli et son maintien à la Grande Comore. Les tests d’autocorrélation spatiale ont révélé une similitude de la transmission du paludisme entre des localités proches, qui forment des clusters à la Grande Comore. Nous avons démontré, dans la deuxième partie, qu’il existe bel et bien une influence des facteurs environnementaux sur la transmission du paludisme bien que les actions de lutte ont plus de poids. À l’échelle des districts sanitaires, des modèles de régressions linéaires simple et multiple ont été établis entre l’incidence du paludisme et les caractéristiques de l’occupation du sol des îles et les indicateurs paysagers à l’échelle des villages de la Grande Comore. Une enquête sur les connaissances, les pratiques et les vulnérabilités des populations a été menée sur 1288 ménages de l’Union des Comores pour appréhender les facteurs de vulnérabilité favorables à la transmission du paludisme. Au-delà de la présence des citernes dans les ménages, le lieu de dépôt de déchets ménagers favoriserait son maintien à la Grande Comore. L’enquête a révélé que plusieurs ménages de la grande île n’avaient pas pris le traitement de masse de 2013. Cette thèse permet de mieux comprendre les aspects humains et environnementaux du maintien du paludisme et vise ainsi à mieux cibler les futures actions de lutte. / Malaria has been present in the Comoros archipelago since 1925, when a major epidemic was first recorded in Grande Comore. The islands have been favourable to the development of vectors causing malaria transmission (Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus) due to the high tropical rainfall, high hydrographic density, the suitable environment with forests and wetlands, as well as the construction of water reservoirs in households. This disease has been endemic since the 1970s and a major public health problem until the 2000s. From the end of the 1990s, the Comorian government has decided to implement a strategy to control malaria by anti-malaria vector control and population protection against mosquito bites. In the last twenty years, malaria control efforts have been intensified and for a first time, mass treatment with Artequick has been carried out in Mohéli (2007-2009), Anjouan (2012-2013) and Grande Comore (2013). There has since been a dramatic decline in malaria on all the islands, as Mohéli and Anjouan have entered a pre-elimination phase and Grande Comore is in the control phase. In the first part, this thesis describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria before and after mass treatment in order to understand the impact of different control actions. A mapping of hospital prevalence and incidence of malaria at the district and village levels shows its decline in Anjouan and Mohéli and its persistence in Grande Comore. Spatial autocorrelation tests have revealed a similarity in malaria transmission between neighbouring localities that are forming clusters in Grande Comore. In the second part, it was demonstrated that environmental factors have an influence on malaria transmission, despite the greater importance of control actions. At the district level, simple and multiple linear regression models have been established between the incidence of malaria and land cover / land use patterns of islands and landscape indicators at the village level in Grande Comore. A survey on people's knowledge, practices and vulnerabilities was conducted among 1,288 households in the Union of the Comoros to assess factors of vulnerability that contribute to malaria transmission. Beyond having water reservoirs in households, the waste disposal location would also have an impact on malaria in Grande Comore. The survey revealed that several households on the large island did not take the 2013 mass treatment. This thesis provides a better understanding of the human and environmental aspects of malaria maintenance and thus aims to better target future control actions.
228

Padrões espaço-temporais da incidência da tuberculose em Ribeirão Preto, SP: uso de um modelo bayesiano auto-regressivo condicional / Spatio-temporal patterns of tuberculosis incidence in Ribeirão Preto: using a conditional autoregressive model

Daiane Leite da Roza 24 August 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram utilizados modelos de regressão espaço-temporais bayesianos para estimar a incidência de TB em Ribeirão Preto (anos de 2006 a 2009) por área de abrangência de unidades de saúde, associando-a a covariáveis de interesse (IPVS, Renda e Educação predominantes naquelas áreas). O método baseia-se em simulações MCMC para estimar as distribuições a posteriori das incidências de TB em Ribeirão Preto. Como resultado, temos mapas que mostram mais claramente um padrão espacial, com estimativas mais suavizadas e com menos flutuações aleatórias. Observamos que as áreas com as mais altas taxas de incidência também possuem índice de vulnerabilidade social médio e alto. Em relação à renda, a faixa salarial predominante dos responsáveis pelo domicílio nestas regiões é entre 0 e 3 salários mínimos e o nível de escolaridade predominante dos chefes do domicílio nestas regiões é o ensino fundamental. Os resultados dos modelos bayesianos analisados nos evidenciam que com o aumento da vulnerabilidade social aumentamos significativamente a incidência de TB em Ribeirão Preto. Nas áreas onde a vulnerabilidade é alta a incidência de TB chega a quase 15 vezes a incidência das áreas sem vulnerabilidade. Houve um aumento significativo em relação à incidência de tuberculose em Ribeirão Preto durante os anos estudados, sendo as maiores incidências registradas no ano de 2009. O uso de mapas facilitou a visualização de áreas que merecem uma atenção especial no controle da TB, além disso, a associação da doença com renda, escolaridade e vulnerabilidade social trazem subsídios para que os gestores responsáveis pelo planejamento do município planejem intervenções com uma atenção especial a estas áreas, reunindo esforços para a redução da pobreza e da desigualdade social, alternativas para uma melhor distribuição de renda e melhorar o acesso ao saneamento básico dentre outras prioridades. / In this study we used Bayesian space-temporal regression models to estimate the incidence of TB in Ribeirão Preto, SP (years 2006 to 2009) by the coverage area of health units, associating it with the covariates of interest (IPVS, Income and Education predominant those areas). The method is based on MCMC simulations for estimate the posterior distributions of TB incidence in Ribeirão Preto. As a result, we have maps that show a spatial pattern more clearly, with estimates smoother and less random fluctuations. We observed that the areas with the highest incidence rates also have medium and high social vulnerability index. Concerning income, the prevailing salary range of household heads in these regions is between 0 and 3 minimum wages and the prevailing level of education of household heads in these regions is the elementary school. The results of the models in Bayesian analysis show that with increasing social vulnerability significantly increased the incidence of TB in Ribeirao Preto. In areas where vulnerability is high incidence of TB is nearly 15 times the incidence of areas without vulnerability. There was a significant increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in Ribeirão Preto during the years studied, the highest incidence recorded in 2009. The use of maps improved visualization of areas that deserve special attention for TB control, in addition, the association of disease with income, education and social vulnerability that bring benefits to the managers responsible for planning the municipality to plan interventions with special attention these areas, uniting efforts to reduce poverty and social inequality, alternatives to improve income distribution and improve access to basic sanitation among other priorities.
229

Análise espacial dos casos de leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Itaqui (2009-2016) / Spatial analysis of cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality of Itaqui (2009-2016)

Marques, Gisele Dias 14 September 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-09-28T15:09:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele Dias Marques.pdf: 2425530 bytes, checksum: ee67f24361e92924f652d5333aeb8750 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-09-28T15:09:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele Dias Marques.pdf: 2425530 bytes, checksum: ee67f24361e92924f652d5333aeb8750 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T15:09:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele Dias Marques.pdf: 2425530 bytes, checksum: ee67f24361e92924f652d5333aeb8750 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-14 / A Leishmaniose é uma doença emergente em países em desenvolvimento. Com características de zoonose rural, tem sido descrita com frequência em centros urbanos e acomete cães e humanos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar fichas de Protocolo de Campo Veterinário utilizado pela Vigilância Sanitária no município de Itaqui, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2009 e 2016. Foram analisadas 1.392 fichas, onde constatou-se com essas avaliações 54,74% de cães negativos para LVC e 44,54% dos cães pesquisados positivos para LVC. Os bairros de maior incidência foram: Centro (209), Chácara (56), Cidade Alta (50), Capelinha (40) e Ponte Seca (39). Com o uso de ferramentas de Sistema de Informações Geográfica (SIG) foi possível detectar zonas com maior ocorrência de casos. Nos bairros Centro e Ponte Seca, foi identificado como o primeiro local de infecção em cães, relacionando a esses casos as zonas ribeirinhas e os adensamentos de vegetação, fatores de risco para proliferação de vetores. Estudos na área da epidemiologia ilustram a prevalência da doença em grupos populacionais comparando ou diferenciando em áreas de risco definidas. / Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in developing countries. With characteristics of rural zoonosis, it has been frequently described in urban centers and affects dogs and humans. The objective of this study was to analyze records of the Veterinary Field Protocol used by Sanitary Surveillance in the municipality of Itaqui, state of Rio Grande do Sul, between 2009 and 2016. A total of 1.392 records were analyzed, 54,74% of dogs negative for LVC and 44,54% of dogs tested positive for LVC. The most important neighborhoods were: Centro (209), Chácara (56), Cidade Alta (50), Capelinha (40) and Ponte Seca (39). With the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, it was possible to detect areas with higher occurrence of cases. In the Centro and Ponte Seca districts, it was identified as the first infection site in dogs, relating to these cases riverine zones and vegetation densities, risk factors for vector proliferation. Studies in the area of epidemiology illustrate the prevalence of the disease in population groups comparing or differentiating in defined risk areas.
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Distribuição espacial e temporal dos casos de tuberculose pulmonar em municípios do estado de São Paulo,2007 a 2013 / Pulmonary tuberculosis in municipalities of São Paulo state: spatial and temporal analysis

Maia, Erico Filev 07 August 2017 (has links)
Introdução: A tuberculose (TB) ainda é uma doença em posição de destaque na saúde pública, mantendo-se como emergência global desde 1993, devido ao elevado número de infectados pelo bacilo causador, e devido a se apresentar como uma das principais causas de morte no planeta. Objetivos: Descrever a distribuição espacial e temporal dos casos de TB pulmonar (TBp) no estado de São Paulo (ESP) entre 2007 e 2013 e identificar fatores de risco para sua ocorrência. Método: Trata-se de estudo ecológico, cujas informações foram obtidas nos bancos de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os casos de TBp foram georreferenciados a partir dos códigos dos municípios de residência dos doentes. Calcularam-se incidências, no tempo e no espaço, e produziram-se mapas temáticos, identificando áreas de maior e menor risco da ocorrência da doença. A incidência de TBp foi relacionada a indicador socioeconômico e demográfico por meio de regressão espacial. As análises estatísticas utilizaram método de Prais-Winsten, estatísticas de varredura e modelagem Bayesiana Gaussiana latente. Resultados: Foram notificados 77,390 casos de TBp em pacientes, desconsiderando casos em presidiários ou coinfecção com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. A taxa de incidência para todo o período de estudo foi igual a 26,8 casos/100.000 habitantes-ano. As taxas de incidência total, masculina e feminina apresentaram estacionariedade entre 2007 e 2013. Os homens e pessoas entre 15 e 59 anos apresentaram excesso de risco. Os municípios das mesorregiões Metropolitana de São Paulo e Litoral Sul Paulista apresentaram, em geral e em todos os anos de estudo, altas probabilidades de que suas razões de incidência padronizada (RIP) fossem maiores do que a unidade e parte deles constitui-se como um aglomerado de alto risco para ocorrência de TBp. Municípios das macrorregiões de Presidente Prudente, Bauru e Marília apresentaram tendência temporal crescente das incidências em relação ao restante dos municípios do ESP. Municípios com baixas renda, escolaridade e longevidade apresentaram risco para ocorrência de TBp 25,0 por cento superior aos municípios com alta renda e altas e médias escolaridade e longevidade. Conclusão: As taxas de incidência apresentaram, entre 2007 e 2013, estacionariedade e maiores valores para homens e pessoas entre 15 e 59 anos. Identificaram-se municípios com alto risco para ocorrência de TBp e municípios, embora com riscos médios para TBp, com tendência crescente das incidências. Municípios com piores condições socioeconômicas e demográficas relevaram-se de maior risco para ocorrência do agravo / Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is still a prominent disease in public health, having remained as international emergencies since 1993, due to the high number of infected by the causative bacillus, and due to a presentation as a leading cause of death in planet. Objectives: To describe a spatial and temporal distribution of cases of pulmonary TB (TBp) in the São Paulo state between 2007 and 2013 and to identify risk factors for its occurrence. Method: This is an ecological study, whose information is obtained in the databases of the Information System of Notifiable Diseases, Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The cases of TBp were georeferenced from the codes of the municipalities of residence of the patients. Incidence, time and space were calculated, and thematic maps were produced, identifying areas of greater and lesser risk of the occurrence of the disease. The incidence of TBp was related to socioeconomic and demographic indicators through spatial regression. Statistical analyzes used the Prais-Winsten method, scanning statistics and latent Gaussian Bayesian model. Results: A total of 77,390 cases of TBp were reported in patients, disregarding cases in prison inmates or co infection with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The incidence rate for the entire study period was 26.8 cases / 100,000 population-years. As total incidence rates, male and female presented stationarity between 2007 and 2013. Men and people between 15 and 59 years old presented an excess risk. The municipalities of the Metropolitan São Paulo and Litoral Sul Paulista mesoregions presented, in general and in all the years of study, high probabilities that their standardized incidence ratios (RIP) were larger than one unit and part of them constitute one Agglomerate of high risk for occurrence of TBp. Municipalities in the mesoregions of Presidente Prudente, Bauru and Marília showed an increasing temporal trend of incidence in relation to the rest of ESP municipalities. Municipalities with low income, schooling and longevity presented a risk of occurrence of TBp 25.0 per cent higher than municipalities with high income and high and medium schooling and longevity. Conclusion: The incidence rates between 2007 and 2013 showed stationarity and higher values for men and people between 15 and 59 years. Municipalities with high risk for occurrence of TBp and municipalities were identified, although with average risks for TBp, with an increasing tendency of incidence. Municipalities with worse socioeconomic and demographic conditions were found to be at greater risk for the occurrence of the disease

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